The purpose of this study is to investigate the right to confidentiality in the context of HIV/AIDS through an interdisciplinary lens. This study indicates that whilst confidentiality is important and should be preserved in order to protect persons living with HIV/AIDS against stigmatisation, discrimination and victimisation, this should be balanced by other equally important interests, such as the protection of public health and individual third parties who may be affected by the intentional or negligent infection of others with HIV. As the consideration of the legal issues relating to confidentiality and privacy cannot be divorced from the social context in which HIV/AIDS plays out in South African communities, the study will examine, amongst others, the victimisation, discrimination and stigmatisation experienced by persons living with HIV/AIDS, followed by a critical exploration of the present legal and ethical framework governing privacy and confidentiality, including medical confidentiality, as well as the duty to disclose a positive HIV-status, in the context of HIV/AIDS. Possible limitations on the right to privacy in this context are also examined, which include, amongst others, a consideration of making HIV/AIDS notifiable diseases in South Africa. The study suggests that it is imperative that legal interventions aimed at curbing the spread of HIV will need to be mindful of the unique social, cultural and economic forces that impact on the duty to disclose a positive HIV-status to partners and other affected third parties. Insights gained from philosophical theories relating to Africanism, individualism, communitarianism and utilitarianism are valuable tools in facilitating a clearer understanding of relevant social and cultural factors that keep South African society locked in the present stalemate with regard to the disclosure of HIV status. / Public, Constitutional, & International law / LLD

Le droit international privé est éprouvé par les droits fondamentaux. Les données à partir desquelles la discipline a été pensée ont d’abord évolué. Les droits de l’homme créent une connexion entre les ordres juridiques étatiques et protègent la mobilité internationale des personnes. Si cette évolution ne remet pas en cause l’existence du problème de droit international privé, force est d’admettre que les droits fondamentaux modifient aujourd’hui son analyse. Tandis que les conflits d’ordres juridiques sont transformés en conflit de valeurs, la hiérarchie des intérêts du droit international privé est remplacée par leur mise en balance. Les solutions de droit international privé sont, ainsi, perturbées par l’application contentieuse des droits fondamentaux. La proportionnalité est plus précisément à l’origine de cette perturbation. Technique de réalisation des droits de l’homme, la proportionnalité a une incidence inégale sur la discipline. Si le contrôle de proportionnalité épargne ses méthodes, il bouleverse en revanche ses solutions. Les Cours européennes ont tendance à privilégier la continuité des situations juridiques sur la défense de la cohésion interne. Aussi pressent-elles le droit international privé à libéraliser ses solutions. L’application contentieuse des droits fondamentaux doit, dès lors, être rationalisée pour préserver l’autorité et la prévisibilité des solutions du conflit de lois et de juridictions. C’est en dissociant l’application des droits de l’homme de l’exception d’ordre public international et en corrigeant la mise en œuvre du contrôle de proportionnalité que l’équilibre du droit international privé pourrait, nous semble-t-il, se reconstruire. / Fundamental rights put private international law to the test. First, the context in which private international law operates has evolved. Fundamental rights have created a better, closer, intertwining of the separate state legal orders and have achieved a higher protection for the persons as they experience international mobility. If this evolution does not threaten, as such, the existence of private international law, it must be acknowledged that fundamental rights modify its analysis. Whereas the conflicts between legal orders are transformed into conflicts between values, the hierarchy of interests protected by private international law is replaced by a balancing of these interests. The solutions of private international law are thus disrupted by the enforcement of fundamental rights through litigation. Proportionality is at the source of this disruption. Being a case by case technique of enforcement of fundamental rights, the influence of the proportionality test on private international is uneven. If the proportionality test is found to be overall indifferent to the methods of private international law, its main impact is on the solutions of PIL. The European courts are indeed prone to favour the continuity in the legal situations of the persons, over the defence of the internal cohesion of the state legal orders. As a consequence, private international law is invited to reach liberal solutions. The enforcement of fundamental rights through litigation must hence be clarified so as to maintain a mesure of authority and predictability of the solutions of the rules of conflict of laws, international jurisdiction and recognition of foreign judgements. It is, on the one hand, by methodologically dissociating the enforcement of fundamental rights from the public policy exception and, on the other hand, through an amendment to the proportionality test, that the balance of private international may hopefully be restored.

One of the realities that developing countries like Nigeria have to face today is that national and international markets have become more and more interconnected through the global platform of telecommunications and the Internet. This global networked economy is creating a paradigm shift in the focus of development goals and strategies particularly for developing countries. Globalisation is driving the nations of the world more into political and economic integration. These integrations are enhanced by a globally interconnected network of economic and communication systems at the apex of which is the Internet. This network of networks thrives on and encourages the expansion of cross-border flows of ideas and information, goods and services, technology and capital. Being an active member of the global network economy is essential to Nigeria’s economic development. It must plug into the network or risk being shut out. The global market network operates by means of rules and standards that are largely set by the dominant players in the network. Data protection is a critical component of the regime of rules and standards that govern the global network economy; it is evolving into an international legal order that transcends geographical boundaries. The EU Directive on data protection is the de facto global standard for data protection; it threatens to exclude non-EU countries without an adequate level of privacy protection from the EU market. More than 50 countries have enacted data protection laws modelled on the EU standard. Access to the huge EU market is a major motivation for the current trend in global harmonisation of domestic data protection laws. This trend provides a compelling reason for examining the issues relating to data protection and trans-border data flows and their implications for Nigeria’s desire to integrate into the global network economy. There are two primary motivations for legislating restrictions on the flow of data across national boundaries. The first is the concern for the privacy of the citizens, and second, securing the economic well-being of a nation. It is important that Nigeria’s privacy protection keeps pace with international norms in the provision of adequate protection for information privacy order to prevent potential impediments to international trading opportunities. / Public, Constitutional, and International / LL. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola Meira de Almeida Santos.pdf: 864245 bytes, checksum: f73c9c68ec473a97001d22bf4eadbcf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-13 / The purpose of this study is to investigate digital marketing and consumer protection. It seeks to scrutinize recent digital marketing techniques and respective consequences towards consumer relations. In order to address the issue, the study firstly draws the profile of consumer society and technological development verified in the last few years, which is necessary to understand the reasoning for alterations in consumers behavior and of the techniques adopted by suppliers to place its products and services in the market. Through the analysis of consumer market, the study then scrutinizes Brazilian Consumer Protection Code, a statutory Law full of principles, as a public order Law, specially the provisions of article 4 of Law No. 8078/90, that is, those pertaining to Brazilian policy of consumer relations, to the other principles that might be gathered from the Code and, within this context, the principles relating to advertisement, marketing and commercial practices. Another approach refers to marketing development, its main characteristics and brief considerations regarding the relation between advertisement and semiotics, through the study of marketing in the digital age and of current online advertisement techniques. This background allows the analysis of main issues deriving from digital marketing techniques, when they are undertook without observation to Consumer Protection Code, such as: creation of consumer databases, products customization and building up of consumer profiles by means of violating consumers privacy as a result of the nonstopping seek of sensitive information, besides unfair competition. The results of the research indicate that such practices should be deemed as deceptive commercial practices by virtue of the increasing unreasonable advantages demanded by suppliers of digital age, and presents suggestions and legislative bills that aim to avoid aggravation of consumers vulnerability and protect its privacy / O presente estudo traz como objeto de investigação o marketing digital e a proteção do consumidor e pretende abordar e analisar as recentes técnicas de marketing digital e as consequências para as relações de consumo. Para adentrar o tema, o trabalho traça, primeiramente, um perfil da sociedade de consumo e da evolução tecnológica surgida nos últimos anos, necessário para entender a razão da alteração de comportamento do consumidor e das técnicas de oferecimento de produtos e serviços. Com a análise do mercado de consumo passa-se a discorrer sobre o Código de Defesa do Consumidor, sua natureza de norma principiológica e cogente, por se tratar de norma ordem pública, especialmente os preceitos que regem as relações de consumo, desde os previstos no artigo 4º da Lei nº 8.078/90, ou seja, aqueles atinentes à política nacional das relações de consumo até os demais que podem ser extraídos do Código e, neste contexto, os princípios concernentes à publicidade, o marketing e as práticas comerciais. Outra abordagem alude à evolução do marketing, suas características principais e breves considerações sobre a relação dos anúncios publicitários com a semiótica, chegando ao estudo do marketing na era digital e das atuais técnicas de publicidade on-line. Com esse pano de fundo o estudo encontra subsídios para discorrer sobre os principais problemas que as técnicas de marketing digital, quando utilizadas sem o respeito ao Código de Defesa do Consumidor, acarretam para a sociedade, entre eles: a formação de banco de dados, a customização de produtos e formação de perfis por meio da violação da intimidade e da vida privada em razão da busca incessante de dados sensíveis e a concorrência desleal. O resultado da pesquisa aponta no sentido de que referidos atos configuram práticas comerciais abusivas em razão das crescentes vantagens manifestamente excessivas exigidas pelo fornecedor da era digital e apresenta algumas sugestões e projetos de lei que tentam impedir que a vulnerabilidade do consumidor reste por demais exacerbada e sua privacidade corrompida

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Luiz de Almeida Ribeiro.pdf: 960554 bytes, checksum: 933a380e14a9abc84a29f86a8f043069 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-24 / This dissertation is about the habeas data and its procedural aspects, as a mean to protect privacy. The main objective of this study is to analyze the usefulness of this feature as a specific instrument for protection of individuals' privacy, as well as to ensure that citizens may control the wrongful use of their personal data through social networks and credit protection institutions. In this sense, the habeas data would not be restricted to obtaining general information or rectifying data before public authorities and private companies. In order to achieve this purpose, and based on the deductive method and bibliographical research, the following topics have been addressed in this paper: historical aspects, concept and objetive of the habeas data, proceedings upon habeas data under Law 9507/1997, and, lastly, controversial aspects on habeas data. As a conclusion, the main criticism developed herein is related to the comparison between the habeas data and the writ of mandamus, which has caused a procedural impact on the Law 9507/97. This Law, that rules the habeas data, changed the primary constitutional objective of it, which was very much related to the protection of privacy and the proceedings to achieve this objective. Another criticism that is addressed herein is related to the rule that imposes to the parties the burden of having an entire administrative process before making use of the habeas data to obtain information or rectify personal data. In theory, this rule refrains the habeas data to become an effective instrument for the avoidance of damages to individuals' privacy caused by credit protection institutions and social networks, for instance / Versa a presente dissertação sobre o instituto do habeas data como tutela jurisdicional da intimidade e seus aspectos processuais. O principal objetivo é analisar a utilidade do referido instituto como instrumento específico de proteção da vida íntima e evidenciar a possibilidade de o indivíduo exercer preventivamente o controle do manuseio indevido de dados pessoais por entidades mantenedoras de bancos dados, como é o caso de redes sociais e órgãos de proteção ao crédito, não se restringindo apenas ao meio processual para obter e/ou retificar informações em entidades mantenedoras de bancos dados, públicas e privadas de caráter público. Para atingir esse propósito, e com o suporte metodológico da abordagem dedutiva e da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, os seguintes assuntos foram abordados: aspectos históricos, conceito e escopo do habeas data, o procedimento da ação de habeas data na disciplina da Lei nº 9.507/1997 e, por último, as questões ainda controvertidas acerca do referido instituto. A título de conclusão, a principal crítica que emerge do tema analisado alude à comparação do habeas data ao mandado de segurança, que repercutiu no procedimento adotado por sua norma específica (Lei nº 9.507/1997), afastando assim este remédio constitucional da sua finalidade precípua, qual seja, preservar objetivamente a vida íntima e servir como instrumento processual específico para esse fim. Outra crítica se refere à exigência de o jurisdicionado trilhar e esgotar toda a via administrativa antes de se socorrer do Judiciário, por meio do habeas data, para obtenção de informações e/ou retificação de dados incorretos a seu respeito. Em rigor, tal exigência impede que o habeas data seja instrumento eficaz na prevenção de danos da vida privada perpetrados por órgãos de proteção ao crédito e redes sociais, por exemplo

La vie privée est une notion jurisprudentielle, consacrée récemment par le législateur. Pourtant, elle n’est pas clairement définie. Elle s’inscrit dans un contexte éminemment variable. Par conséquent, son domaine et son régime juridique sont complexes à déterminer. Cependant, des notions telles que l’intimité, l’identité et la personnalité permettent de mieux cerner le concept de vie privée.L’évolution de la société et l’accroissement des nouvelles technologies ont des incidences sur la vie privée. Mise en péril, celle-ci doit être mieux protégée. Les juridictions françaises et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme tentent de répondre à cette nécessité.Si la vie privée fait l’objet d’un droit au respect, son contentieux ne se cantonne pas seulement à un aspect défensif. Elle participe à l’épanouissement personnel de l’individu.Néanmoins, la protection de la vie privée est relative dans la mesure où elle se heurte à des intérêts antagonistes, tels que l’intérêt général et divers intérêts particuliers.Cette étude apportera des réponses sur la manière dont la vie privée est appréhendée par le droit. / Privacy is a jurisprudential notion, recently established by the legislator. Nevertheless, it’s not yet clearly defined. Privacy lies within an utterly variable context. Consequently, its domain and legal system are difficult to determine. However, notions such as intimacy, identity and personality help apprehending the concept of privacy.The evolution of society and the spreading of new technologies have impacts on privacy. Jeopardized, it has to be better protected. French courts and European Court of Human Rights are attempting at this necessity.If privacy is subjected to a right of respect, its dispute isn’t limited to defense. Privacy also contributes to personal development.Yet, right of privacy is relative insofar as it draws antagonist interests, such as general interest and various particular interests.This study contributes to apprehending privacy with regard to the Law.

This study focuses on the right to privacy in the workplace, specifically employees' expectations of electronic privacy where personal information is processed. The main aim of this dissertation is to establish whether, given advantages in technology, South African laws offers adequate protection for employees when their electronic information is being processed. The study analyses South African law as it relates to the privacy of employees during the processing of their personal information in the workplace.This is examined within the parameters of the constitutional and legislative framework with due regard to the common-law right to privacy. The legal issues are examined from a South African context and is compared with data protection laws and regulations of the United Kingdom. It also offers recommendations based on experience gained in the United Kingdom. / Private Law / LL. M.

This study focuses on the use of Social Network Sites (SNSs) and certain personality rights (specifically the right to privacy and the right to identity) that may be infringed by this use. The study also discusses data protection law as the protection of the rights to privacy and identity are interlinked with data protection in that data protection assumes importance when there is processing of personal information on SNSs. The study seeks to determine whether South African law provides adequate protection for the interests that form the object of these personality rights, and highlights certain shortcomings, particularly in the context of SNSs. It also suggests solutions where there are shortcomings by learning from other jurisdictions. Related issues investigated are: who should be held responsible for the user-generated content uploaded on SNSs; the role of the Internet Service Provider (ISP); and how to deal with anonymous defendants. / Private Law / LL. M.

In present-day society more and more personal information is being collected. The nature of the collection has also changed: more sensitive and potentially prejudicial information is collected. The advent of computers and the development of new telecommunications technology, linking computers in networks (principally the Internet) and enabling the transfer of information between computer systems, have made information increasingly important, and boosted the collection and use of personal information. The risks inherent in the processing of personal information are that the data may be inaccurate, incomplete or irrelevant, accessed or disclosed without authorisation, used for a purpose other than that for which they were collected, or destroyed. The processing of personal information poses a threat to a person's right to privacy. The right to identity is also infringed when incorrect or misleading information relating to a person is processed. In response to the problem of the invasion of the right to privacy by the processing of personal information, many countries have adopted "data protection" laws. Since the common law in South Africa does not provide adequate protection for personal data, data protection legislation is also required. This study is undertaken from a private law perspective. However, since privacy is also protected as a fundamental right, the influence of constitutional law on data protection is also considered. After analysing different foreign data protection laws and legal instruments, a set of core data protection principles is identified. In addition, certain general legal principles that should form the basis of any statutory data protection legislation in South Africa are proposed. Following an analysis of the theoretical basis for data protection in South African private law, the current position as regards data protection in South-Africa is analysed and measured against the principles identified. The conclusion arrived at is that the current South African acts can all be considered to be steps in the right direction, but not complete solutions. Further legislation incorporating internationally accepted data protection principles is therefore necessary. The elements that should be incorporated in a data protection regime are discussed. / Jurisprudence / LL. D. (Jurisprudence)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a new technology which allows people to identify objects automatically but there is a suspicion that, if people are tracked, their privacy may be infringed. This raises questions about how far this technology is acceptable and how privacy should be protected. It is also initiated a discussion involving a wide range of technical, philosophical, political, social, cultural, and economical aspects. There is also a need to consider the ethical and theological perspectives. This dissertation takes all its relevant directions from a Judeo-Christian theological perspective. On one side the use of technology is considered, and on the other side the value of privacy, its infringements and protection are investigated. According to Jewish and Christian understanding human dignity has to be respected including the right to privacy. As a consequence of this RFID may only used for applications that do not infringe this right. This conclusion, however, is not limited to RFID; it will be relevant for other, future surveillance technologies as well. / Philosophy and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Theological ethics)