Föreliggande avhandlings centrala syfte är att undersöka säkerhetskultur ombord i fartyg vilka trafikerar Östersjön. Genomgående för fartyg i Östersjöfart är täta hamnanlöp, kustnära resor, trafik i tätt trafikerade områden samt små besättningar. Tidigare forskning antyder att det kan finnas ett systemfel i sjöfarten. Charles Perrow beskriver, till exempel, sjöfarten som ett felskapande system och menar att orsaken till detta är hur sjöfarten bedrivs. James Reason menar att värdering, attityd, kompetens och beteendemönster är fyra viktiga parametrar som definierar en säkerhetskultur. Sjöfartens säkerhetsstyrningssystem, International Safety Management Code (ISM) syftar till att en proaktiv och utvecklande säkerhetskultur skapas och upprätthålls inom sjöfarten. Resultaten av den här studien visar att sjöfarten saknar en framförhållning, ”failure of foresight”, där det proaktiva arbetssättet syftar till att incidenter och olyckor kan förutses. Studien har ett etnografiskt perspektiv vilket syftar till att skapa en så fullödig beskrivning över den kultur som studeras. Totalt ingår elva olika fartyg i studien, där besöken ombord varierat från någon timme till ett par dagar. Insamlad data har via en egenutvecklad analysmodell bearbetats för att försöka förklara säkerhetskulturen. I fokus i analysmodellen står hur information, feedback, ansvar, samarbete, uppföljning samt utveckling hanteras. Studien visar att det finns behov av att diskutera och förändra säkerhetskulturen i sjöfarten, både i stort som enskilt i fartygen. Det finns ett behov av vidare studier av hur säkerhetskulturen kan förbättras, samt ett behov av riktade utbildningsinsatser inom systemtänkande, organisationsteori och säkerhetskultur. / The main purpose of this thesis is to explore the safety culture onboard vessels trading in the Baltic Sea. The common denominator for vessels trading in the Baltic Sea is frequent port visits, coastal voyages, voyages in dense trafficked areas and small crews. Earlier research shows that there may be a system fault in the shipping industry. Charles Perrow describes the maritime industry as an error inducing system. He means that the cause for that is the way shipping is carried out. In a safety culture values, attitudes, competence and behavioral patterns are four important factors that define the safety culture. The maritime safety management system, International Safety Management Code (ISM) aims towards a proactive and evolutionally safety culture in the shipping industry. The results show that shipping today lacks a foresight, “failure of foresight”, where the proactive way of work leads to incidents and accidents being anticipated. This study has an ethnographic perspective, which aims to create a thick and substantial description of the culture that is being studied. Totally a number of eleven vessels participated in the study. The visits onboard reach from a couple of hours up to a few days. Collected data has been analysed through a self-developed model in an ambition to try to explain the safety culture. The model focuses on how information, feedback, responsibility, co-operation, follow-up and development are being handled. The study reveals that there is a need to discuss and change the safety culture in the shipping industry, in large as on the single vessel. As well as a need for further studies of how the safety culture can be improved and a need for education aimed towards system thinking, organizational theory and safety culture.

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本論文旨在對清代臺灣的海防做一歷史建構。其問題意識在於提出“以陸制海”的運作模式，用以討論清廷經營臺灣海防的過程與缺失，並藉此說明當時中國未能發展海權的困難與阻礙。 / The theme of thesis is historical-reconstruction for maritime defense of Taiwan in Qing dynasty. A question consciousness will be offered by "land against sea" of application type and suggest two important points. First,the contents will discuss both process and mistakes which the Qing government managed maritime defense. On the other hand, the conclusion will explain the difficulties and obstacles which China didn't have develop the Sea Power.

本研究主要在探討台灣貨櫃航商之競爭策略，首先聚焦在全球整體海運業之定期船業務，因其運送約七成貨物價值之貨載，而貨櫃航運業運輸量則佔定期船運量超過九成，重要性不言可喻。台灣貨櫃船公司更在世界航運舞台，扮演重要角色成效斐然，因此以台灣貨櫃航運業為研究對象，專注於研究台灣貨櫃船公司所面臨的環境壓力衝擊、分析產業競爭問題、產業風險及成本結構、以歸納建議因應當代變局的關鍵競爭策略。 透過與業界深具實務經驗的資深專家訪談，並以進行面對面深度訪談及勾選問卷聚焦填答方式，對於研究問題經由具決策權之高階管理專家，得到更深遠寬廣的義涵與解答。本研究歸納受訪專家的結論認為：要改善貨櫃海運產業的激烈競爭態勢，當務之急是航商之間應擇優策略聯盟，不該盲目跟進大量訂造新船，宜審慎避免過度投資及過量增加船舶艙位，造成產業運能供給與需求失衡。 規劃產業的競爭策略最重要的是要把公司放入「環境」中考量。貨櫃航運業歷經逾五十年的發展，已逐步過渡到溫和成長的「成熟期產業」階段。這個階段伴隨技術成熟與極度標準化的國際競爭加劇，而使產業獲利走低，業者必須格外著重降低成本與提升服務品質，執行風險管理，並兼顧產品組合之合理化及正確訂價，且要積極穩固忠誠的老客戶，才足以因應嚴峻情勢變化與挑戰，同時必須實施流程創新與再造，及加強管控產業的各項「不確定性」風險。 業者應積極整合組織中外顯與內隱的競爭優勢，以科學管理方式實踐合理化，創新性與競合式發展策略，並強調知識經濟與核心能力為主的差異化策略，實質確保永續優勢的「競爭策略」。 / This study explored the competitive strategies of Taiwanese container shipping companies. I focus on the impact of the environmental pressures on these companies, and highlighted their key competitive strategies. Based on depth interviews and questionnaire with industrial senior executive experts, this study suggests that Taiwanese container shipping companies consider to reduce their risk exposure by forming strategic alliances and to avoid making excessive new vessels building and investment, in facing increasing imbalance of worldwide fleet loading capacity in container shipping industry. Global container shipping industry has developed over than 50 years and is now toward “Industry maturity period”. Competitors in such an industry should focus on lowering cost and strengthening the quality of service to secure customer loyalty. At same time, competitors in the industry should also strive for process innovation and better risk management. They should also develop the core competence and try to differentiate themselves from other competitors in order to ensure their sustainable advantages.

The purpose of this thesis is to, from an institutional approach, study how the Stockholm importers within the textile sector adapted their foreign trade to the change in economic policy 1720 through 1738. The focus is to investigate to what extent the introduction of new laws, regulations etc. can be an explanation for what happened to Stockholm’s foreign trade, mainly imports, particularly textile imports during the period. It is mainly the economic policies that had been enacted during the Hornian government and their effects that have been studied. This is a period that has seldom been studied in other research. This thesis begins when the Russian raids were over. This was a year when the foreign trade still was relatively free and was untouched by the 17th century’s regulations. After 1721 the policies that would be introduced to increase Sweden's level of self-sufficiency and strengthen ties with the North Sea area had several components. Besides the economic policy, the main sources for the thesis are the city toll records. The trade policies in the shape of tolls and fees, import and consumption bans etc. and the commercial policies together became different kinds of political tools used for several purposes. The conclusion of this thesis is that the economic policies made the Stockholm importers adapt their trade to the change. The import bans and sumptuary laws had an effect. The economic policies gave rise to an increase in the import of textile raw materials. The rise in toll costs and import fees contributed to displacing the foreign trade towards other areas. The change in the economic policies was successful in the sense that it gave rise to new conditions for domestic production within the textile sector and forced Stockholm's importers to adapt their foreign trade.

This thesis explores the bilateral shipping and trade between Finland and Sweden during the post-war period. It comprises five articles and one introductory chapter for which the common point of departure is the growth and transformation of bilateral trade and shipping. The first two articles analyse the structural change of bilateral trade from a national and regional perspective. The three following articles provide an overview and analysis of the ferry shipping. By integrating the perspective in these articles in the introductory chapter and by providing a long historical record, the change of economic relations between Finland and Sweden in the post-war period is discerned. This thesis applies an economic historical approach and is founded on various fields of social science. The issue of trade is analysed within the framework of conventional and new trade theory, and the analysis of ferry shipping is governed by economic and geographic theories. The studies on trade shows that the transformation of production seen in Finland and Sweden meant that the trade increasingly became dependent on an exchange of products arising from matching industries. In turn the foreign trade arising from the Northern part of Finland and Sweden was still dominated by so called inter-industry trade. In addition to these results, the studies of ferry services shows that the growth of vehicles and passengers conveyance, together with the expanded onboard services, also intensified the commercial exchange. Due of the multi-output structure, the ferry service efficiently met the growing demand of travel and trade. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the convergence of incomes and economic structure had a significant impact on bilateral trade and ferry shipping. In addition the process of economic integration, technological advances together with specific policies issued on shipping also contributed to strengthen the economic ties between Finland and Sweden.

The need for a reduced dependence on fossil fuels is motivated by a wide range of factors: from increasing fuel costs, to national security implications of supply, to rising concern for environmental impact. Although much focus is given to terrestrial systems, over 90% of the world's freight is transported by ship. Likewise, naval warfighting systems are critical in supporting U.S. national interests abroad. Yet the vast majority of these vessels rely on fossil fuels for operation. The results of this thesis illustrate a common theme that hybrid mechanical-electrical marine propulsion systems produce substantially better fuel efficiency than other technologies that are typically emphasized to reduce fuel consumption. Naval and commercial powertrains in the 60-70 MW range are shown to benefit substantially from the utilization of mechanical drive for high speed propulsion; complemented by an efficient electric drive system for low speed operations. This hybrid architecture proves to be able to best meet the wide range of performance requirements for each of these systems, while also being the most easily integrated technology option. Naval analyses evaluate powertrain options for the DDG-51 Flight III. Simulation results using actual operational profile data show a CODLAG system produces a net fuel savings of up to 12% more than a comparable all-electric system, corresponding to a savings of 37% relative the existing DDG-51 powertrain. These results prove that a mechanical linkage for the main propulsion engine greatly reduces fuel consumption and that for power generation systems requiring redundancy, diesel generators represent a vastly superior option to gas turbines. For the commercial application it is shown that an augmented PTO/PTI hybrid system can better reduce cruise fuel consumption than modern sail systems, while also producing significant benefit with regard to CO2 emissions. In addition, using such a shaft mounted hybrid system for low speed electric drive in ports reduces NOx emissions by 29-43%, while CO is reduced 57-66% and PM may be reduced up to 25%, depending on the specific operating mode. As an added benefit, fuel consumption rates under these conditions are reduced 20-29%. / text

This thesis set out to explore the forces that determine the rise and fall of industrial leadership. It attempted to do this by applying an industry life cycle model to the shipping industry. The industrial life cycle was posited on the basis of existing literature, particularly the growth of knowledge, evolutionary and institutional literature, which lend themselves to patterns of industrial growth and entrapment. On this basis, this thesis set out to examine whether industrial leadership can be explained by a four-staged process of imitation, catch up, advance and entrapment. However, this thesis has exposed something more complicated. Processes of imitation, catch up advance and entrapment were shown to be at work in the shipping industry, but they were tempered by the effects of military and political forces that may not be exogenous, and the trend from regionalism to globalisation. The original model did not encompass early indigenous developments that are not based on imitation that do not immediately lead to a position of advanced leadership. In this light, a better description of the first stage would be capability building.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. XXXVII - LIII.

Begreppet slutna utrymmen definieras som ett utrymme utan tillräcklig ventilation, som ej är utformat för kontinuerlig vistelse. Regelverk och flertalet rekommendationer gällande kraven på atmosfäriska mätningar har framtagits för att begränsa riskerna med att gå in i slutna utrymmen men ändå fortsätter olyckor att inträffa, olyckor där just atmosfären är den avgörande faktorn. Den här studien har med hjälp av analysmodellen Human Factors Analysis and Classification System – Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA) kvalitativt analyserat 14 haverirapporter där personer har omkommit eller blivit svårt skadade på grund av syrebrist eller exponering för toxiska gaser i slutna utrymmen ombord på fartyg och sedan sammanställt resultaten för att få en bild över de främst bidragande anledningarna till olyckorna. Undersökningen har även analyserat räddningsaktionernas kvalitet på olika fartygstyper baserat på resultat från HFACS-MA analyserna och utlåtanden från haveriutredare och har även undersökt vilka förbättringar som kan göras för att räddningsaktioner i slutna utrymmen ska fungera så effektivt som möjligt. Studien fann att de främsta anledningarna till olyckor i slutna utrymmen, där just atmosfären är den avgörande faktorn, är bristande översyn från arbetsledare följt av överträdelser från den enskilde personen och problem med organisationen ombord. Resultaten pekar även på att tankfartyg har bättre räddningsorganisationer är torrlastfartyg, vilket genom jämförelse med andra studier kan härledas till att tankrederier fokuserar mer på säkerhetsledning än torrlastbranschen. Gällande förbättring av räddningsaktioner så har studien kommit fram till att besättningar borde öva mer i slutna utrymmen för att få bättre rutin på räddningsaktionerna så att dessa utförs med kunskap och träning istället för känslor och instinkt. / The term ”Enclosed space” is defined as a space with limited or no ventilation and which is not designed for continuous occupancy. Rules and several recommendations concerning the requirements for atmospheric measurements have been drafted to limit the risks involving enclosed spaces but still, accidents keep occurring, accidents where the atmosphere is the cardinal factor. This study has, with the aid of the analysis module Human Factors Analysis and Classification System – Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA), qualitatively analyzed 14 accident reports where persons have perished or been severely injured due to lack of oxygen or exposure to toxic gases in enclosed spaces aboard ships. The results have then been compiled to get a broad picture of the most contributing causes for the accidents. The study has also analyzed the rescue operation’s quality on different types of vessels based on the HFACS-MA results and statements from the investigators and the study have also looked at what improvements can be made to ensure that rescue operations in enclosed spaces will work as effectively as possible. The study found that the most contributing causes for accidents in enclosed spaces, where the atmosphere was the cardinal factor, is the lack of supervision from supervisors followed by violations by individuals and organizational issues. The results suggest that tanker vessels have a better rescue organization compared to dry cargo vessels, which by comparison with earlier studies can be explained by the higher focus on safety management by tanker companies compared to dry cargo companies. When it comes to improving rescue operations, this study has concluded that crews should practice more in enclosed spaces in order to get a better routine so that the rescue operations are made based on knowledge and training instead of emotions and instinct.