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Bygg- och fastighetssektorn står idag för en betydande andel av de utsläpp som ärdirekt farliga för miljön. Miljöcertifieringar av byggnader är ett led i arbetet med attminska den mänskliga påverkan på miljön inom fastighetsbranschen.Akademiska Hus är ett svenskt och statligt ägt fastighetsbolag som förvaltaruniversitets- och högskolelokaler. Bolaget arbetar aktivt med att minska sinmiljöpåverkan och ett av verktygen i det arbetet är att företaget certifierar samtliganybyggnationer och större ombyggnationer med det svenska certifieringssystemetMiljöbyggnad.Den här studien redovisar hur hyresnivån inom Akademiska Hus fastighetsbeståndpåverkas av att en byggnad är miljöcertifierad. Studien har genomförts genom attskapa statistisk modell baserad på en rad olika variabler som förklarar hyresnivån. Dendata som använts är baserad på hyreskontrakt och attribut för de byggnader somkontrakten tillhör.Resultatet visar att en miljöcertifierad byggnad inom Akademiska Husfastighetsbestånd har tio procent högre hyresnivå i jämförelse med övriga byggnader.Resultatet ligger i linje med både förväntningar och vad tidigare liknande studier visat. / The construction and real estate industry accounts for a significant proportion of theemissions that are directly hazardous to the environment. Environmental certificationsof buildings are part of the work to reduce the human impact on the environmentwithin the real estate industry.Akademiska Hus is a Swedish and state-owned property company that managesuniversity premises. The company works actively to reduce its environmental impactand one of the tools in this process is that the company certifies all new constructionand major renovations with the Swedish certification system Miljöbyggnad.This study reports on how the rent level within Akademiska Hus real estate portfolio isaffected by the fact that a building is certified. This study has been carried out bycreating a statistical model based on a variety of variables that explain the rent level.The data used is based on rental contracts and attributes for the buildings to which thecontract belong.The result shows that an environmental certified building within Akademiska Hus realestate portfolio has a ten percent higher rent level compared to other buildings. Theresult was in line with both expectations and what previous similar studies have shown.

I Sverige har det sedan år 1907 varit möjligt att upplåta en fastighet med tomträtt. Detta är en särskild form av nyttjanderätt som innebär att tomträttshavaren får rätt att nyttja en statlig eller kommunal fastighet på liknande villkor som äganderätt mot en årlig avgäld. Avsikten med införandet av tomträtt var att ge privatpersoner möjlighet att få tillgång till mark i bostadssyfte till ett lägre pris än vid ett fastighetsköp samt att låta kommun eller stat behålla marken. På så sätt uppmuntrades byggverksamheten samtidigt som staten eller kommunen kunde påverka ändamålet med fastigheten, behålla värdestegringen på marken samt få en årlig avgäld.  Trots att tomträtt är ett gammalt institut föreligger fortfarande en del oklarheter och frågetecknen kring upplåtelseformen och dess tillämpning i praktiken. Då denna osäkerhet kan tänkas bidra till att stat och kommuner väljer bort tomträtt som upplåtelseform genomförs därför detta arbete med målet att tillhandahålla information och vägledning i ämnet och göra den mer tillgänglig för aktörer som vill börja tillämpa tomträtt. / Since 1907 in Sweden, it has been possible to grant a property with site lease hold. This is a special form of usufruct that entitles the leaseholder to use land owned by the state or a municipality on similar terms as ownership against an annual rate. The purpose of this legislation was to give individuals the opportunity to access land for residential purposes at a lower price than in a property purchase as well as to keep the municipality or state retaining the land. This encouraged construction activities while at the same time the state or municipality could influence the purpose of the property, maintain the value increase on the land and receive an annual installment. Although site lease hold is an old term, some uncertainties and question still exist regarding the form of the tenure and its application in practice. As this uncertainty contributes to the fact that the state and municipalities choose to disregard it as a form of tenure, this essay is therefore carried out with the aim of providing information and guidance on the subject and making it more accessible to actors who wish to start using site lease hold.

Education would always be an important issue in China. Capitalization of education wouldhave impact on housing price and rent price and affect the housing market, this can bereflected from the phenomenon of ‘over-priced school district house’. While thecapitalization of higher education on rent price is always be neglected.In that case, the propose of this study is to estimate the relationship between highereducation and rental market price level in China based on the rental market in Beijing.And the study would focus four zone in Beijing, each of them contains one to twouniversity district and surrounding non-university district.Hedonic pricing model would be used in this study to determine the impact of independentvariables on the rent price development.The result of this study indicates a complex relationship, it finds that the relationshipbetween higher education and rent price in different zones while most zones shows apositive relationship, and the overall result is insignificant. And according to our research,some target suggestions were pointed out. / Utbildning är alltid en viktig fråga i Kina. Kapitalisering av utbildningen skulle fåinverkan på bostadspris och hyrespris och påverka bostadsmarknaden, vilket kanåterspeglas från fenomenet "dyrt skolhus". Medan kapitalisering av akademisk utbildningpå hyreskostnaden alltid försummas.I det fallet är förslaget till denna undersökning att uppskatta förhållandet mellan akademiskutbildning och hyresmarknadsprisnivå i Kina baserat på hyresmarknaden i Peking. Ochstudien skulle fokusera på fyra zoner i Peking, var och en av dem innehåller ett till tvåuniversitetsdistrikt och omgivande icke-universitetsdistrikt.Hedoniska prissättningsmodell skulle användas i denna studie för att bestämma effekternaav oberoende variabler på hyresprisutvecklingen.Resultatet av denna studie indikerar ett komplicerat förhållande, det konstaterar attförhållandet mellan akademisk utbildning och hyrespris i olika zoner medan de flesta zonervisar ett positivt förhållande och det övergripande resultatet är obetydligt. Enligt vårforskning pekades några målförslag ut.

This study utilises Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine media discourses on rent increases in the Swedish rental housing market and their reflection of crises within neoliberal regimes. Proceeding from newspaper articles from Dagens Nyheter, the largest newspaper in Sweden, two separate time periods are analysed, with one functioning as a control group. The analysis implements three levels of CDA: text, discursive practice, and social practice.The findings illuminate the complex nature of rent increases, with different perspectives from tenants, landlords, and policymakers. Power imbalances are evident, providing certain actors with more legitimacy and influence. The analysis confirms the influence of neoliberal forces in the Swedish rental market, reflected in language, values, and individual representation. Three of philosopher Michael Brie's identified crises— overaccumulation, integration, and representative democracy—are evident in the discourses on rent increases, with varying positions over time. The crisis of overaccumulation is more evident in the second period, potentially influenced by global economic conditions, while the crises of integration and democracy are consistent in their evidence. This analysis shines light on the interaction between discourses, ideology, and power dynamics, providing insights into the challenges posed by the process of neoliberalization.

In recent months, there have been debates and discussions in Sweden regarding rents for rented apartments. Landlords want sharp rent increases due to high inflation and increased operating costs, while tenants and the tenant association are strongly against such a proposal. They mean that households with limited income can be hardly impacted by a sharp increase in their accommodation expenses. This thesis will analyze what external factors affect the rental compensation for rented apartments in Sweden for the time period 2018-2021. The result is based on a panel data analysis with collected data from 279 of Sweden’s 290 municipalities and is reported through a regression model. The outcome shows that disposable income, population and the number of completed rental apartments per 10 000 citizens, have a positive impact on the rent for rental housing. The result, however, does not show what effect the floating mortgage interest rate has, but is shown to have a positive impact as well based on previous studies on the subject. All the variables included in the model thus have an explanatory effect on the rent, but additional variables - for example, the location, condition and standard - can be included to get an even better result. / Under de senaste månaderna har det varit debatter och diskussioner i Sverige angående hyran för hyresrätter. Hyresvärdar vill ha kraftiga hyreshöjningar på grund av den höga inflationen och ökade driftskostnader, medan hyresgästerna och hyresgästföreningen är starkt emot ett sådant förslag. De menar att hushåll med begränsad inkomst kan bli hårt drabbade av en markant höjning i deras boendeutgifter. Denna uppsats kommer att analysera vilka externa faktorer som påverkar hyressättningen i Sverige under perioden 2018-2021. Resultatet utgår från en paneldataanalys med insamlad data från 279 av Sveriges 290 kommuner, och redovisas genom en regressionsmodell. Utfallet visar att disponibel inkomst, befolkningsmängd samt antalet färdigställda hyreslägenheter per 10 000 invånare har en positiv inverkan på hyran för hyresbostäder. Resultatet visar däremot inte vilken effekt den rörliga bolåneräntan har, men påvisas ha en positiv inverkan utifrån tidigare studier i ämnet. Samtliga variabler inkluderade i modellen har således en förklarande effekt på hyressättningen men ytterligare variabler - exempelvis läget, skick och standard - kan inkluderas för att få ett ännu bättre resultat.

<p>1st essay abstract:   </p> <p>This study investigates the economic rents of the wind energy industry in the U.S. and their economic impacts on local economies, using Benton and White counties in Indiana as study regions. By calibrating a partial equilibrium model using 2007-2010 data of the industry, we find a resource rent of $9.72/MWh. We then use a general equilibrium model with Dutch Disease features to study the optimal tax levied on this rent, and the economic impacts of redistributing the tax revenues back to the county residents. An exhaustive rent tax increases real county personal income by as high as 9.1% and as low as 2%, depending on the county’s features. Applying an incentive compatible resource rent tax rate and redistributing the revenues to the county’s laborers leads to an increase of 3.5% and 16% in their income in White and Benton counties, respectively. We also perform robustness checks by allowing labor mobility between counties to examine the impacts of resource rents on the county economy under endogenous labor growth. </p> <p>1st essay data: All data acquired comes from the U.S. Census Bureau, county Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory reports, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Indeed.com, news articles, and wind developers websites.</p> <p><br></p> <p>2nd essay abstract:   </p> <p>Using the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model, we estimate the deadweight loss imposed by county-level wind power development restrictions in the form of increased electricity costs due to suboptimal siting. This is accomplished by optimizing the power system of the United States' Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) from 2020 to 2050. We perform the optimization with and without land-use constraints arising from simulated potential local ordinances restricting wind power development, and under multiple scenarios reflecting different renewable portfolio standards (RPS). We find that local restrictions on wind power increase the total system cost by 0.15%-0.3% and the wholesale electricity price by 1.8%-2.7%, depending on the RPS scenario. Changes in the generation and installed capacity mixes are more substantial and depend on both the level of county restrictions on wind power, and RPS requirements, thus indicating an interaction between RPS requirements and local wind power restrictions. We also find that plausible restrictions on wind development do not pose major barriers to meeting renewable energy targets in a cost-effective manner.</p> <p>2nd essay data: All data is embedded inside the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.</p> <p><br></p> <p>3rd essay abstract:   </p> <p>The USDA promotes adoption of conservation practices beneficial for soil health and environment through agricultural cost-share payment programs such as EQIP or CSP. Although the efficiency of these programs has been evaluated through additionality estimates, which represent the percentage of farmers who would adopt a practice only with payments, the potential complementarities between certain combinations of practices have often been overlooked. Unaccounted for, these complementarities may impact additionality estimates. This paper provides a thorough investigation of additionality estimates of common practices, including no-till, nutrient management and cover crops, accounting for potential complementarities between them. We find no significant differences between traditional additionality estimates and estimates accounted for potential complementarities between the three practices. The results thus indicate that despite agronomic evidence of synergies in co-adopting these three practices, we find no solid indication of adoption complementarity between them in reality. </p> <p>3rd essay data: Data is acquired from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Esri maps.</p>

In the first paper the effect of accessibility upon rent is investigated for office properties located in Downtown Stockholm. Starting from the firm’s cost minimization problem, a translog hedonic model is derived. The results suggest the model has good predictive power in explaining the variation in the log of the rent. A negative rent gradient is obtained with a base approximately 90 meters from the postulated focal point. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of the intraurban office rent pattern. The second paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3026 discounted cash flow valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other. Exit cap rates exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts. The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed “normal” levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates. / QC 20101115

Bostadshusen från miljonprogrammet är i behov av genomgripande renoveringar. Samtidigt riskerar detta att medföra omfattande hyreshöjningar för hyresgästerna som utgör en socioekonomiskt utsatt grupp i samhället. De hyreshöjningar som hyresgästerna står inför, och som har stöd i rådande lagstiftning, kan resultera i en renovräkning som innebär att ett flertal hyresgäster behöver lämna sina hem.  Syftet med detta arbete är att erhålla en djupare förståelse för hur hyressättningssystemet i samband med renovering fungerar för att undersöka dels rimligheten i de hyreshöjningar som sker, dels om rådande lagstiftning skyddar hyresgästen i samband med detta. Främst fokus har riktats mot hyreslägenheterna som tillhör miljonprogrammet. Tre centrala frågeställningar har väglett arbetet: Vilka lagar och regler styr hyreshöjningar vid renoveringar av lägenheter inom miljonprogrammet? Hur bedöms rimligheten i en hyreshöjning efter renoveringar ur ett juridiskt perspektiv? Skyddar dagens lagstiftning hyresgäster från markanta hyreshöjningar? För att besvara samtliga frågeställningar har en rättsdogmatisk ansats tillämpats, där utgångspunkten har tagits i lagstiftning, rättspraxis, lagförarbeten, viss rättshistoria och doktrin. Vidare har tillhörande litteratur samt rättsfall studerats för att undersöka hur hyressättningssystemet kring renoveringar ter sig i praktiken.  Arbetet konstaterar att hyreshöjningar följt av renoveringar kan få betydande konsekvenser för hyresgästerna, speciellt i områden som tillhör miljonprogrammet, som präglas av socioekonomisk utsatthet. Rådande regelsystem möjliggör betydande hyreshöjningar där hyresgäster har ett begränsat inflytande trots de skyddsregler som idag finns för att tillgodose ett skydd för dem. Dagens lagstiftning står därmed inför stora utmaningar, inte minst när det gäller att tillgodose behovet av en rimlig bostadsstandard samtidigt som hyresgästens ekonomiska situation ska beaktas. / The residential buildings from the Million program are in need of extensive renovation. This can lead to substantial rent increases for the tenants, who represent a socio-economically vulnerable group in society. The rent increases, which are supported by current legislation, may result in renovation eviction, where several tenants are forced to leave their homes due to rent increase. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how the rent setting system during renovation works, in order to examine both the reasonableness of the rent increases and whether current legislation protects the tenant in such cases. The focus has been on rental apartments from the Million program. Three central questions have guided this work: What laws and regulations govern rent increases when renovating apartments from the Million program? How is the reasonableness of a rent increase after renovations assessed from a legal perspective? Does current legislation protect tenants from significant rent increases? To answer the questions presented, different methods, including a legal-dogmatic approach, have been applied, where the current legislation, case law, selective legislative history and doctrine have been studied. Other literature on the subject have also been studied, in order to obtain an insight of the rent setting system during renovation, both from a theoretical and practical perspective.  This work finds that rent increases followed by renovation can have significant consequences for tenants, especially in areas belonging to the Million program with high socio-economic vulnerability. The current legislation allows for extensive rent increases where tenants have limited influence despite the current influence that is supported by law to provide protection for them. Today's legislation thus faces major challenges, not least when it comes to meeting the need for a reasonable standard of housing while taking into account the tenant's financial situation.

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