Through this interview, Manuel Pulgar-Vidal refers some crucial aspects related to the management being done by the Ministry of Environment (MINAM) on Sustainable Development. As the first point, the author lists the actions that MINAM has executed under the National Energy Policy of Peru, as well as those measures in which they have been working to reduce the environmental impact in the energy sector. Next, the author explains the reasons why the National Climate Change Strategy of 2003 has been implemented in only 12%; while in relation to the possible configuration of a carbon market in Peru, EnvironmentMinister confirmed its existence, adding that as a result, it has been recently approved a legal formula that defines the legal and institutional framework mechanisms to regulate compensation for ecosystem services such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Finally, Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, express its position on the package content reactivating measures that were approved earlier this year by Congress, as well as their expectations of the Twentieth Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention United Nations Climate Change (COP 20) which our country will host. / A través de la presente entrevista, el Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal se pronuncia sobre algunos aspectos cruciales vinculados a la gestión que viene realizando el Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM) en materia de Desarrollo Sostenible. Como primer punto, el autor realiza un recuento de las acciones que hasta el momento ha ejecutado el MINAM en el marco de la Política Energética Nacional del Perú, así como aquellas medidas en las que viene trabajando para reducir el impacto ambiental en el sector energético. A continuación, el autor explica las razones por las que la implementación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (ENCC) de 2003 solo se ha dado en un 12%; mientras que, en relación a la posible configuración de un mercado de bonos de carbono en el Perú, el Ministro del Ambiente confirma su existencia, precisando que como consecuencia de ello recientemente se ha arribado a una fórmula legal que permite definir el marco legal e institucional para regular los mecanismos de retribución por servicios ecosistémicos, tales como el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL). Finalmente, el Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, expresa su posición frente al contenido del paquete de medidas reactivadoras que fueron aprobadas hace algunos meses por el Congreso de la República, así como sus expectativas respecto a la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP 20) de la cual será sede nuestro país.

The article reviews the experiences of programs to promote renewable energy in Southeast Asian countries and proposes some learned lessons that can be useful in the context of COP 20 to promote renewable energy.The article analyzes the rates and mechanisms of promotion used in countries such as India, Indonesia and Vietnam, that are led by the World Bank. These mechanisms are used as a legal basis that proposes successful tested alternatives and its usefulness is that renewable energies can be implemented within the current legal structure of international environmental law.In conclusion, it is the correct timing for the COP 20 to secure funds and international legal mechanisms that promote sustainable energy infrastructure. / El presente artículo revisa las experiencias de programas de promoción de energías renovables en países del sudeste asiático a fin de proponer algunas lecciones aprendidas que puedan ser útiles en el contexto de la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP 20) para la promoción de las energías renovables. Asimismo, revisa las tarifas y mecanismos de promoción utilizados en India, Indonesia y Vietnam, impulsados por el Banco Mundial, como una base para proponer alternativas legales ya probadas. Su utilidad es que las energías renovables pueden ser implementadas dentro de la estructura legal actual del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, la COP 20 es el momento de asegurar fondos y mecanismos jurídicos internacionales que promueven una infraestructura energética sostenible.

Submitted by Diego Gomes (diego.gomes@gmail.com) on 2016-04-26T18:23:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Diego Braz Pereira Gomes.pdf: 1441990 bytes, checksum: eaa77253b29a0fe0108cafc8657d9327 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-05-09T12:55:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Diego Braz Pereira Gomes.pdf: 1441990 bytes, checksum: eaa77253b29a0fe0108cafc8657d9327 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-05-09T12:55:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Diego Braz Pereira Gomes.pdf: 1441990 bytes, checksum: eaa77253b29a0fe0108cafc8657d9327 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T12:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Diego Braz Pereira Gomes.pdf: 1441990 bytes, checksum: eaa77253b29a0fe0108cafc8657d9327 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-13 / This thesis contains three chapters. The first chapter uses a general equilibrium framework to simulate and compare the long run effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and of health care costs reduction policies on macroeconomic variables, government budget, and welfare of individuals. We found that all policies were able to reduce uninsured population, with the PPACA being more effective than cost reductions. The PPACA increased public deficit mainly due to the Medicaid expansion, forcing tax hikes. On the other hand, cost reductions alleviated the fiscal burden of public insurance, reducing public deficit and taxes. Regarding welfare effects, the PPACA as a whole and cost reductions are welfare improving. High welfare gains would be achieved if the U.S. medical costs followed the same trend of OECD countries. Besides, feasible cost reductions are more welfare improving than most of the PPACA components, proving to be a good alternative. The second chapter documents that life cycle general equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents have a very hard time reproducing the American wealth distribution. A common assumption made in this literature is that all young adults enter the economy with no initial assets. In this chapter, we relax this assumption – not supported by the data – and evaluate the ability of an otherwise standard life cycle model to account for the U.S. wealth inequality. The new feature of the model is that agents enter the economy with assets drawn from an initial distribution of assets. We found that heterogeneity with respect to initial wealth is key for this class of models to replicate the data. According to our results, American inequality can be explained almost entirely by the fact that some individuals are lucky enough to be born into wealth, while others are born with few or no assets. The third chapter documents that a common assumption adopted in life cycle general equilibrium models is that the population is stable at steady state, that is, its relative age distribution becomes constant over time. An open question is whether the demographic assumptions commonly adopted in these models in fact imply that the population becomes stable. In this chapter we prove the existence of a stable population in a demographic environment where both the age-specific mortality rates and the population growth rate are constant over time, the setup commonly adopted in life cycle general equilibrium models. Hence, the stability of the population do not need to be taken as assumption in these models. / Esta tese contém três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo usa um modelo de equilíbrio geral para simular e comparar os efeitos de longo prazo do Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) e de reduções de custos de saúde sobre variáveis macroeconômicas, orçamento do governo e bem-estar dos indivíduos. Nós encontramos que todas as políticas foram capazes de reduzir a população sem seguro, com o PPACA sendo mais eficaz do que reduções de custos. O PPACA aumentou o déficit público, principalmente devido à expansão do Medicaid, forçando aumento de impostos. Por outro lado, as reduções de custos aliviaram os encargos fiscais com seguro público, reduzindo o déficit público e impostos. Com relação aos efeitos de bem-estar, o PPACA como um todo e as reduções de custos melhoram o bem-estar dos indivíduos. Elevados ganhos de bem-estar seriam alcançados se os custos médicos norte-americanos seguissem a mesma tendência dos países da OCDE. Além disso, reduções de custos melhoram mais o bem-estar do que a maioria dos componentes do PPACA, provando ser uma boa alternativa. O segundo capítulo documenta que modelos de equilíbrio geral com ciclo de vida e agentes heterogêneos possuem muita dificuldade em reproduzir a distribuição de riqueza Americana. Uma hipótese comum feita nesta literatura é que todos os jovens adultos entram na economia sem ativos iniciais. Neste capítulo, nós relaxamos essa hipótese – não suportada pelos dados – e avaliamos a capacidade de um modelo de ciclo de vida padrão em explicar a desigualdade de riqueza dos EUA. A nova característica do modelo é que os agentes entram na economia com ativos sorteados de uma distribuição inicial de ativos. Nós encontramos que a heterogeneidade em relação à riqueza inicial é chave para esta classe de modelos replicar os dados. De acordo com nossos resultados, a desigualdade Americana pode ser explicada quase que inteiramente pelo fato de que alguns indivíduos têm sorte de nascer com riqueza, enquanto outros nascem com pouco ou nenhum ativo. O terceiro capítulo documenta que uma hipótese comum adotada em modelos de equilíbrio geral com ciclo de vida é de que a população é estável no estado estacionário, ou seja, sua distribuição relativa de idades se torna constante ao longo do tempo. Uma questão em aberto é se as hipóteses demográficas comumente adotadas nesses modelos de fato implicam que a população se torna estável. Neste capítulo nós provamos a existência de uma população estável em um ambiente demográfico onde tanto as taxas de mortalidade por idade e a taxa de crescimento da população são constantes ao longo do tempo, a configuração comumente adotada em modelos de equilíbrio geral com ciclo de vida. Portanto, a estabilidade da população não precisa ser tomada como hipótese nestes modelos.

A paisagem tem sido objeto de interesse de diversas áreas do conhecimento, entre elas a história, a geografia, a arquitetura, o planejamento urbano, as artes visuais, e, mais recentemente, a preservação do patrimônio cultural e ambiental. O rápido processo de transformação territorial que vem ocorrendo nos últimos cinquenta anos, tem colocado em risco o patrimônio cultural e ambiental das diversas comunidades. Como resposta, a valorização da paisagem cultural vem tomando impulso como referência para estas transformações, entre outras razões, por sua direta associação com a memória coletiva, as referências culturais e seu conteúdo simbólico. No Rio Grande do Sul, desde a década de 1920, se vem trabalhando na preservação dos remanescentes das reduções jesuítico-guarani como o único patrimônio a ser considerado representativo na Região Missioneira. O interesse pela preservação do patrimônio, entendendo-o como o antes, o durante e o depois das reduções, iniciou apenas nos últimos anos, quando o modo de pensar o patrimônio se ampliou, passando a se considerar que o conjunto das diversas contribuições culturais forma e enriquece a visão da Região e poderá contribuir para seu crescimento. Diante dessa constatação ampliaram-se os estudos realizados até o momento, a partir de uma visão territorial de paisagem cultural. Mais do que a preservação do patrimônio edificado, a proteção do seu legado cultural, deve contemplar as paisagens, transformadas e criadas pelos primeiros habitantes na pré-história, pelas reduções jesuítico-guarani, pelos migrantes de origem européia de finais do século XIX e do início do século XX e pelos atuais moradores da região. Deverá contemplar, também, as tradições, os saberes e os fazeres que visam auxiliar a compreensão do território. Reconhecer esses valores dará a verdadeira dimensão da importância cultural da região e promoverá o resgate das tradições destas comunidades, que vem sendo perdidas ao longo dos anos. Conservar os costumes e a memória torna mais provável a salvaguarda desta paisagem cultural de importância no contexto nacional e internacional, fortalecendo os valores de identidade das comunidades onde estes se inserem. O uso adequado de suas potencialidades, levando em consideração a diversidade cultural que a forma, poderá promover o desenvolvimento sócio-cultural e econômico sustentável da Região. Este trabalho pretende dar início ao reconhecimento dos elementos que a marcam e a tornam única, pela sua diversidade étnica e cultural, que é o testemunho da ocupação deste território marcado pelos conflitos surgidos na definição dos limites territoriais. / The landscape has been subject of interest of several areas of knowledge, among them history, geography, architecture, urban planning, visual arts and, more recently, environmental and cultural heritage preservation. The fast process of territorial transformation of the last fifty years has put in risk the environmental and cultural heritage of many communities. In response, the appreciation of cultural landscape is gaining momentum as reference for these transformations, among other reasons, for its direct association with the collective memory, the cultural references and its symbolic content. In Rio Grande do Sul, since the 1920’s, there is a work of preservation of the remnants of the Jesuit-Guaraní Reductions as the only representative heritage in the Missions Region. The interest in heritage preservation understood as the before, the during and the after of the reductions began only in recent years, when we have widened the concept of heritage. Now we take into consideration the ensemble of the many cultural contributions that shapes and greatly enriches the vision of the region, and may contribute to its growth. Considering this fact, there was an expansion on the studies to date, from a territorial perspective of cultural landscape. More than the preservation of the built heritage, the protection of its cultural legacy should contemplate the landscapes, transformed and created by the first inhabitants in prehistory, the Jesuit-Guaraní, the European migrants of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and the current residents. It should also include the traditions and the local know-how, for they assist the understanding of the territory. Recognize these values will give the true dimension of the cultural importance of the region, and it will promote the rescue of the communities’ traditions, which has been lost over the years. Conserving the customs and the memory makes it more likely the safeguard of this cultural landscape of national and international importance, strengthening the identity values of the communities they belong to. The proper use of its potential, taking into account the cultural diversity that shapes it, will possibly promote the socio-cultural and economic sustainable development of the region. This thesis aims to initiate the recognition of the elements that mark the region and make it unique, for its ethnic and cultural diversity, testimony of the occupation of the territory marked by conflict for defining boundaries. / El paisaje ha sido objeto de interés de diversas áreas del conocimiento, entre ellas la historia, la geografía, la arquitectura, la planeación urbana, las artes visuales y, más recientemente, la preservación del patrimonio cultural y ambiental. El rápido proceso de transformación territorial que viene ocurriendo en los últimos cincuenta años, ha puesto en riesgo el patrimonio cultural y ambiental de las diversas comunidades. En respuesta, la valorización del paisaje cultural viene tomando impulso como referencia para estas transformaciones, entre otras razones, por su directa asociación con la memoria colectiva, las referencias culturales y su contenido simbólico. En Rio Grande do Sul, desde la década de 1920, se viene trabajando en la preservación de los remanentes de las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes como el único patrimonio considerado representativo en la Región Misionera. El interés por la preservación del patrimonio, entendiéndolo como antes, durante y después de las reducciones, se inició solamente en los últimos años, cuando el modo de pensar el patrimonio se amplió y empezó z considerarse que el conjunto de las diversas contribuciones culturales forma y enriquece enormemente la visión de la Región y podrá ayudar a su crecimiento. Ante esta realidad se ampliaron los estudios efectuados hasta el momento, a partir de una visión territorial del paisaje cultural. Más que la preservación del patrimonio edificado, la protección de su legado cultural, debe contemplar los paisajes, transformados y creados por los primeros habitantes de la prehistoria, por las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes, por los migrantes de origen europea de finales del siglo XIX y del inicio del siglo XX y por los actuales moradores de la Región. También deberá contemplar, las tradiciones, los saberes y las formas de hacer que contribuyen a la comprensión del territorio. Reconocer esos valores dará la verdadera dimensión de la importancia cultural de la región y promoverá el rescate de las tradiciones de estas comunidades, que se han ido perdiendo a lo largo de los años. Conservar las costumbres y la memoria torna más probable la salvaguarda de este paisaje cultural de importancia en el contexto nacional e internacional, fortaleciendo los valores de identidad de las comunidades donde estos se insertan. El uso adecuado de sus potencialidades, tomando en consideración la diversidad cultural que lo forma, podrá promover el desenvolvimiento socio-cultural y económico sustentable de la Región. Este trabajo pretende dar inicio al reconocimiento de los elementos que la marcan y la hacen única, por su diversidad étnica y cultural, que es el testimonio de la ocupación de este territorio marcado por los conflictos surgidos en la definición de los límites territoriales.

This diploma thesis deals with a car in a relation to accounting and tax laws. This thesis is divided into two basic parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is concerned with a car perception in accounting and the influence of tax laws on the car perception. The theoretical part is divided into three main parts. The first part is focused on a general view of vehicles in accounting, for example, vehicle valuations, acquisitions, depreciation, valuation changes and disposals of vehicles. The other part is focused on specifications of the vehicle perception in a tax evidence of individual entrepreneurs. In the third part there are described the vehicle perception in business corporations. It is focused on a value-added tax, mainly on a value-added tax in cross-border buying and selling of vehicles. Furthermore, there are analyzed a deferred tax and issues of cars in a relation to employers and employees. In the theoretical part there is dealt with the usage of vehicles for private purposes. In the practical part there is analyzed the usages of company cars by an employee for private purposes. There is compared a rent and a free of charge usage. In this part there is also verified whether the law is followed in practice. There are stated atypical transactions. These include using grants to acquire a car, updating of a depreciation plan and disposing of a vehicle by its sale to a foreign entity.

A paisagem tem sido objeto de interesse de diversas áreas do conhecimento, entre elas a história, a geografia, a arquitetura, o planejamento urbano, as artes visuais, e, mais recentemente, a preservação do patrimônio cultural e ambiental. O rápido processo de transformação territorial que vem ocorrendo nos últimos cinquenta anos, tem colocado em risco o patrimônio cultural e ambiental das diversas comunidades. Como resposta, a valorização da paisagem cultural vem tomando impulso como referência para estas transformações, entre outras razões, por sua direta associação com a memória coletiva, as referências culturais e seu conteúdo simbólico. No Rio Grande do Sul, desde a década de 1920, se vem trabalhando na preservação dos remanescentes das reduções jesuítico-guarani como o único patrimônio a ser considerado representativo na Região Missioneira. O interesse pela preservação do patrimônio, entendendo-o como o antes, o durante e o depois das reduções, iniciou apenas nos últimos anos, quando o modo de pensar o patrimônio se ampliou, passando a se considerar que o conjunto das diversas contribuições culturais forma e enriquece a visão da Região e poderá contribuir para seu crescimento. Diante dessa constatação ampliaram-se os estudos realizados até o momento, a partir de uma visão territorial de paisagem cultural. Mais do que a preservação do patrimônio edificado, a proteção do seu legado cultural, deve contemplar as paisagens, transformadas e criadas pelos primeiros habitantes na pré-história, pelas reduções jesuítico-guarani, pelos migrantes de origem européia de finais do século XIX e do início do século XX e pelos atuais moradores da região. Deverá contemplar, também, as tradições, os saberes e os fazeres que visam auxiliar a compreensão do território. Reconhecer esses valores dará a verdadeira dimensão da importância cultural da região e promoverá o resgate das tradições destas comunidades, que vem sendo perdidas ao longo dos anos. Conservar os costumes e a memória torna mais provável a salvaguarda desta paisagem cultural de importância no contexto nacional e internacional, fortalecendo os valores de identidade das comunidades onde estes se inserem. O uso adequado de suas potencialidades, levando em consideração a diversidade cultural que a forma, poderá promover o desenvolvimento sócio-cultural e econômico sustentável da Região. Este trabalho pretende dar início ao reconhecimento dos elementos que a marcam e a tornam única, pela sua diversidade étnica e cultural, que é o testemunho da ocupação deste território marcado pelos conflitos surgidos na definição dos limites territoriais. / The landscape has been subject of interest of several areas of knowledge, among them history, geography, architecture, urban planning, visual arts and, more recently, environmental and cultural heritage preservation. The fast process of territorial transformation of the last fifty years has put in risk the environmental and cultural heritage of many communities. In response, the appreciation of cultural landscape is gaining momentum as reference for these transformations, among other reasons, for its direct association with the collective memory, the cultural references and its symbolic content. In Rio Grande do Sul, since the 1920’s, there is a work of preservation of the remnants of the Jesuit-Guaraní Reductions as the only representative heritage in the Missions Region. The interest in heritage preservation understood as the before, the during and the after of the reductions began only in recent years, when we have widened the concept of heritage. Now we take into consideration the ensemble of the many cultural contributions that shapes and greatly enriches the vision of the region, and may contribute to its growth. Considering this fact, there was an expansion on the studies to date, from a territorial perspective of cultural landscape. More than the preservation of the built heritage, the protection of its cultural legacy should contemplate the landscapes, transformed and created by the first inhabitants in prehistory, the Jesuit-Guaraní, the European migrants of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and the current residents. It should also include the traditions and the local know-how, for they assist the understanding of the territory. Recognize these values will give the true dimension of the cultural importance of the region, and it will promote the rescue of the communities’ traditions, which has been lost over the years. Conserving the customs and the memory makes it more likely the safeguard of this cultural landscape of national and international importance, strengthening the identity values of the communities they belong to. The proper use of its potential, taking into account the cultural diversity that shapes it, will possibly promote the socio-cultural and economic sustainable development of the region. This thesis aims to initiate the recognition of the elements that mark the region and make it unique, for its ethnic and cultural diversity, testimony of the occupation of the territory marked by conflict for defining boundaries. / El paisaje ha sido objeto de interés de diversas áreas del conocimiento, entre ellas la historia, la geografía, la arquitectura, la planeación urbana, las artes visuales y, más recientemente, la preservación del patrimonio cultural y ambiental. El rápido proceso de transformación territorial que viene ocurriendo en los últimos cincuenta años, ha puesto en riesgo el patrimonio cultural y ambiental de las diversas comunidades. En respuesta, la valorización del paisaje cultural viene tomando impulso como referencia para estas transformaciones, entre otras razones, por su directa asociación con la memoria colectiva, las referencias culturales y su contenido simbólico. En Rio Grande do Sul, desde la década de 1920, se viene trabajando en la preservación de los remanentes de las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes como el único patrimonio considerado representativo en la Región Misionera. El interés por la preservación del patrimonio, entendiéndolo como antes, durante y después de las reducciones, se inició solamente en los últimos años, cuando el modo de pensar el patrimonio se amplió y empezó z considerarse que el conjunto de las diversas contribuciones culturales forma y enriquece enormemente la visión de la Región y podrá ayudar a su crecimiento. Ante esta realidad se ampliaron los estudios efectuados hasta el momento, a partir de una visión territorial del paisaje cultural. Más que la preservación del patrimonio edificado, la protección de su legado cultural, debe contemplar los paisajes, transformados y creados por los primeros habitantes de la prehistoria, por las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes, por los migrantes de origen europea de finales del siglo XIX y del inicio del siglo XX y por los actuales moradores de la Región. También deberá contemplar, las tradiciones, los saberes y las formas de hacer que contribuyen a la comprensión del territorio. Reconocer esos valores dará la verdadera dimensión de la importancia cultural de la región y promoverá el rescate de las tradiciones de estas comunidades, que se han ido perdiendo a lo largo de los años. Conservar las costumbres y la memoria torna más probable la salvaguarda de este paisaje cultural de importancia en el contexto nacional e internacional, fortaleciendo los valores de identidad de las comunidades donde estos se insertan. El uso adecuado de sus potencialidades, tomando en consideración la diversidad cultural que lo forma, podrá promover el desenvolvimiento socio-cultural y económico sustentable de la Región. Este trabajo pretende dar inicio al reconocimiento de los elementos que la marcan y la hacen única, por su diversidad étnica y cultural, que es el testimonio de la ocupación de este territorio marcado por los conflictos surgidos en la definición de los límites territoriales.

ICT has become so deeply embedded into the fabric of European society – in economic, political, and socio-cultural narratives, practices, and structures – that it has been constructed as holding tremendous untapped and inestimable potential for instigating and unleashing far-reaching societal transformation, addressing key societal challenges, and solving all societal problems. It has recently been seen, given its ubiquity, as a critical driver and powerful catalyst for sustainable urban development due to its potential to enable substantial energy savings and GHG emissions reductions in most urban sectors, especially buildings. However, related to this ubiquity, there are also a lot of visions (of limited modern applicability), hopes, myths, fallacies, and oxymora, which applies for the environmental subsystem of information society where debates focus on whether ICT can advance environmental urban sustainability. There are intricate relationships and tradeoffs among the multidimensional effects of ICT for the environment that flow mostly from the use and application of ICT – e.g. energy efficiency technology - throughout the urban sphere. Regardless, the technological orientation and framing of the sustainable city and the green economy has gained dominance in European society and become prevalent in what has come to be identified or known as the discourse of ICT for sustainable urban development (ICT4SUD). The aim of this study is to carry out a critical reading of the social construction of ICT4SUD, the underlying ideology about the ICT potential in advancing environmental urban sustainability. To achieve this aim, a Foucauldian-Faircloughian discursive approach is employed to examine the selected empirical material. This approach consists of nine stages: (1) surface descriptors and contextual elements; (2) historical-diachronic dimension; (3) epistemic and cultural frames; (4) discursive constructions and discourses; (5) social actors and framing power; (6) discursive strategies; (7) discursive mechanisms; (8) political practice, knowledge, and power; and (9) ideological standpoints.As a scholarly discourse, ICT4SUD is inherently part of and influenced by economic, societal, and political structures, and produced in social interaction. ICT4SUD is thus neither paradigmatic nor value-free, but rather socio-politically situated. It is shaped by cultural frames that are conventionalized by European society and attuned to its values, and it is a matter of a pre-intellectual space where ICT and sustainability constitute salient defining factors of the dominant configuration of knowledge, institutions, and material forces of European society. Indeed, ICT4SUD is impacted by earlier representations of reality and how they were reproduced in relation to the significance of discursive constructions of ICT and sustainability issues in the broader context of European culture. Moreover, the ICT4SUD discourse plays a major role in (re)constructing the image of the ICT industry as a social actor and in defining its identity and relation with other constituents of society, in that it is relocated new roles and attributed new societal missions. The dominant framing of the reports is clearly the one advanced by the ICT industry: it is constituted into the main definer of the represented reality. Further, positioning the ICT industry as the driver of the low-carbon city/economy aids the construction of an image of leadership in creating a low carbon society. The reports’ construction of energy efficiency technology is a powerful legitimation of the ICT industry’s views and actions. In addition, the ICT4SUD discourse is exclusionary, namely a number of facts and issues pertaining to structural, indirect, and systemic effects of ICT and the associated rebound effects are left out, concealed, or neglected. Also, the discourse is inclined to be deterministic, i.e. it postulates that ICT, supported by policy, will achieve SUD while it falls short in considering social behaviour and socio-economic relationships. It moreover tends to be rhetorical – that is, it promises environmentally SUD without really having a holistic strategy to achieve that goal. Furthermore, given the scientific discourse and the legitimation capacity of computing, climatology, and sustainability indicators, one can subsume a range of social and political effects under the category of discourse mechanisms through which ICT4SUD operates, which both show the power of discourse and potentially empower the ICT industry and its cohorts. There are different justifications for the development of energy efficiency technology in relation to decision-making processes. Plus, politics, as a consequence of its interaction with ICT4SUD, forces, though different mechanisms, the emergence and development of the ICT4SUD discourse, which is, simultaneously, influenced by the power/knowledge relations established in European society that bounds or expands its success. Finally, as to ideological reproduction, the ICT4SUD discourse reconstructs cultural claims, conveys ideological messages, and reproduces and legitimizes power structures.

The study set out to understand and demonstrate the role the ICT sector could play as a critical enabler in the transition and progress towards an energy– efficient, low carbon economy. More specifically, the study of sustaining ICT for sustainability has twofold intent: (2) to investigate the direct footprint of ICT sector and explore how it can be tackled through adopting sustainable design–based solutions; and (2) to highlight the enabling potential of ICT sector to mitigate climate change and massively improve energy efficiency across the economy, identifying and quantifying the global ICT impacts and opportunities in the context of energy and carbon emissions savings. To achieve the aim of this study, a pertinent and extensive literature review covering theoretical, empirical, and critical scholarship was performed to investigate the phenomenon. The study draws on a variety of sources to survey the unsustainability of ICT sector pertaining to energy–intensive consumption and explore potential solutions through espousing environmental design practice, and also to examine the role of ICT in delivering energy–efficient solutions through its products and services. Validity was ensured through using quality academic and industry literature as well as relevant studies carried out by a range of eminent researchers, experts, and stakeholders (i.e. NGOs, research centers). Findings highlight the unsustainability of ICT sector regarding energy– intensive consumption and concomitant GHG emissions associated with its products and services. Of the whole lifecycle, the use phase of ICT is the most critical. Data centers and telecom networks devour energy. Planned obsolescence entrenched in software design shorten upgrade cycle, which makes software utilities a planet killer as to energy consumption. Alternative sustainable design–based solutions entail using renewable energy and most efficient energy required over ICT’s life cycle – de–carbonization strategy. Also, digitization is an effective strategy for ICT sector to slash energy use per unit. To reduce the footprint of data centers and telecom networks, design solutions vary from hardware and software to technological improvements. Designing out built–in obsolescence in software technology is a key factor in the energy equation. As for the enabling role of ICT, the findings are highly illuminating. The ICT sector must step up its efforts in reducing its direct footprint in order to claim a leadership role in an energy–efficient, low carbon economy. Although the ICT sector’s own emissions will increase because of global growing demand for its products and services, the real gains will come from its enabling potential to yield substantial energy efficiency improvements and emissions reductions across the economy. The sheer scale of the climate change challenge presents smart development mitigation opportunities for ICT sector to deliver environmentally sustainable solutions. The largest identified opportunities are: dematerialization; intelligent transport and logistics; intelligent buildings; smart power supply; and efficient industrial processes and systems. This study provides a novel approach into sustainable design in ICT, underlining unsustainable design practices in ICT sector. Review of the literature makes an advance on extant reviews by highlighting the synergic relationship between ICT design, sustainability, and the economy. / +46 704 35 21 35

[pt] As mudanças climáticas têm sido consideradas por grande parte da comunidade científica como o problema ambiental mais grave já enfrentado pela humanidade. Os estudos conduzidos, ainda que com incertezas, indicam uma forte relação entre as ações antrópicas, o aquecimento global e a consequente alteração climática. Verões mais quentes, invernos mais rigorosos, secas, enchentes, tornados, desertificação, escassez de água, alimentos, perda da biodiversidade são alguns exemplos dos impactos causados por este desequilíbrio. A mitigação ou controle de um problema desta magnitude merece, sem dúvida, atenção dos governos e de empresas responsáveis por grandes emissões de gases de efeito estufa, considerados como responsáveis pela alteração no clima. Entretanto, outros setores também podem e devem contribuir para o alcance das metas globais estabelecidas nos acordos internacionais. O presente trabalho apresenta o resultado de um inventário de emissões de gases de efeito estufa elaborado para o Campus Gávea da PUC-Rio, utilizando-se da metodologia validada pelo Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC), como ponto de partida para uma proposta de gerenciamento e mitigação das emissões diretas e indiretas do Campus. O estudo ainda indica ações para melhorar a qualidade de inventários futuros e medidas para a redução das emissões. / [en] Climate change has been considered by the scientific community as the most serious environmental problem ever faced by humanity. The studies performed, even with uncertainties, indicate a strong relationship between human actions, global warming and consequent climate change. Hotter summers, colder winters, severe droughts and floods, tornadoes, desertification, water and food scarcity and biodiversity loss are some examples of the impacts caused by this imbalance. The mitigation or control of a problem with this magnitude deserves undoubtedly attention of governments and companies responsible for the large emissions of greenhouse gases, considered as responsible for the climate change. However, other sectors can and should contribute to the achievement of the global targets set by international agreements. Regarding the uncertainties and expectations on climate change, in 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), consisted of scientists from around the world, was created to provide information related to the causes of climate change, its consequences and possible actions to reduce the impact on the earth. IPCC reports are published regularly and become a reference for the formulation of public policies and for use by experts and students. The IPCC in its 4th Assessment Report, indicates a 70 percent increase in anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases in the period 1970-2004, where the carbon dioxide (CO2) is the largest contributor. For the same period, CO2 annual emissions increased 80 percent and represented 77 percent of total anthropogenic emissions in 2004. This increase is mainly due to the consumption of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Once established the relationship between greenhouse gases and global warming, it became evident the need for measurement and quantification of emissions for achieving any progress in the management of the problem. For that, a common, standardized, transparent and reliable methodology was desired. Developed in the United States by the World Resource Institute (WRI) in 2001, the GHG Protocol seeks to understand, quantify and manage GHG emissions of companies and nowadays is the most frequently method used worldwide for performing GHG inventories. It is also compatible with standard ISO 14064: 2007 - Greenhouse Gases and the methodologies for quantification issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

A fin de diseñar e implementar lenguajes de programación que tengan en cuenta el paradigma borroso modificaremos el lambda cálculo clásico, adjuntando a cada término un grado, y redefiniendo la beta-reducción, obteniendo que para que el nuevo cálculo verifique la propiedad de Church-Rosser la transmisión de los grados debe hacerse por medio de una función que sea una t-norma o s-conorma. Utilizando esta nueva herramienta diseñamos un lenguaje no determinista que satisface los requerimientos de la programación con datos borrosos. / With the aim of designing and implementing programming languages that take into account the fuzzy paradigm we will modify the classical lambda calculus by adding a degree to each term and by redefining the b-reduction. Thus, for the new calculus to verify the Church-Rosser property, the degree computed with can be made through a function that is a t-norm or an s-conorm. With this new tool we design a nondeterminist language that satisfies fuzzy dataprogramming requirements, and an example of its behaviour is shown.