The market for security is one filled with great opportunities. The security services companies are numerous and diverse, the Swedish market is dominated by two large companies: Securitas Bevakning AB and Falck Security AB. In this study we have focused on the bigger of the two, Securitas. This report describes and analysis the security service branch and its surroundings in an involved manner. The target group of the result is mainly people within the security branch. However, by making a wide theoretical description the person unacquainted with the business will be able to understand the concept of this interesting trade. Further, those who are familiar with this field will be enabled to broaden their minds. The aim with this project is to create a foundation upon which Securitas can further continue their work. We have not presented any direct solutions, instead we have displayed concrete problems and presented guidelines for further exploration. The purpose of the investigation is to discover how modern technology can improve today’s guard services. Moreover, the aim is to show how a change of attitude needs to be present while developing future security services. This change can also be applied to other security services than the time-sharing guarding. The methodology used to meet our goals was a qualitative investigation based on interviews and literary studies. In order to form a robust overview of the study area the objects were carefully selected according to set preferences. These were, among others, which function the object has in society, how long they have been customers with Securitas and what kind of business they run. In the discussion and analysis four important areas is to be taken into consideration: The change of the market, the adaptation of the service to the needs of the customer, the adaptation of technology, and the assertion to the customer of the profound effects following these amendments. These four areas represent the foundation for the presented model. A solid cooperation between the customer and the supplier of the security service is vital. In contemporary society the customers have become more specialised and thereby the delivering company must aim to meet the increasing demands expected of this specialised service. Therefore the demand on the competence of the guard is getting higher. Another conclusion is also that one should introduce a quality measurement system that together with a statistical basis makes reporting and the analysing of the effects of the guarding easier to the customer. Technology is the most important corner stone in an effective alarm system. The time for an emergency call response must be reduced. Further qualities that the customer demands are that the security companies possess good knowledge of the object and its surroundings. The effectiveness in the guarding rounds and the learning time for a new object can be reduced by multimedia teaching aids. The customer satisfaction is not likely to be long term if they cannot see the results and high quality that they ask for. This is why it will be very important to measure, calculate and point out what both the guard and the security company can contribute with to please the customer. To enhance the dialogue the guard will be presenting solutions rather than static reports, and an acting counsellor strengthen the feeling of professionalism. Any change from the customers that affects the actual risk picture has to be identified promptly by the security service company.

Les muscles infraépineux et petit rond sont cruciaux sur le plan fonctionnel et sont altérés dans le cadre des pathologies de la coiffe des rotateurs. La proportion de tissu graisseux dans l’infraépineux est actuellement un critère pronostic du résultat fonctionnel des réparations des lésions tendineuses de la coiffe des rotateurs. Les buts de ce travail sont de caractériser ces muscles sur le plan anatomique, de proposer une meilleure exploration de leur morphologie par IRM, d’utiliser l’analyse de texture informatique pour objectiver leur composition et enfin, d’utiliser l’élastographie ultrasonore pour analyser leur comportement viscoélastique en contrainte. L’infraépineux et le petit rond sont respectivement de conformation tripennée et parallèle. Les critères d’acquisition IRM de routine peuvent être aisément optimisés pour analyser plus précisément les muscles rotateurs externes. L’analyse de texture semble prometteuse pour évaluer la proportion de tissu graisseux dans le muscle squelettique. L’élastographie ultrasonore permet d’appréhender le degré d’anisotropie musculaire, et donc l’état d’organisation du muscle infraépineux. / Infraspinatus and teres minor muscles are crucial functionally and are regularly impaired in the context of of the rotator cuff pathology. The proportion of fatty tissue in the infraspinatus is currently a strong prognosis criterion of functional outcomes of rotator cuff tendon repair. The goals of this work are to characterize these muscles anatomically, to provide a better exploration of their morphology by MRI, to use computer texture analysis to objectify their composition and finally to use the ultrasound elastography for analysing their viscoelastic behaviour under stress. Infraspinatus and teres minor muscles have a tripennate and parallel organization, respectively. Routine MRI acquisition criteria can be easily optimized to analyse more precisely the external rotator muscles. Texture analysis seems promising to assess the proportion of fatty tissue in the skeletal muscle. The ultrasound elastography allows us to estimate the degree of muscle anisotropy, and therefore the state of organization of the infraspinatus muscle.

Bakgrund: Patientdelaktighet är ett koncept som myntades i vårdlitteraturen under 1960-talet. Detta är en betydande faktor i en av sjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser: personcentrerad vård. Ett arbetssätt som inom aktuell forskning har argumenteras eventuellt kunna främja detta är ronder vid sängkanten. En annan fördel som framkommit i tidigare forskning är den positiva effekten på det interprofessionella samarbetet. Det har dock framkommit en del hinder med denna typ av rond, och forskning inom ämnet är otillräcklig. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka patienters uppfattningar om ronder som utfördes vid sängkanten. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt användes som studiedesign. Översikten innefattade tio originalartiklar, RCT (randomiserade kontrollerade studier) och artiklar av kvasiexperimentell design. Sökningen genomfördes i databaserna Pubmed, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, SveMed+ och Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering [SBU]. Valda artiklar kvalitétsgranskades med mallar som modifierades för detta arbete. Resultat: Patienterna rapporterade ett gott bemötande, en hög nivå av delaktighet i vården, ett gott samarbete mellan vårdpersonalen, kommunikationen som god, en god förståelse om sin hälsa och vården, god tilltro till vårdpersonalen och en hög generell tillfredsställelse. Slutsatser kunde inte dras gällande uppfattningen om avskildhet. Slutsats: Patienterna hade i regel positiva uppfattningar av ronder utförda vid sängkanten. Då vissa negativa uppfattningar dock rapporterats krävs ytterligare forskning för att implementering av bedside-ronder i vården skall vara etiskt och vetenskapligt motiverat. / Background: Patient participation is a relatively new concept established during the 1960s. This is an important component in nursing that plays a pivotal role in one of the nursing core competence descriptions: patient-centered care. It has been indicated by research that bedside rounds may have a positive effect in promoting patient centered care. Another benefit that has been introduced in previous research is a positive effect on interprofessional teamwork. Despite this there are some perceived barriers that have emerged regarding bedside-rounds, therefore research in this topic is insufficient. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore patients perceptions of bedside rounds. Method: The study design used was a literature review, comprised of ten original articles. The articles included in this study were either randomized controlled trials or of a quasi experimental design. The search was conducted with the means of Pubmed, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, SveMed+ and SBU (Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services). The articles included in the study were then reviewed for their quality using guides that were modified for this study. Result: The patients experienced a good reception from health personnel, a high level of involvement in care, good teamwork between the health personnel, good communication, a good understanding of their health, high levels of trust in the health personnel and a high general satisfaction. No conclusions could be drawn regarding experienced integrity. Conclusion: In general, the patients had a positive perception of bedside-rounds. Despite this some negative perceptions were also reported. This indicates that there is a need for further scientific and ethical research to provide sufficient proof that bedside-rounds should be implemented in healthcare.

Syftet med denna magisteruppsats varatt empiriskt studera och ökakunskapenom hur professioner lär inom vården. Den fokuserar pålärande som förändrat deltagande och förståelse i situerade aktiviteter. Mot bakgrunden av att samtal spelar en avgörande rollför lärande ocheffektivt interprofessionellt samarbete, har fyra ronder på en intensivvårdsavdelning studerats. Kommunikation anses ofta, inom hälso-och sjukvården,vara viktigförgod informationsöverföring. Den här studien fokuserar, förutom på detta, på kommunikation som en konstituerande, social aktivitet som bidrar till lärande genominteraktionellaprocesser. Den teoretiska och metodologiska hemvisten för denna studie ärden etnometodologiska traditionen där samtalsanalys (Conversation Analysis) har en framträdande roll för att analysera lärande i interaktion i vardagliga samtal.För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar har empiriskt material från observationer, ljudinspelningar och dokument samlats in frånfyraintensivvårdsronder på ett sjukhus i Sverige. Analysernasfokus har varit mikroanalytisktdär uppmärksamheten riktats motatt fånga det lärande som uppstår i interaktion mellan ronddeltagarna.Resultatet visadehur professioner inom intensivvården lär i det vardagliga arbetet och hur de i interaktion skapaderelevant kunskap. Analysen visadehur deltagarna i teamet tillsammans skapadekategorier(topiker) och ett meningsfullt innehåll i dessa. Deltagarnasinbördes relationer framträdde genom attde uttrycktesina förväntningar på sin egen och andras kunskaper samtidigt sommotstånd och ifrågasättande kunde bidra till reflektion i teamen. / The aim of this master thesis is to empirically study and contribute to increased knowledge about how professionals learn in hospital settings. It focuses on learning as changing understanding in situated social activities. Four intensive care rounds are studied on the backdrop that conversations play a key role for effective interprofessional collaboration and learning. Communication is often listed as a key ingredient for effective interprofessional practice in health care but is often associated only with information transmission. This study discusses communication not only as information transmission but also as a constitutive, social action that allows us to understand learning as a process of collective sensemaking. The learning that takes place is studied through the theoretical and methodological framework of ethnometodology and Conversation Analysis (CA). Conversational Analysis enables to study learning in interaction. In order to answer the questions posed in the study, the study draws on observations, audio recordings and artefacts from four daily rounds on an intensive care ward in a university hospital in Sweden. The empirical analyse used CA methods, including detailed micro-analytic attention to the spoken interaction. The results show how intensive care professionals learn in their daily work and how they build relevant knowledge during interaction. The analysis is based on how topicalizations and collective meaningmaking produce contents of learning within the team. It also shows how the participants make relevant knowledge relations through their expectations of themselves and others. It also reveals how opposition and questioning can increase learning through reflection.

L’isolation par rideaux d’air, avant d’être un confort, est actuellement un enjeu énergétique majeur. Malgré toutes les évolutions dans ce domaine, la nature du régime de l’écoulement du rideau d’air reste un facteur très influant sur les performances et la qualité de l’isolation. Il est impératif de trouver comment le stabiliser et éviter ou éloigner la région de la turbulence. Dans ce contexte, on a mis en oeuvre un ensemble d’outils de traitements d’images spécifiques aux textures présentes dans les images du jet rond basé sur des techniques de rehaussement d’images issues des méthodes d’interpolation. Plusieurs analyses de séquences d’images avec suivi spatio-temporel ont été effectuées en vue de prédire le passage à la turbulence. Une modélisation géométrique originale a été développée pour une meilleure compréhension du mouvement 3D du jet rond / Before being a comfort, the air curtain insulation is currently a major energy issue. Despite all the developments in this field, the nature of the air curtain flow regime remains a very influential factor on the performance and quality of insulation. It is imperative to find ways to stabilize it and to prevent the turbulence zone. In this context, we have implemented a set of specific processing tools for image textures present in the round jet images. Several analysis of image sequences with spatio-temporal monitoring were performed to predict the transition to turbulence. Original geometric modeling has been developed for better understanding of the 3D motion of the round jet

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-04-23T11:31:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 467592 - Texto Completo.pdf: 854400 bytes, checksum: 7f6bcbcdf9c5b4ddee4031ed29357e0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-23T11:31:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 467592 - Texto Completo.pdf: 854400 bytes, checksum: 7f6bcbcdf9c5b4ddee4031ed29357e0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / The research analyzed the role of tradition in the celebration of the boi-bumb? the consolidation of northeastern cultural identity in Porto Velho. For this, we studied the establishment of tradition in commemoration of northeastern cultural identity in the merriment of the boi-bumb?. The work focused on the study of the construction of cultural identity of northeastern migrants in Porto Velho and, as the tradition of celebrating, boi-bumb? influenced for this cultural event became symbol of that social roup. This process of boi-bumb? celebration of tradition comes over time getting many influences, as there are cultural appropriations, that is, a cultural hybridity, a consequence of the mass communication of late post-modern society. Therefore, the research contributed to emphasize relationships of the Northeastern migratory movement has today in Porto Velho, in the local culture, in folklore, in short, the cultural identity of porto-velhense society. / A pesquisa analisou o papel da tradi??o na comemora??o do boi-bumb? na consolida??o da identidade cultural nordestina em Porto Velho. Para isso, estudou-se o estabelecimento da tradi??o na comemora??o da identidade cultural nordestina no folguedo do boi-bumb?. O trabalho focou no estudo da constru??o da identidade cultural dos migrantes nordestinos em Porto Velho e como a tradi??o da comemora??o do boi-bumb? influenciou para que essa manifesta??o cultural se tornasse s?mbolo desse grupo social. Esse processo da tradi??o da comemora??o do boi-bumb? vem ao longo dos tempos recebendo muitas influ?ncias, pois h? apropria??es culturais, ou seja, um hibridismo cultural, consequencia da comunica??o massiva da sociedade p?s-moderna tardia. Portanto, a pesquisa procurou evidenciar as rela??es que o movimento migrat?rio nordestino tem, hoje, em Porto Velho, na cultura local, nas manifesta??es folcl?ricas, enfim, na identidade cultural da sociedade porto-velhense.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-05-05T13:07:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 467980 Texto Completo.pdf: 3417353 bytes, checksum: 5be6f0b832a5e934a0ecdb9228267926 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T13:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 467980 Texto Completo.pdf: 3417353 bytes, checksum: 5be6f0b832a5e934a0ecdb9228267926 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / The goal is the historical reconstruction of the occupation and colonization process of the Jorge Teixeira de Oliveira Glebe and the emergence of the Uni?o Bandeirante Urban core occurred in the 1999-2014 period. Located in the subzone 2.1 of socioeconomic and ecological zoning of restricted occupation, surrounding the Jaci-Paran? Resex, Flona Bom Futuro and Karipuna Indigenous Land in the city of Porto Velho / RO, the occupation was carried out by MST Movement / RO dissident migrants. The occupation and exploitation of the land have brought significant environmental liabilities due to deforestation and other illegal initiatives, interfering the State Public Prosecution Service seeking the vacating of the Glebe, with prohibition of settlement and / or land regulation and execution of public infrastructure services in the region. The shocking decisions caused numerous environmental conflicts, intervening rural social movements, communities, churches, politicians, State and also the Children and Youth Public Prosecution Service in order to support the population affected by Judges decisions.The study is linked to the history of the present time and the methodology of oral history, literature and documentary (analog, digital, cartographic) and primary data collection in the field and in public and private agencies, which showed that the occupation, not invasion of the Glebe, occurred spontaneously and encouraged by INCRA, with material and logistical support. Environmental damage, with offenses to the state ZSEE, due to the slow pace of land reform, ineffective oversight of the land structure planning process and protection of conservation Unit lands, together with the economic results of extraction and agropastoral exploitation of productive land and loggers and landowners with interests in the region. The occupation is irreversible. It is consolidated. It was initially driven by the State which did not promote the land reform which had had been promised. / O objetivo desta pesquisa ? a reconstru??o hist?rica do processo de ocupa??o e coloniza??o da Gleba Jorge Teixeira de Oliveira e do surgimento do N?cleo Urbano Uni?o Bandeirante, ocorrido no per?odo de 1999-2014. Localizado na subzona 2.1 do Zoneamento Socioecon?mico e ecol?gico, de ocupa??o restrita, no entorno da Resex Jaci-Paran?, Flona Bom Futuro e Terra Ind?gena Karipuna, no Munic?pio de Porto Velho/RO, a ocupa??o foi realizada por migrantes dissidentes do Movimento MST/RO. A ocupa??o e a explora??o da terra deram causa a expressivo passivo ambiental em raz?o do desflorestamento e outros il?citos, interferindo o Minist?rio P?blico, visando a desocupa??o da Gleba, com proibi??o de assentamento e/ou regulariza??o fundi?ria e execu??o de servi?os de infraestrutura p?blica, na regi?o. A impactante medida causou in?meros conflitos socioambientais, intervindo movimentos sociais rurais, comunidades, igrejas, pol?ticos, Estado e, tamb?m, o Minist?rio P?blico da Inf?ncia e Juventude, em favor da popula??o atingida pela medida judicial.O estudo vincula-se ? hist?ria do tempo presente e ? metodologia da hist?ria oral, levantamento bibliogr?fico e documental, (anal?gico, digital, cartogr?fico) e pesquisa de dados prim?rios em campo e ?rg?os p?blicos e privados, os quais permitiram concluir que a ocupa??o, e n?o invas?o da Gleba ocorreu de forma espont?nea e incentivada pelo INCRA, com apoio material e log?stico. O dano ambiental, com ofensas ao ZSEE do Estado, deve-se ? morosidade da reforma agr?ria, ineficiente fiscaliza??o do processo de ordenamento da estrutura fundi?ria e de prote??o ?s Unidades de Conserva??o, aliado aos resultados econ?micos da explora??o extrativista e agropastoril de terra produtiva e dos madeireiros e latifundi?rios com interesse na regi?o. A ocupa??o ? irrevers?vel. Est? consolidada. Ela foi inicialmente impulsionada pelo Estado, por?m n?o promoveu a reforma agr?ria que prometera.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-07-01T12:41:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 471464 - Texto Completo.pdf: 3115810 bytes, checksum: ec9f52e559d34de6c63f445bdaeac3bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T12:41:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 471464 - Texto Completo.pdf: 3115810 bytes, checksum: ec9f52e559d34de6c63f445bdaeac3bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / The social function of land in Rond?nia is a pendulum that time is on the side of the state and the agrarian elite, which considers it the social function of land, generating employment and income, proletarianized peasants, leading them to the rural exodus and death; Time is on the side of the peasants, who believes it is the social function of land a sacred right, to generate food and shelter to those who work it. The contradiction in the interpretation of this concept is caused by the laws of land ownership, which does not miscegenated with the peasant culture, which for centuries have created and maintained the custom of taking possession of the land and migrate. Although the state and justice, sometimes, interpret, the social function of land, unlike the peasant culture, traditions and the peasant tradition, is consolidated in his memory and identity. / A fun??o social da terra em Rond?nia ? um p?ndulo que, ora est? do lado do Estado e da elite agr?ria, que entendem ser a fun??o social da terra gerar emprego e renda, proletarizando os camponeses e levando-os ao ?xodo rural e aos conflitos pela posse da terra, ora est? do lado dos camponeses, que entendem ser a fun??o social da terra um direito, por gerar alimento e moradia para quem nela trabalha. As contradi??es na interpreta??o desse conceito derivam das Leis de Regulamenta??o Fundi?ria, que n?o se coadunam com a cultura camponesa, que, durante s?culos, alicer?ou-se sob a tomada de posse da terra e a migra??o. Portanto, apesar do Estado e da Justi?a, ?s vezes, interpretarem a fun??o social da terra diferente da cultura camponesa, o costume e a tradi??o camponesa est?o consolidados em sua mem?ria e identidade.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-07-20T12:35:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 472409 - Texto Completo.pdf: 2535729 bytes, checksum: 0954ecc98ba9bf696c33d269c011ef9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-20T12:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 472409 - Texto Completo.pdf: 2535729 bytes, checksum: 0954ecc98ba9bf696c33d269c011ef9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-23 / The proposing investigation is agreed at study of the teaching of History and applicability of the Law 10.639/2003, above all Rond?nia. The object of the research is History book handed out by PNLD 2012. The main objective is to find what is the vision from Africa History and Afro-Brazilian Culture presented in the didactic History books and if this vision permits the applicability of Law. This way, the research dis divided in three parts. Firstly, it seeks to understand the path that became possible application of Law 10.639/2003 through the analyses of documents as National Curricula Parameter (Par?metros Curriculares Nacionais - PCNs) and orienta??es of Rond?nia Education Secretariat (Secretaria de Educa??o de Rond?nia - SEDUC). After analyses, it is discussed about indentity afro-rondoniense what it was built in intense migratory flow that it brings forth a identity crisis. Then it is made analyses of History books of the PNLD 2012 due to understand, if the Africa History and Afro-Brazilian Culture presented is capable to permit afro-rondoniense the recognition of their identity. Although, they presented a rich Africa, diverse and free from large stereotypes it is not possible to afro-rondoniense to recognize in it. Finally, the last part suggests a proposal to teach Afro-rondoniense History. / A investiga??o proposta est? convencionada ao estudo do ensino da Hist?ria e a aplicabilidade da Lei 10.639/2003, sobretudo em Rond?nia. Para tanto tem como objeto de pesquisa o livro did?tico de Hist?ria, distribu?do pelo PNLD 2012. O que se procura descobrir ? qual a vis?o da Hist?ria da ?frica e da Cultura Afro-brasileira est? apresentada nos livros did?ticos de Hist?ria e se essa vis?o permiti a aplicabilidade da Lei. Dessa forma, divide-se em tr?s momentos. Primeiramente busca compreender a trajet?ria que tornou poss?vel a viabilidade da Lei 10.639/2003 analisando documentos como os Par?metros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs) at? as orienta??es da Secretaria de Educa??o de Rond?nia (SEDUC). Em seguida ? discutido sobre a identidade afro-rondoniense, contru?da numintenso fluxo migrat?ria que gera uma crise de identidade. ? feita a an?lise dos livros de hist?ria do PNLD 2012 para compreender, se a Hist?ria da ?frica e da Cultura Afro-brasileira neles contido, ? capaz de permitir ao afro-rondoniense o reconhecimento de sua identidade. Embora, apresentem uma ?frica rica, diversa e livre de grandes estere?tipos n?o ? poss?vel ao afro-rondoniense uma identifica??o, a parte final ? dedicada a sugerir uma proposta de ensino da Hist?ria afro-rondoniense.

À la fin du XIXe siècle, les pionniers du théâtre populaire cherchent à s'évader du dispositif dit "à l’italienne" et à se rapprocher physiquement des spectateurs, pensant ainsi démocratiser la rencontre théâtrale. Dans cette perspective, ils utilisent des dispositifs non frontaux, bouleversant une longue tradition. La thèse, qui examine ce phénomène, rappelle que ces artistes se sont inspirés d’anciennes pratiques et ont restauré des formes antiques, élisabéthaines et médiévales, en particulier l’arène, la scène ouverte et le théâtre en rond. L’étude s’arrête sur ce dernier dispositif, observe son succès dans l’imaginaire théâtral moderne et constate sa rapide et paradoxale disparition. L’exemple privilégié est celui du Théâtre en Rond de Paris, créé par André Villiers en 1954 et animé par lui entre 1954 et 1984. Pour comprendre à la fois l’attraction et le déclin de la scène centrale contemporaine, qui n’a connu qu’un développement mineur et a quasiment disparu dans les années 1980, la prise en compte de la dimension mythologique du cercle est importante, comme l’est aussi l’utopie sphérique. La thèse apporte enfin quelques éléments de réponse quant aux raisons qui poussent certains artistes, en ce début du XXIe siècle, à choisir à nouveau ce dispositif et à en inventer des variantes. / During the late 19th century, pioneers of popular theater sought to escape the "Italian- style" stage to become closer to the spectators with the aim of democratizing theatrical entertainment. For this purpose, they used non-frontal stages, and thus radically altered a long tradition. The present thesis, which examines this phenomenon, recalls that these artists were in fact inspired by ancient popular practices and reintroduced antique and medieval forms, such as the Elizabethan open stage and the Theater in the Round, before considering the success of the latter in the modern theatrical imagination and its rapid demise. The example chosen is The Theater in the Round of Paris, created by André Villiers in1954 and managed by him until 1984. In order to understand both the attraction and decline of the contemporary Arena stage—which saw only minor developments and almost completely disappeared in the 1980s—reflection of the mythological dimensions of the circle, and the utopic ideology linked to the sphere, is imperative. Finally, this thesis proposes new ideas and elements for questioning why certain artists at the beginning of the 21st century still use some variants of this particular stage.