Dans une perspective de réalisation du marché unique européen, la libéralisation des différents secteurs d'activités en Europe dont celui des transports au courant des années 1990, entraîne le développement des différents modes et une surcroissance du transport routier avec certes de réels avantages en terme de développement économique, de compétitivité et d'emploi, mais aussi de sérieux inconvénients : congestion des grands axes routiers et augmentation du taux d'émissions de C02. Encourager l'intermodalité et promouvoir le développement des modes alternatifs à la route, rééquilibrer les différents modes de transport, constituent désormais l'une des principales priorités de l'Europe. Sous les auspices du Livre Blanc de 2001 relatif à la politique européenne des transports, les autoroutes de la mer naquirent sous un jour insuffisamment éclairé, et, actuellement, elles essaient de se frayer un véritable chemin. Elles présentent néanmoins des caractéristiques essentielles : considérées à la fois comme des infrastructures et des services de transport, elles constituent des lignes régulières de transport maritime à haute fréquence et à haute qualité de service, assurant des liaisons entre deux ou plusieurs ports d'au moins deux États membres de l'Union Européenne. Issues de la nouvelle politique européenne des transports, elles répondent aux impératifs de décongestion des grands axes routiers saturés, de sécurité routière, de développement durable et de protection de l'environnement, favorisant ainsi le développement et la croissance du marché intérieur. Or, l'absence d'un statut juridique initial applicable aux autoroutes de la mer a de réels impacts sur l'émergence de ce concept, qui évolue en s'adaptant aux nouvelles contraintes, en relevant de nombreux défis. Le bilan actuellement mitigé des autoroutes de la mer en Europe conduit à s'interroger sur les perspectives de leur pérennisation. Dès lors, notre réflexion est orientée vers deux aspects juridiques essentiels. D'une part l'impact réel de l'absence d'un régime juridique initial sur l'émergence des autoroutes de la mer et sur les mécanismes de financement qui l'accompagnent. D'autre part, la détermination d'un cadre juridique favorable au développement des autoroutes de la mer dans une perspective d'assurer leur meilleure intégration dans la chaîne logistique globale, et leur émergence comme véritable alternative durable, crédible et efficace à la route intégrale. / With the prospect to achieve the European single market, liberalization of various sectors in Europe including transport in the 1990s decade, leads to the development of different means of transport and the increase of road transport activities, certainly with real benefits such as economic development, competitiveness and employment; but also serious drawbacks : congestion of highways and increase in C02 emissions. Encouraging intermodality and promote the development of road alternatives, adjusting the balance between means of transport, is considered as one of European Union key priorities. Under the auspices of 2001 White Paper European transport policy, Motorways of the Sea concept were insufficiently informed, and currently, looking for his own way. Nevertheless they do present essential characteristics: both transport infrastructures and services, Shipping line services which are regular, frequent and of good quality , inbound to two or more sea ports to at least two states member of European Union. From the new European transport policy, they meet the requirements : road safety, sustainable development, safe environment, promoting growth in European Union internal market. However, the absence of an initial legal status applicable to the Motorways of the Sea has a real impact on the emergence of this concept, which evolves by adapting to new constraints, raising many challenges. The current mixed picture of Motorways of the Sea in Europe raises questions about the prospects for their sustainability. Our focus is directed towards two key legal aspects. On one hand the real impact of the absence of an initial legal status on the emergence of motorways of the sea and the funding mechanisms that accompany it. On the other hand, the determination of legal framework favourable to the development of Motorways of the sea which will contribute to a better integration into the global Supply Chain and emerge as truly sustainable alternative, credible and effective to the integral road transport.

La mondialisation se manifeste comme une évidence ordinaire, à tous les coins de la planète. Comme beaucoup de nos contemporains, nous sommes persuadés de vivre un phénomène complètement inédit. Pour l’historien économiste, parler de mondialisation au singulier reviendrait à ignorer toutes les autres. Il n’est donc pas question ici de nier la vigueur de l’actuelle mondialisation, mais de bien saisir l’ampleur d’un phénomène permanent désormais lié à la conteneurisation. C’est d’ailleurs à la lumière du passé qu’on peut le mieux comprendre les débats actuels et appréhender l’avenir. Mais l’avenir est en grande partie déterminé par un certain nombre de facteurs de changement. S’il n’est pas possible de prédire l’aboutissement final du jeu de ces facteurs, on peut néanmoins spéculer sur la façon dont chacun d’eux peut influer sur l’avenir de l’économie européenne en général, et sur les conséquences qui peuvent en résulter pour la desserte de l’Europe en trafic conteneurisé. Certains de ces facteurs peuvent directement influer sur les points forts et les points faibles des modèles existants ; d’autres peuvent avoir des impacts indirects.Ce travail de thèse se veut un essai dédié à tous les praticiens et universitaires intéressés par le commerce maritime. Ce n’est pas un écrit de certitudes ou bien encore un concentré d’érudition; il ne cherche pas à traiter de tous les aspects du transport maritime et de l’histoire économique de l’Europe. L’Europe, qui ne représente que 7% des terres émergées, est une péninsule bordée de trois cotés par la mer et qui ne dispose sur le quatrième coté d’aucune limite géographique particulièrement nette la séparant du reste du continent eurasiatique. Cette Europe géographique a d’ailleurs rarement coïncidé avec l’Europe économique. Il faut, en effet, considérer que la vaste région d’Europe de l’est et du Sud-est fut envahie et asservie par des conquérants non européens, dont elle ne fut libérée qu’au bout de plusieurs siècles. En fait, l’Europe a toujours été à géométrie variable, ce qui est normal, car elle est une résultante depuis les temps antiques de toutes les invasions et de tous les échanges eurasiatiques. Après la découverte des Amériques, les Européens ont développé le commerce à l’échelle de la planète et imposé leur hégémonie jusqu’en 1914. Aux épices et autres objets orientaux, se sont ajoutés les produits des « Indes occidentales». Cette position centrale, acquise grâce à une supériorité démographique et technique procède d’un double impérialisme économique et centralisateur d’abord contesté au début du 20ème siècle et aujourd’hui largement condamné. Avec d’énormes capacités de transport et de très bas coûts, la conteneurisation accompagne depuis plus de cinquante ans la mondialisation et a totalement révolutionnée le transport de lignes régulières des marchandises diverses. Dès lors, une question permanente touchant à la globalisation des échanges et à la navigation vient se poser sous différentes formes dans cette thèse à savoir l’accès au marché mondial de L’Europe lié assurément à la performance des infrastructures de l’Europe mais plus encore à la circulation planétaire. L’avenir de l’Europe passe inéluctablement par la Méditerranée et il est contrarié par un « effet de ciseau » mettant en péril l’insertion des pays du sud de cette Méditerranée dans le processus de mondialisation. L’Europe a un rôle majeur à jouer dans cette région mais elle ne fait rien ou presque face à l’émergence des puissances asiatiques et latino-américaines. Si l’on attend qu’elle ait trouvé son «chemin de Damas», le risque est évident de voir à l’horizon 2030 disparaître la position centrale de l’Europe. Inversement, une projection raisonnable laisse prévoir un système global de commerce et de navigation centré sur l’océan Indien et les mers de Chine, les flux de trafics européens devenant graduellement périphériques dans une nouvelle circulation planétaire. / Throughout the world globalisation exists as an everyday reality. Like many of our contemporaries, we are convinced that we are experiencing a completely new phenomenon. For the economic historian, talking about globalisation in the singular would mean ignoring all the others. It is not the purpose of this essay to deny the vigour of the current globalisation, but to grasp the size of a permanent phenomenon, which is now linked to containerisation. In fact, with the benefit of hindsight and a study of the past, we can understand better the current debates and possible future developments. But the future is largely determined by a certain number of change factors. If it is not possible to predict the final outcome of these changes, nonetheless, we can speculate on the way each might influence the future of the European economy, in general, and on the consequences which can result from the provision of containerised transport throughout Europe. Some of these factors can directly influence the strengths and weaknesses of the existing models; others can have indirect impacts.This thesis is an essay which is aimed at all the practitioners and university specialists interested in maritime trade. It is not a text about certitudes, nor a piece of condensed scholarship; the objective is neither to cover every aspect of maritime transport nor the economic history of Europe. Europe, which only represents 7% of the global land mass, is a peninsula bordered on three sides by the seas and does not have a neat geographical border on the fourth side separating it from the rest of the Eurasian continent. This geographical Europe has rarely coincided with an economic Europe. We must consider that the vast regions of east and south-east Europe were invaded and enslaved by non-European conquerors, and were liberated only after many centuries. In fact Europe has always had a variable geometry, which is normal, because, since ancient times it has been the result of all the different invasions and Eurasian trade. After the discovery of the American continent, Europeans developed commerce on a worldwide scale and imposed their hegemony until 1914. Spices and other oriental products were added to the products from the “East Indies”. This central position, obtained because of a demographic and technical superiority, stems from an economic and centralizing imperialism, challenged at the start of the 20th century and today largely condemned.With enormous transport capacities and very low costs, containerisation has accompanied globalisation for more than fifty years and has totally revolutionised the transport on regular lines of different merchandise. Henceforth, a permanent question about the globalisation of trade and navigation appears in different forms in this thesis; this is that access to the global market of Europe is certainly linked to the performance of European infrastructure but even more to global traffic. The future of Europe is inevitably linked to the Mediterranean and is thwarted by the “price scissors effect” which puts at risk the involvement of southern Mediterranean states in the process of globalisation. Europe has a major role to play in this region, but it does nearly nothing in response to the emergence of Asian and Latin American powers. If we wait for Europe to find its “road to Damascus”, there is a risk that by 2030 it will have lost its central role. On the other hand a reasonable prediction is that there will be a global system of trade and navigation centred on the Indian Ocean and the China seas, while European traffic gradually becomes peripheral to a new global containerised transport circulation.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_PETER LOEB CALDENHOF.pdf: 2483377 bytes, checksum: 2e812ba2f3baa4d90a5f0ad156244509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / This dissertation studies the relations between the socioeconomic base and the political-juridical superstructure, with the demonstration that they form a dialectic totality, but keeping the relative autonomy of its parts. The text shows the specific nature of Law as an important part of the superstructure and its role in the definition of national development models within the process of mundialization. The relative autonomy of Law is demonstrated in theoretical and historical-concrete terms, first, by showing that there is no automatic determination of Law by the socioeconomic structure and, second, with the evidence of the political and juridical constitution of the material base itself. These elements of the relative autonomy are explained by the political and juridical characteristics of the state, Law, the international system and the mundialization process as something that is deliberately produced by the different actors in conflict within the domestic and international superstructures. Parting from this point of view of critical institutionalism, the relations between Law and Economics are demonstrated and analyzed in the case study of the current juridical-institutional organization of the shipping industry in Brazil and its effects in terms of development for the shipping branch and the economy as a whole. The dissertation shows that the current model is insufficient for the consolidation of an autonomous national shipping industry, with the consequent negative impacts on the systemic competitiveness of the Brazilian economy, its national accounts, the national accumulation of capital and the development of correlated economic sectors, such as the shipbuilding industry. / A presente dissertação aprofunda o estudo das relações entre base material socioeconômica e superestrutura político-jurídica, com a demonstração de que formam uma totalidade dialética, mas com relativa autonomia de suas partes. Esclarece a natureza específica do direito como importante elemento superestrutural e seu papel para a definição de modelos de desenvolvimento nacionais no atual contexto da mundialização, demonstrando, em termos teórico-conceituais e histórico-concretos, sua relativa autonomia, tanto pelo aspecto de sua não determinação automática pelas relações socioeconômicas, quanto pela constituição política e jurídica da própria base material. Estes elementos de relativa autonomia são explicados pelas características político-jurídicas do Estado, do direito, do sistema internacional e da própria mundialização enquanto processo deliberadamente produzido pelos atores em luta nas esferas superestruturais doméstica e internacional. Sob essa ótica de institucionalismo crítico, as relações entre direito e economia são demonstradas e analisadas no estudo do caso concreto da organização jurídico-institucional da navegação marítima brasileira atual e seus efeitos em termos de desenvolvimento setorial e geral. O trabalho demonstra que o atual modelo é insuficiente para a consolidação de uma navegação marítima nacional autônoma, afetando negativamente a competitividade sistêmica da economia brasileira, suas contas nacionais, a acumulação de capital nacional e o desenvolvimento de setores conexos, como a construção naval.

The purpose of this study is to compare how the issue of new shipping opportunities in theArctic region is tackled and met by the governments of Sweden and Iceland when it comes tomaritime security regime building, and to set this into perspective by looking at the shippingindustry’s seemed aspirations and interests for Arctic shipping, the latter to see if policy and“reality” appear to be corresponding. By conducting a qualitative comparative analysisthrough studying previous research, government documents and through interviewingrepresentatives from the shipping industry; using the analytical framework of Regime Theoryfor International Relations; the following research questions have been answered: - In what ways do the governments of Sweden and Iceland contribute to developments of Arctic maritimesecurity regimes, due to new shipping opportunities in the High North? - Are these contributions in line with the shipping industry’s views of and aspirations for Arctic shipping? - (How) does this differ between the countries? - (How) does the shipping industry contribute to maritime security? Sweden and Iceland differ in many aspects, but the general aims at environmental protectionare visible in both countries. Iceland has a larger focus on crisis response due to its locationalexposure and do moreover have a chance on economically exploiting new shipping activitiesfor the same reason. Sweden can be said to have a more general approach to Arctic maritimesecurity, whereas Iceland rather focuses on its own proximity.Both countries’ responses to Arctic shipping are currently to be seen as in line with theshipping industry’s views and aspirations for Arctic shipping.The shipping industry contributes to maritime security by developing new methods andtechnology for addressing the Arctic ice; collectively and on shipping company individualbasis. The shipping industry furthermore contributes by educating ship commanders as well assharing experiences and knowledge with each other.

I takt med att världshandeln ökar så ökar även transporterna. Med hjälp av internet har det blivit enklare än någonsin att beställa en vara som skickas från andra sidan jordklotet. Detta arbete har undersökt i vilken utsträckning konsumenter reflekterar över vilka effekter deras beställningsvanor vid varubeställningar får för miljön och hur intresserade de är av att värna om miljön genom att beställa varor med hjälp av en dyrare och mer miljövänlig frakt. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer med fyra konsumenter i varierande åldrar där det undersökts vad deras inställning är till en dyrare och miljövänligare frakt, hur mycket mer de skulle vilja betala för en sådan frakt samt även vad de vet om det miljöarbete som bedrivs inom sjöfart. Resultatet visar att det finns ett intresse att betala ett högre pris för en mer miljövänlig frakt om priset är överkomligt och om det finns ett förtroende för den som erbjuder den miljövänligare frakten. Viljan skiljer sig mellan de olika respondent och är beroende på vad det är för typ av vara och vad den ordinarie frakten kostar. Respondenterna visar också begränsad kunskap inom sjöfart och det miljöarbete som görs inom branschen. / The world trade is increasing rapidly and so is the amount of transportation. With help of the internet it is now easier than ever to order a product which will be sent from the other side of the world. This study aims to investigate to which extent consumers consider what effects their behaviour will have on the environment and how interested they are in protecting the environment when ordering products by paying a higher price for a more environmentally friendly transport. This is done by conducting four interviews with customers of different age and asking questions about their attitudes towards a more expensive and environment friendly transport. More specifically, questions were asked about how much more they would be willing to pay for that kind of transport. Furthermore, questions were asked about what they know about the work that is being done and has been done to reduce the effects on the environment caused by shipping. The result shows that they are willing to pay a higher price for a more environmentally friendly transport. For this to be possible the price needs to be affordable and they need to have a trust in the company offering this kind of transport. There are differences among the interviewed persons in how much they are willing to pay depending on what product they are buying and what the cost is for the original transport cost. This study also shows that the respondents have a very limited knowledge about the work that is being done and has been done to benefit the environment within the shipping business.

This thesis explores the avenues for the ecosystem approach to management in the Baltic Sea Region. This region is one of the most contaminated water bodies in the world, although the first Regional Seas Convention was created here and theregion has a long history of cooperation and environmental protection. The current environmental governance arrangements are examined with specific focuson governance structures, cross-sectoral integration and ecological boundaries.The ecosystem approach to management as both a tool and vision of holistic management of natural resources is traced through the evolution of environmental governance, as well as its manifestation in contemporary environmental policies in the region. It is found that the major EU directives, as well as HELCOM polices, promote the ecosystem approach and that its presence has increased inrecent years; it is now the major guiding principle in European marine governance. However, the governance structures impede implementation indifferent ways. The environmental problem areas in the region all require different governance arrangements, thus obstructing a holistic approach. The environmental problems per se also affect each other, necessitating far-reaching sectoral integration and cross-border cooperation, which at present is the major obstacle regarding implementation. The contemporary trends combining solid regionalisation through HELCOM with increased Europeanisation and macro regionalisation by different EU initiatives offer some promise, but the cross sectoral impediments must be resolved if the ecosystem approach is to become apractical approach and not just a policy principle.

En viktig del av passagerartillfredsställelsen utgörs av hur smidiga köpprocesserna är. I denna studie analyseras delprocesser hos KING SEAWAYS med mål om att skapa ett optimerat förbättringsförslag till de studerade processerna. Den nuvarande processen gällande fartygets tid i hamn innefattar delprocesser som körs beroende och oberoende av varandra. Fokus i studien är på de sista delprocesserna innan fartygets avgång från det att passageraren ankommer till check-in fram till dem står parkerade på bildäcket. Kundundersökningen visar ett missnöje bland passagerarna gällande väntetid på kajen. Efter att ha analyserat passagerarbeteendet och genom att göra några resonabla antaganden för att förenkla uträkningarna gällande köer, är det uppenbart att det finns betydande flaskhalsar i processen som kan åtgärdas. Att applicera köteori i varje steg, skapar en klar bild av att förändringar kan skapa förutsättningar för reducerade kostnader samt en förhöjd kundnöjdhet.   Förbättringsförslaget som framkom efter analys av den nuvarande processen och kundernas upplevelse var att nyttja tiden på kajen till att förbereda inför ombordkörning och placera bilar efter layout ombord på fartyget. Med detta kan bilarna på kajen hanteras som en homogen grupp, snarare än enskilda enheter och då öka effektiviteten i processen. Förslaget bör även ge ett positivt utfall på kundtillfredsställelsen.   Denna rapport berör endast ett fartyg i DFDS totala flotta om cirka 50 fartyg, men tankarna som lett fram till resultat och slutsats bör även vara applicerbart på flertalet andra fartyg i flottan. Bara för fartyget KING SEAWAYS skulle en förändring om en minskad tid i hamn, om 15 minuter dagligen, innebära en bränslebesparing årligen om 1,7 miljoner danska kronor. Med en snabb beräkning gällande besparingar av resurser visar förbättringsförslaget att det kan komma att handla om flertalet miljoner. Med nöjdare kunder skaps även konkurrenskraft och det är en förutsättning för att DFDS även i framtiden behålla sin marknadsposition. / An important factor in passenger satisfaction is queue management. In this study processes at KING SEAWAYS are analyzed with the aim of creating a proposal for improvement and optimization. The current process of the vessels turnaround includes sub-processes that run dependent and independent of each other. The focus in this study deals with the final sub-processes before departure, from the time that the passenger arrives at the check-in until they are parked on the car deck. The customer survey shows dissatisfaction among passengers regarding waiting time on the dock. After analyzing the behavior of passengers and by taking a couple of reasonable assumptions, it becomes obvious that bottlenecks could be reduced. Applying queuing theory in each step creates a clear picture that changes can create conditions for reduced costs as well as increased condition for customer satisfaction.   The improvement proposal that emerged after analyzing the current process and customer experience was to utilize time on the quay to prepare for boarding and place cars according to the ship layout. With this, the cars on the dock can be handled as a homogeneous group, rather than individual units, and then increase the efficiency of the process. The proposal should also give a positive outcome to customer satisfaction.   This report deals with one vessel in DFDS' total fleet of about 50 vessels, but the thoughts that led to the results and conclusion could be applicable to most of the other fleet vessels. For KING SEAWAYS only, a reduced turnaround time of 15 minutes corresponds to fuel saving of 1.7 million Danish kroner per year. With a quick estimation on resource savings the proposal for improvement shows that improvements could have a considerable impact on DFDS bottom line. Satisfied customers are also a prerequisite for DFDS to maintain its market position in the future.

DISERTAČNÍ PRÁCE ABSTRACT ČESKOSLOVENSKÁ NÁMOŘNÍ PLAVBA, 1948-1989 CZECHOSLOVAK OCEAN SHIPPING, 1948-1989 2016 Lenka Krátká This work is concentrated on the topic of establishment and development of the Czechoslovak ocean shipping in the period 1948-1989. The theme is presented with using a large number of primary archive sources and relevant secondary literature. In addition, the text offers an insight into the topic through the memoirs of former Czechoslovak seafarers collected with the use of oral history method. The primary aim of this work is to capture the history of the Czechoslovak ocean shipping in a broader context of political, economic, and foreign policy development of Czechoslovakia in the given period. A key moment for founding a merchant fleet represented the year 1948, the communist coup d'état respectively, when the country came into the sphere of the Soviet Union's influence and transformed its economy into a centrally planned one with the absence of market principles. These specific circumstances enabled to develop a transport sector which Czechoslovakia did not have either natural conditions, or practical experience with. Based on a politically motivated decision, the Czechoslovak ocean shipping in the early 1950s was developed in cooperation with the People's Republic of China. By this...

Det finns studier som visar att sjöfarten har svårt att bibehålla unga sjöfarare inom sjömansbranschen. Forskning visar att yngre sjömän har en större tendens att avbryta sin karriär till sjöss och är mer receptiva för erbjudande från landbaserade arbetsplatser än de äldre sjömännen. Mot denna bakgrund har syftet med detta arbeta varit att undersöka vad som gör att en nautiker stannar inom sjöfartsyrket, vilka faktorer som påverkar ett val att gå iland och om ålder och generationstillhörighet har någon inverkan i synen på karriären. För att få fram ett resultat hölls det kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet påvisar att det är ledigheterna som lockar med ett yrke till sjöss. Anledningen till att seniorbefälen har stannat till sjöss så länge är att de har trivts och haft möjlighet att utvecklas. Resultatet visar även att detta är något som de studerande respondenterna tycker är viktigt för att det ska arbeta till sjöss hela sitt yrkessamma liv. En annan slutsats som drogs var att ålder inte har någon påverkan på hur en person ser på sin karriär till sjöss och att alla respondenterna var överens om att organisationen fungerar bäst med en besättning i varierande åldrar. / There are studies that show that the shipping industry has a hard time keeping young seafarers. There has been researches that show that young seafarers have a higher tendency to discontinue their career at sea and are more receptive for offers from land-based companies then the older seafarers. Against this background the purpose of this study has been to examine what makes a seafarer stay within the shipping industry, what factors influence a seafarer’s choice to go ashore and if age and generational affiliation has an impact in the perception of a lifelong career at sea. To obtain a result, qualitative interviews were held. Results show that it is the long vacations that attracts the seafarer to choose a life at sea. The reason that the older seafarers have stayed in this profession for a long period of time is because they have enjoyed their time on board and there has been a possibility to evolve. The results also show that this is something that the studying respondents think is important for them if they are to work at sea their entire career. Another conclusion that was drawn was that age doesn’t affect a person´s view of a career at sea and all respondents agree that the organization onboard works best if the crew is of mixed age.