Student Number : 0204500X - PhD Thesis - School of Literature and Language Studies - Faculty of Humanities / This thesis is a study of the Sasa Sema’s Lion Series of biographies written for young readers. The Sasa Sema project is concerned with archiving the stories of famous historical figures and contemporary heroes. The research examines the shifts or the trends these biographies take as compared to what has been in existence in discourses on children’s writing in Kenya in the past. I argue that the issues that these biographies are concerned with are a novelty in Kenyan children’s literature. By writing biographies of historical figures in Kenya, the authors are not only making an intervention by creating new models for children’s literature, but they also show that the story of the nation cannot be enacted outside the heroic struggles of its peoples. I further argue that the Sasa Sema project is significant because many writers of children’s literature in Kenya, and in East Africa in general, write mostly about childhood stories rather than historical figures. Also, the characters used in the biographies are adult characters rather than young fictional animal and human characters that have characterized children’s literature in the past. I conclude that these changes broaden the scope of children’s literature in Kenya. The changes in writing for children in Kenya, evident in the biographies under study are examined across the chapters that make up this thesis. Chapter One attempts to locate the biographies under study within Kenya’s children’s literary tradition by looking at the trajectory this literature has taken from pre-colonial time to the present. Chapter Two examines how orality as a stylistic device is used in the texts under study first, to create literary appreciation and secondly, as a means of summoning literature from different cultural backgrounds in which the texts are based. The chapter argues that the use of oral art forms evokes identity and signals cultural diversity in the Kenyan society. Chapter Three addresses the question of female heroism and gender stereotypes in children’s literature. This chapter intimates that biographies, whose narratives draw from real life situations, help in revising the representation of the female character in children’s literature. Chapter Four examines how individual stories are used to narrate Kenya’s history of decolonization for the children. This chapter also avows that the process of colonization created heroes through colonialist institutions such as schools and prisons. Chapter Five examines how the Sasa Sema project argues for the recognition of minority groups that have been marginalized in narratives of nation formation, while Chapter Six discusses the biography of Dedan Kimathi a Mau Mau freedom fighter. The female narrator in Kimathi’s biography, who is also positioned as a participant in the war portrays children’s literature as a vehicle for paying homage to women’s role in the Mau Mau war. In Chapter Seven, I attempt to harmonize the conclusions reached in the previous chapters.

A leishmaniose é causada por tripanossomatídeos do gênero Leishmania que infectam preferencialmente macrófagos. Vários factores influenciam a forma e a severidade da doença: a espécies de Leishmania e a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Considerando a importância da ativação dos macrófagos na infecção, o potencial papel de CD100 na modulação da ativação dos macrófagos e os nossos dados anteriores de que CD100 solúvel (sCD100) aumenta a infectividade pelo parasita, pretendemos caracterizar os efeitos do CD100 na infecção por Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. Descobrimos que ambos, promastigotas e amastigotas, são mais infecciosos na presença de sCD100 e que o receptor CD72 é o responsável pelo aumento da infecção. Experimentos in vitro indicaram índice de infecção similares entre macrófagos nocautes para CD100 e selvagens, mas curiosamente, os animais nocautes infectados desenvolveram lesões significativamente menores do que os selvagens, sugerindo que sCD100 presente em outras células pode influenciar a formação da lesão. / Leishmaniasis is caused by trypanosomes of the genus Leishmania that preferentially infect macrophages. Several factors influence the form and severity of the disease: the species of Leishmania and the host immune response. Considering the importance of the activation of macrophages in infection, potential role of CD100 in the modulation of macrophage activation and our previous data that CD100 soluble (sCD100) increase the infectivity of the parasite, we intend to characterize the effect of CD100 in infection with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. We found that both promastigotes and amastigotes, are most infectious in the presence of sCD100 and the CD72 receptor is responsible for the increased infection. In vitro experiments indicated similar infection rate of macrophages to CD100 knockouts and wild type, but interestingly, the infected knockout animals developed significantly smaller lesions than wild type suggesting that sCD100 present in other cells may influence lesion formation.

A leishmaniose é causada por tripanossomatídeos do gênero Leishmania que infectam preferencialmente macrófagos. Vários factores influenciam a forma e a severidade da doença: a espécies de Leishmania e a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Considerando a importância da ativação dos macrófagos na infecção, o potencial papel de CD100 na modulação da ativação dos macrófagos e os nossos dados anteriores de que CD100 solúvel (sCD100) aumenta a infectividade pelo parasita, pretendemos caracterizar os efeitos do CD100 na infecção por Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. Descobrimos que ambos, promastigotas e amastigotas, são mais infecciosos na presença de sCD100 e que o receptor CD72 é o responsável pelo aumento da infecção. Experimentos in vitro indicaram índice de infecção similares entre macrófagos nocautes para CD100 e selvagens, mas curiosamente, os animais nocautes infectados desenvolveram lesões significativamente menores do que os selvagens, sugerindo que sCD100 presente em outras células pode influenciar a formação da lesão. / Leishmaniasis is caused by trypanosomes of the genus Leishmania that preferentially infect macrophages. Several factors influence the form and severity of the disease: the species of Leishmania and the host immune response. Considering the importance of the activation of macrophages in infection, potential role of CD100 in the modulation of macrophage activation and our previous data that CD100 soluble (sCD100) increase the infectivity of the parasite, we intend to characterize the effect of CD100 in infection with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. We found that both promastigotes and amastigotes, are most infectious in the presence of sCD100 and the CD72 receptor is responsible for the increased infection. In vitro experiments indicated similar infection rate of macrophages to CD100 knockouts and wild type, but interestingly, the infected knockout animals developed significantly smaller lesions than wild type suggesting that sCD100 present in other cells may influence lesion formation.

The Rumi Cultural Events Centre explores how the built environment can reflect a cultural phenomenon such as the evolution of Muslim communities in Western secular society of Canada. The centre has been designed for second generation Muslims, whose simultaneous exposure to religious and secular values change their outlook on religion and culture (Greif, 2007; Amor, 2006, Hadjiyanni, 2007; Kohut, Allan & Wike, 2006; Akyol, 2011; Mandaville, 2001; Distin, 2001). They reinvent the notion of Islam in a secular context, and create a synthesis that embodies religiosity, culture and secularism. The Rumi Centre is a new typology of space that emerges from a need to synthesize the new Muslim identity and values in order to create a non-traditional cultural environment. The Rumi Centre is not a religious institution. It is a culturally appropriate and contemporary events venue where forward looking and traditional Muslims come together with the local community. The centre’s design language reflects the attitude of Muslims who embrace modernity and secular lifestyle but remain true to their culture. / May 2016

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The expansion of the data communication, due to the large ow of information that pass through these systems has meant that the security becomes an item of constant concern. Even when considering the efficient encryption systems that exists today, which present relevant mathematical protection, some implementations in hardware of these systems will favor the leak of confidential information through side channels attacks, such as power consumption and electromagnetic radiation. Performance issues have fundamental importance in the design of a physical system, however aspects which make the system robust against side channel attacks has gotten more attention nowadays.This work focuses on hardware architectures based on the RSA public key algorithm, proposed by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman in 1977, which presents the modular exponentiation operation, calculated from several modular multiplications, as main operation. The RSA algorithm involves integers in order of 1024 or 2048 bits, so the division inherent in modular multiplications can become a major problem. In order to avoid these divisions, the Montgomery algorithm, proposed in 1985, appears as an efficient alternative. On this context, this dissertation presents a multiplexed architecture based on the properties of the Montgomery's algorithm. Forwarding, an improvement to this architecture is presented, implemented with the randomization of internal memories accesses, in order to increase system robustness against specialized side-channel attacks. Thus, the implemented architecture is exposed to side channels SPA (Simple Power Analysis) and SEMA (Simple Electromagnetig Analysis) and the aspects of security and robustness of the implemented system are evaluated and presented. / A constante expansão dos sistemas de comunicação de dados devido ao grande fluxo de informações que trafegam por estes sistemas tem feito com que a segurança se torne um item de constante preocupação. Mesmo ao considerar-se os eficientes sistemas de criptografia atuais, os quais apresentam relevante proteção matemática, a implementação em hardware destes sistemas tende a propiciar a fuga de informações confidenciais através de ataques por canais laterais, como consumo de potência e emissão eletromagnética. Mesmo sabendo-se que questões de desempenho tem fundamental importância no projeto de um sistema físico, aspectos que tornem o sistema robusto frente a ataques por canais laterais tem obtido maior atenção nos últimos anos. Neste trabalho apresentam-se arquiteturas implementadas em hardware para o cálculo do algoritmo de chave pública RSA, proposto por Rivest, Shamir e Adleman em 1977, o qual tem como principal operarção a exponenciação modular, calculada a partir de várias multiplicações modulares. Sabendo-se que o algoritmo RSA envolve números inteiros da ordem de 1024 ou 2048 bits, a divisão inerente em multiplicações modulares pode tornar-se o grande problema. A fim de que se evite estas divisões, o algoritmo de Montgomery, proposto em 1985, aparece como uma boa alternativa por também trabalhar em um contexto de precisão múltipla e com números na base numérica de potência de dois. Neste contexto apresenta-se inicialmente uma arquitetura multiplexada, baseada nas propriedades de execução do algoritmo de Montgomery. A seguir apresenta-se uma melhoria a esta arquitetura com a implementação da randomização dos acessos as memórias internas, com o objetivo de aumentar a robustez do sistema frente a ataques por canais laterais especializados. Sendo assim, a arquitetura implementada é submetida a ataques por canais laterais SPA (Simple Power Analysis) e SEMA (Simple Electromagnetig Analysis) e os aspectos de segurança e robustez do sistema implementado são analisados e apresentados.

Historiquement séparées, sûreté et sécurité sont pourtant deux problématiques intimement liées. Si les trop rares initiatives de décloisonnement, adaptant notamment des outils d'un domaine à l'autre, ont abouti à des résultats convaincants, ce décloisonnement reste encore timide et son potentiel considérable. De plus, la récente convergence de risques de sécurité et de sûreté implique des interactions inédites entre exigences et mesures auparavant distinctes, dont la caractérisation nécessite une perspective globale. Dans ces conditions, ces travaux de thèse ont d'abord visé à mieux cerner les notions de sûreté et de sécurité. Ils ont conduit à un cadre référentiel dénommé SEMA (Système-Environnement Malveillant-Accidentel) permettant de positionner ces concepts l'un par rapport à l'autre selon les contextes. La complémentarité des outils de chaque discipline a ensuite été explorée. Cette démarche s'est concrétisée par l'adaptation des BDMP (Boolean logic Driven Markov Processes), issus de la sûreté, au domaine de la modélisation graphique d'attaques. Ils permettent de dépasser bien des limites des techniques classiquement employées. Enfin, l'extension des BDMP a été mise à profit pour fournir un formalisme intégratif, permettant de capturer graphiquement et de caractériser des situations où risques sûreté et sécurité s'exercent conjointement. Pour chacune de ces trois contributions, limites, améliorations et voies alternatives ont été identifiées. Elles n'auront sens que si les communautés de la sûreté et de la sécurité accentuent leur rapprochement, dont cette thèse se veut à la fois une manifestation et une invitation.

Darbe sinchroniškai tiriama kalbėjimo veiksmažodžių semantinė ir formalioji struktūra, skiriamas dėmesys lietuvių grožinių kūrinių dialoginei kalbai ir ją įforminančioms kalbėjimo leksemoms. Kadangi šiame darbe lietuvių kalbos kalbėjimo veiksmažodžiai nagrinėjami semantiniu aspektu, todėl iš pradžių aptariamos pagrindinės leksinės semantikos sąvokos, apibūdinama kalbėjimo veiksmažodžių semantinė grupė (KSG). Lingvistinėje literatūroje žodžio reikšmės ir jos raiškos formos vienovė vadinama semema. Į kalbėjimo veiksmažodžių semantinę grupę buvo atrinktos leksemos su sememomis „bendrauti žodžiais“, „perduoti informaciją, mintis, jausmus ir pan.,“ kurios įvardija kalbėjimo procesą. Sememos jungtos į KSG pagal jų komponentinės struktūros panašumą. Savo ruožtu sememos struktūra sudaryta iš minimalių semantikos vienetų – semų, kurios smulkiau nebeskaidomos. Kalbėjimo veiksmažodžių reikšmių analizė pagrįsta jų skaidymu į mažesnius reikšminius elementus, todėl tyrimui taikoma komponentinė analizė. Kalbėjimo veiksmažodžių formaliosios struktūros analizė, t. y. derivacinių santykių tinklas, pirminių kalbėjimo veiksmažodžių šaknų fonologinė sudėtis, charakterizuoja tam tikros sistemos struktūros požymius. Šiame darbe nagrinėjama pirminių kalbėjimo veiksmažodžių šaknies struktūra, vokalizmo ir konsonantizmo padėties ypatumai, nustatomi būdingiausi šios semantinės grupės šaknų struktūriniai modeliai. Bazinių ir priklausomųjų morfemų skyrimas leidžia jungti žodžius į sistemines grupes... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of the semantic and formal structure of the speaking verbs as well as dialogical speech of some pieces of Lithuanian fiction and, also, lexemes formed in it. As Lithuanian speaking verbs are analysed there in the semantic aspect, so in the beginning of the work the subject of the investigation is the meaning of the main semantic groups. Besides, the semantic group of the speaking verbs (KSG) is researched. In the linguistic literature the meanings of the word and the unity of its expressiveness is called the semema. The lexemes with the sememas “to communicate orally”, “to transmit information, thoughts, emotions and etc.” were chosen to the semantic group of the speaking verbs. They describe the process of speaking. The sememas are included in KSG according to the principle of the similarity of their complex structure. The structure of the semema itself is built of the smallest semantic units called semes. However, there are good reasons to say that the analysis of the meanings of the speaking verbs proves that they are divided into the smaller elements. That is why the work presents the complex analysis of these verbs. The analysis of the formal structure of the speaking verbs, i.e. the net of the derivation relationship, the structure of the basic phonemic speaking verbs’ branches, is characterized by the certain signs of the structure. The work investigates the structure of the basic speaking verbs’ roots, as well as the peculiarities of consonant and vowel... [to full text]

Publiées au début du siècle dernier par G. Daressy, les deux stèles conservées au Musée du Caire (RT 2/3/25/7 et JE 44901) constituent les seuls exemplaires connus à ce jour du décret de l’an 23 de Ptolémée Épiphane ; exclusivement rédigées en hiéroglyphique, elles présentent toutefois une parenté formelle et phraséologique avec les décrets des synodes sacerdotaux de ce règne dont certains ont été publiés dans les trois écritures d’usage pour ce type de documents(hiéroglyphique, grec et démotique). Cette étude se propose de fournir une édition normalisée suivant une édition synoptique de ces deux monuments accompagnée d’un apparat critique, d’une traduction, d’un commentaire philologique, de photographies et de fac-similés ; de même, afin d’effectuer l’étude philologique de ces textes, un recueil de traductions réactualisées des trois décrets antérieurs (Décret de Memphis II et les deux décrets dits « de Philae ») est présenté à partir de la version hiéroglyphique. Cette documentation épigraphique officielle, spécifique de l’époque ptolémaïque, constitue des sources de premier ordre pour l’étude des événements politiques qui eurent cours à la fin du règne dePtolémée V Épiphane (204-180 a.C.). L’appréhension de l’évolution des relations entre la Couronne alexandrine et les clergés indigènes s’effectue notamment autour de deux problématiques. La première est constituée par l’hétérogénéité du corpus des actes de ces décrets synodaux. La seconde est celle du paradoxe selon lequel le règne de ce dynaste lagide est présenté comme une étape décisive dans le processus de déclin de l’autorité alexandrine (tant en Égypte qu’en Méditerranée orientale) alors que se multiplie sous son règne la publication de ces décrets mettant toujours plus en avant l’évergétisme dont a fait preuve le souverain envers les divinités et la population égyptiennes. / Published in the early century by G. Daressy, the two stones from the Cairo Museum (RT 2/3/25/7 and JE 44901) are the only known copies to-date of Ptolemy Epiphanes’ decree written in year 23 BC ; although exclusively written in hieroglyphic text, they clearly present formal and phraseological similarities with the decrees from the priestly synods of that reign, decrees which some of them were published in the three used kinds of writing (hieroglyphic, greek and demotic). This study aims to provide a normalized version following a synoptic version of those two monuments. It is accompanied by a critical apparatus, a translation, philological commentaries, photographs and facsimiles. Also, in order to present an accurate philological study of the texts, an upto- date translation of the three previous decrees (Decree of Memphis II and the two other said “Decrees of Philae”) is provided, based on the hieroglyphic version.This official epigraphic documentation, specific to the Ptolemaic period, forms a strong knowledge base that provides valuable insights on the political events which occurred at the end of Ptolemy Epiphanes’ reign (204-180 BC). The understanding of the relationship evolution between the Alexandrian Crown and the indigenous clergies relates to two problems. On one hand, the heterogeneity of the corpus acts these synodal decrees are part of. On the other hand, the paradox that constitutes this Ptolemaic dynast’s reign, presented as a key factor in the decline of the Alexandrian authority (in Egypt as well as in the Eastern Mediterranean regions), when numerous decrees were published stating the openhandeness towards the divinities and the Egyptian people.

<p>Med anledning av att flera kriser av extraordinära slag har inträffat i fredstid har förmågan att hantera dessa fått stor uppmärksamhet. Ett exempel är stormen Gudrun som lamslog delar av Sverige i januari 2005. För att kunna hantera sådana kriser behövs en fungerande beredskap och här har kommunerna en viktig roll. Om kommunerna har en väl utvecklad krisberedskap kan samhället bättre klara av en kris. Genom utvärderingar och erfarenheter från kriser har det visat sig att samverkan mellan kommuner är av stor betydelse för en god krisberedskap. Därmed är det av intresse att studera hur en sådan kan utvecklas mellan kommuner. Vilka faktorer är viktiga för att samverkan ska utvecklas? Är ömsesidig förståelse mellan kommunerna av betydelse? Vilken vikt har förtroende och tillit för samverkan? Inverkar geografin och demografin på kommuners samverkan? Påverkas samverkan av resursberoende och ekonomiska faktorer? Vilken betydelse har politiska beslut för kommuners samverkan? Detta är uppsatsens fokus där samverkan mellan fem kommuner kring krisberedskap studeras med stöd av policynätverksteori med kollektiv handling.</p><p>Studien visade bland annat att faktorer såsom geografisk närhet, demografi, ekonomi och resursutbyte var viktiga för samverkan och skapandet av policynätverk bland de fem kommunerna. Även en samstämmig problemdefinition, förtroende och en ömsesidig förståelse mellan aktörerna inbegreps som betydelsefulla liksom regelverk samt Krisberedskapsmyndigheten (KBM) och Länsstyrelsen i Östergötland.</p> / <p>Through several crises of extraordinary nature in peacetime the capacity of emergency management has been brought up on to the agenda. Recently, in year 2005, Sweden faced a big storm named Gudrun that caused total devastation. In order to cope with crises like Gudrun a proficient emergency management has shown to be essential in which municipalities have a fundamental function. With a well developed emergency management at the local level society is better equipped to manage crises. According to research on and experiences from crises, cooperation and networking among municipalities is crucial for an efficient emergency management. Consequently there is an interest in studying how cooperation between municipalities can develop within the area of emergency management. Which factors are important for the development of cooperation? Is mutual understanding among the actors important? Which implications do trust and confidence have upon cooperation? Are resource dependencies and economic factors central for the shaping of policy network? Do the geographic and the demographic characterise municipalities’ cooperation? Do political decisions have any significant role in the shaping of policy network? This is the focus of the essay where cooperation between five municipalities in emergency management is studied using policy network theory with collective action.</p><p>The essay shows that geographical, demographically and economical factors as well as resource dependencies are important for cooperation and the development of policy networks among the five municipalities. Also important were a common foundation, trust and a mutual understanding between the actors. Additionally, new regulations and two authorities – Swedish Emergency Management Authority (SEMA) and the County administrative board of Östergötland – also influenced the cooperation in a positive way.</p>

This case study investigates perspectives and changes in gender roles in household activities from a gender (in)equality context in Tarime, northern Tanzania. The participants in this study part-took in a previous project called the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem Project (SEMA) which aimed to integrate gender perspectives and sustainable livelihoods in rural parts of Tarime. Women in these areas often bear the primary responsibilities of caring for the household. The area is also controlled by male authority, and women are daily exposed to oppression and physical violence. Statistically, girls in the study area often miss the chance to higher education since boys are prioritized. Instead, girls risk the chances of early marriage and are exposed to female genital multination. So far, there has been little research on gender roles in household activities in these areas. Therefore, this case study strived to provide such material for future project operations. The main goal of this study was to investigate gender equality in households, focusing on how women and men describe norms linked to equality and gender roles in households, if norms and roles have changed after the project and if so, which circumstances have led to such a change. Both men and women were interviewed through semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and informal interviews. The empirical data was later analyzed through the lens of the social role theory. Research findings showed that women are still living subordinate to men and unequal distribution of household duties still exists. However, education on equal rights and women empowerment from the SEMA project has changed people's perspectives on the matter, inspiring both women and men to fight for a sustainable change. The study explores root causes that hinder the implementation of equal rights. This study can contribute to more understanding of cultural traditions and finding new ways to sustain the implantation of equal rights. / Nyckelord: Fallstudie, könsroller, Tarime, norra Tanzania, ojämlikhet mellan könen, genusperspektiv, Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem Project (SEMA), hållbar försörjning, förtryck, fysiskt våld, kvinnlig könsstympning, hushållsaktiviteter, utbildning, jämställdhetDenna fallstudie undersöker perspektiv och förändringar i könsroller i hushållsaktiviteter i Tarime, norra Tanzania. Deltagarna i denna studie deltog i ett tidigare projekt kallat Serengati-Mara Ecosystem Project (SEMA) som syftade till att integrera genusperspektiv och hållbar försörjning på landsbygden i Tarime. Kvinnor i dessa områden bär ofta det primära ansvaret att ta hand om hushållet. Studieområdet kontrolleras också av manlig auktoritet och kvinnor utsätts dagligen för förtryck och fysiskt våld. Statistiskt sett saknar många flickor högre utbildning eftersom pojkarna är de främsta prioriterade. I stället ligger fokus på att flickor ska bli bortgifta och undergå kvinnlig könsstympning. Hittills har det gjorts lite forskning om könsroller i hushållsaktiviteter inom dessa områden. Därför strävade denna fallstudie efter att tillhandahålla sådant material för framtida projektverksamhet. Huvudmålet med denna studie var att undersöka jämställdhet i hushållen, med fokus på hur kvinnor och män beskriver normer kopplade till jämställdhet och könsroller i hushållen, om normer och roller har förändrats efter projektet och vilka omständigheter som i så fall har lett till sådan förändring. Både män och kvinnor intervjuades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och fokusgruppsintervjuer. Den empiriska datan analyserades senare genom teorin om sociala roller. Forskningsresultat visade att kvinnor fortfarande lever under manligt styrande och att det fortfarande finns en ojämn fördelning av hushållsuppgifter. Utbildning om lika rättigheter och kvinnors egenmakt från SEMA-projektet har dock förändrat människors perspektiv på frågan, och inspirerat både kvinnor och män att kämpa för en hållbar förändring. Studien utforskar grundorsaker som hindrar genomförandet av lika rättigheter. Denna studie kan bidra till mer förståelse för kulturella traditioner och hitta nya sätt att upprätthålla införandet av lika rättigheter.