Krisen i den globala leveranskedjan för containrar blev tydligt synlig 2020 och pågår fortfarande. Ett betydande avtryck har lämnats, inte bara på marknaden för containertransporter utan också på världsekonomin som helhet. Det kan därför vara fördelaktigt att få en djupare förståelse för de drivande faktorerna i denna kris för att kunna hantera bättre eller förhindra liknande utmaningar i framtiden. Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera och beskriva en kedja av händelser med deras bidragande faktorer och konsekvenser som leder till att containerkrisen börjar år 2020. Följande forskningsfrågor ställs: 1.Vilka är de mest bidragande faktorerna som störde balansen i containertransporter? 2.Hur påverkas sjöcontainertransporten och vilken roll har den händelsekedjan som resulterade i containerkrisen 2020-202X?  En kvalitativ litteraturgenomgång genomfördes för denna studie. Dessutom bestod den datainsamlingsmetoden som användes för denna studie av sekundärt vetenskapligt material, men även icke-vetenskapliga artiklar, inklusive nyhetsdatabaser och maritima databaser.  Studien identifierade de viktigaste bidragande faktorerna till containerkrisen att vara Covid-19 och Suezkanal incidenten. Vidare föreslås det även att handelskriget mellan Kina och USA har varit en bakomliggande orsak för denna kris. Konsekvenserna som fastställdes var bristen på tomma containrar, förändringar i efterfrågan av varor före och under pandemin och störningar i leveranskedjan där förseningar, överbelastning i hamnar och ekonomiska följder spelade roll i den globala handeln, särskilt containertransporter. / The crisis in the global container supply chain clearly became visible in 2020 and is still ongoing. An imprint has indeed been left not only on the markets of container shipping transport but also on the world economy as a whole. Therefore, it may be beneficial to gain an in-depth understanding of the driving factors of this crisis, that in order to be able to deal better or even prevent similar future challenges. The purpose of this study was therefore to identify and describe a chain of events with their contributing factors and consequences that lead to the start of the container crisis in 2020. This study’s research questions were: 1.What are the most important contributing factors that disrupted the balance in container transport? 2.How is maritime containertransport affected and what is the role of the chain of events that resulted in the container crisis 2020-202X?  A qualitative literature review was conducted for this study. Moreover, the data collection method used for this paper consisted of secondary academic material, but also non-scientific articles, including news databases and maritime databases.  This study has identified that the main contributing factors to the container crisis were the Covid-19 and the Suez channel. However, it is also suggested that the trade war between USA and China has also served as the backbone of this crisis. Moreover, the identified concequences were shortage in containers, changes in the demand of goods during and prior to the pandemic and in further, disruptions in the supply chain, including schedule delays, congestions in ports and financial consequences in the global trade, specifically that of container transport.

Hur sjöfartsnäringsföretag utvecklar sin ledarskapskapacitet är något som inte forskats mycket kring i vetenskaplig litteratur. Företag runt om i världen har investerat 370 miljarder dollar för ledarskap endast under 2021. Dessutom är inte den maritima litteraturen särskilt omfattande gällande ledarskap inom sjöfartsnäringsföretagens landbaserade sektor, något som är kontroversiellt med hänsyn till det omfattande inflytande högre ledning har inom företag. Syftet med detta arbete var att identifiera och beskriva sjöfartsnäringsföretagens perspektiv gällanderelationen mellan ledarskap och management, och vidare deras strategier för att förstärka sin ledarskapskapacitet. Arbetets frågeställningar var 1. Hur upplever sjöfartsnäringsföretag relationen mellan ledarskap och management och vidare, vad av ledarskap och management är det som gör skillnaden i dagens konkurativa marknad enligt intervjuade företags perspektiv och varför? 2. Vilka strategier har sjöfartsnäringsföretag för att utveckla sin ledarskapskapacitet, och vidare, hur implementerar intervjuade företag dessa strategier? Arbetet genomfördes via en kvalitativ fallstudie av fyra utvalda internationella sjöfartsnäringsföretags högsta ledning. Vidare användes semistrukturerade intervjuer för datainsamlingen. Denna studie identifierade betydelsen för sjöfartsnäringsföretag att särskilja mellan management och ledarskap eftersom var och en av dessa tjänar olika syften inom deras organisationer. De intervjuade sjöfartsnäringsföretagen ser dessutom ledarskapsutveckling som en utmanande process som kan hålla dem konkurrenskraftiga. Slutligen så följer sjöfartsnäringsföretag ledarskapsutvecklingsstrategier såsom 360-degree feedback, executive coaching, nätverkande och aktionsinlärning även om det inte är i lika strikt form som ledarskapsforskning föreslår. / How shipping companies develop their leadership is something not studied as much by scholarly literature. Investments in leadership are estimated to 370 billion dollars, for 2021, by companies around the world. Yet, maritime literature is not very extensive regarding the shore-based sector and leadership, something controversial considering influence higher levels have within companies. This study aimed to identify and describe shipping companies’ perspectives on the relationship between leadership and management and their strategies for developing their leadership capacity. This study’s research questions were: 1. How do shipping companies experience the relationship between leadership and management, and in further, which of the two makes the most difference in today’s competitive markets? 2. What are shipping companies’ strategies for developing their leadership capacity, and how do they implement these strategies? A qualitative method for the case study of four selected international shipping companies’ top management was used. Moreover, data was collected via semi-structured interviews. This study found that it is important for shipping companies to distinguish between leadership and management as each serves different purposes within organizations. Moreover, interviewed shipping companies view leadership development as a challenging process but one that can keep them competitive. Finally, shipping companies follow leadership development strategies of 360-degree feedback, executive coaching, networking and action learning although not as strict as leadership research suggests.

Background: The global marketplace is characterized by rapid and constantchange, resulting in complex logistics systems. The port industry, which is a crucial link in the supply chain, seeks to understand the complexity of market dynamics. Ports should understand the changing market dynamics to better meet the market demand and have a competitive advantage. One representative from the port industry is Swedish ports and the Port of Gothenburg, which will be the focus of this thesis. The market demand for paper and paperboard has been a significant driver of shipping activities in Swedish ports. The market demand for bulk and container shipping is also relevant due to its influence on the port’s operation. Furthermore, itis essential for port authorities to understand the demand-oriented infrastructure to develop strategies to meet the market dynamics. Purpose: This thesis has been undertaken on behalf of the PoG. The purpose of the thesis is to provide a clearer understanding of how the current and future market demand of paper and paperboard influence Swedish ports with scenario planning. Based on the future market demand for paper and paperboard, additional information of the future market demand for bulk and container will be included in the scenarios. By using the scenarios, recommendations will be given regarding investments the port authority at PoG needs to implement as a response to future paper and paperboard market demand. Methodology: The thesis has a qualitative case study with Port of Gothenburg as the study object. Data collection has been conducted through semi- and unstructuredinterviews from the Swedish forest industry, three forest companies and port authority at Port of Gothenburg. Additionally, scenario planning will be the main analysis method in this thesis. Conclusion: The current market demand for paper and paperboard indicates that demand for paper is decreasing, while demand for paperboard is increasing. The future market demand for paper and paperboard can develop in several ways. The authors of this thesis believe that the market demand for paper will have a structural fall with an exception for special paper. While paperboard will have a continuous increase. Furthermore, there is currently an increase of bulk and container shipping in the Port of Gothenburg. The authors believe that future market demand for bulk will be stable, while container will have an increased trend. However, as the market demand is hard to predict, the thesis presents four scenarios of different futureoutcomes of market demand for paper, paperboard, bulk- and container shipping. There are several investments needed for the Port of Gothenburg to respond to theestablished demand scenarios. Investments that will benefit Port of Gothenburg themost are Port Community System (PCS), Integrated Warehouse ManagementSystem (IWMS), Real-Time Location System (RTLS), development of port quays,larger quay cranes and floating islands, and cold ironing and renewable energy. Key words: Paper, Paperboard, forest industry, bulk, container, cargo shipping,seaport, Port of Gothenburg, scenario planning, port investments

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In this master thesis multiple time series of shipping industry and financial data are analysed in order to create a forecasting model to forecast freight rate indices. The data of main interest which are predicted are the two freight rate indices, BDI and BDTI, from the Baltic Exchange. The project investigates the possibilities for aggregated Vector Autoregression(VAR) models to outperform simple univariate models, in this case, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA) with seasonal components. The other part of this thesis is to model market shocks in the freight rate indices, given impulses in the other underlying VAR-model time series using the impulse response function. The main results are that the VAR-model forecast outperforms the ARIMA-model in forecasting the tanker freight rate index (BDTI), while the the bulk freight rate index(BDI) is better predicted by the simple ARIMA when calculating the forecast mean square error. / I denna avhandling analyseras multipla tidsserier över rederinärings- och finansiell data i syfte att skapa en prognosticerande modell för att prognosticera fraktratsindex. Dataserierna som i huvudsak prognosticeras är fraktratsindexen BDI och BDTI från Baltic exchange. I projektet undersöks om en aggregerad Vektor Autoregressiv(VAR) modell överträffar en univariat modell, i detta fall en Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA) med säsongsvariabel. I andra delen av denna avhandling modelleras chocker i fraktratsindexen givet impulser i de andra underliggande tidsserierna i de aggregerade VAR-modellerna. Huvudresultaten är att VAR-modellens prognos överträffar ARIMA-modellen för tankerraterna (BDTI), medan bulkraterna(BDI) bättre prognosticeras av ARIMA-modellen, i avseende på prognosernas beräknade mean square error.

The maritime industry is vital to the Swedish trade and economy. Shipping has less environmental impact per ton transported goods than other transport modes. Furthermore, ships use the sea as their roads, thus not requiring additional impact on the environment in the form of building roads or tracks to be able to transport goods or people. The aim of this thesis is to identify the characteristics of the safety management approach and safety management systems (SMS) in five Swedish companies operating in the Swedish shipping industry. It furthermore explores whether a new approach to safety management such as Safety II and resilience engineering can offer a complementary view to the current safety management. The study design of this thesis has been a multiple case study. A literature review has been performed to gain insights into the domain and safety management in the domain in specific. Data has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with 10 respondents working within shipping or crew management companies. Five of the respondents work ashore with safety management and five of the respondents work onboard as Chief Officers or Chief Engineer. Chief Officers as well as Chief Engineers have responsibilities regarding safety for their respective department and thus have management positions within the operations. The results show that the participating companies’ safety management and SMSs are of the reactive kind. There is furthermore a gap between work as imagined, WAI, and work as done, WAD, that affects the suitability of the routines, procedures and equipment used in operations. Complexity of a system is also a contributing factor when it comes to safety management, and in the participating companies, aspects regarding complexity were identified at a regulatory, organisational and operational level. This affects the possibility to create routines and procedures that correspond to the demands, variations and situations encountered in operations. It is suggested in this thesis that a Safety II approach to safety management, along with the use of resilience engineering to develop and enhance the domain’s adaptability, can serve as a complement to the current safety management approach. Being able to adapt, respond and manage various unforeseen situations is a way of ensuring safety in operations even in complex socio-technical systems. The resilience assessment grid, RAG, is suggested as a tool to be developed to be usable in the participating companies. The RAG could serve as a tool to taper the gap between WAI and WAD, as well as to provide input to the development of indicators other than accidents for improving safety. Furthermore, it could also facilitate learning from everyday operations and what is going well – the everyday successes in everyday execution of tasks involved in operations.

No description available.

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver e demonstrar a aplicabilidade de um modelo multicritério para a seleção de opções de afretamento de navios para exportação e importação de petróleo e derivados, segundo dois vetores de transformação do transporte marítimo internacional – Shipping 4.0 e Green Shipping. A pesquisa pode ser considerada aplicada, descritiva e metodológica. Quanto aos meios de investigação, a metodologia compreende: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre os temas centrais da pesquisa; (ii) caracterização das principais tecnologias digitais embarcadas e sistemas inteligentes que vêm sendo empregados na indústria naval, associando-as a requisitos funcionais e operacionais de navios inteligentes e sustentáveis; (iii) análise morfológica para concepção de configurações alternativas de navios inteligentes e sustentáveis; (iv) desenvolvimento de modelo multicritério para seleção de opções de afretamento de navios inteligentes e sustentáveis no contexto de exportação e importação de petróleo e derivados; e (v) demonstração da aplicabilidade do modelo conceitual, mediante a realização de um estudo empírico em uma empresa de transporte marítimo, subsidiária da Petrobras – a Transpetro. Destaca-se como resultado principal um modelo multicritério inovador para seleção de opções de afretamento de navios para exportação e importação de petróleo e derivados, que emprega análise morfológica para a geração das configurações alternativas de navios inteligentes e sustentáveis e um método multicritério de apoio à decisão para a seleção propriamente dita das alternativas de afretamento, segundo uma visão conjunta dos dois vetores de transformação do transporte marítimo internacional. O estudo empírico desenvolvido da Transpetro permitiu demonstrar a aplicabilidade do modelo em um contexto organizacional real e evidenciar seu potencial de replicação em outras empresas de transporte marítimo no Brasil e no mundo que desejam operar com novos modelos de negócio, segundo o novo paradigma de transporte marítimo internacional. / [en] This dissertation aims to develop and demonstrate the applicability of a multicriteria model for the selection of shipping freight options for export and import of crude oil and derivatives, aligned to the new paradigm of international maritime transport driven by two vectors of transformation - Shipping 4.0 and Green Shipping. The research can be considered applied, descriptive and methodological. The methodology comprised: (i) bibliographic and documental analysis on the central themes of the research; (ii) characterization of the key enabling digital technologies that have been used in the shipping industry, associating them with the functional and operational requirements of intelligent and sustainable ships; (iii) morphological analysis to design alternative configurations of shipping freight options for exporting and importing of oil and derivatives; (iv) development of a multicriteria model for the selection of shipping freight options for exporting and importing oil and derivatives, according to the new paradigm of international maritime transport; and (v) empirical study carried out in a maritime transport company, a subsidiary of Petrobras – Transpetro. The main result of this research is an innovative multicriteria model for the selection of shipping freight options for exporting and importing oil and derivatives, which integrates morphological analysis with a multicriteria approach for selecting shipping freight options, aligned to a joint vision of shipping 4.0 and green shipping. Furthermore, the empirical study developed at Transpetro made it possible to demonstrate the applicability of the model in a corporate context and to highlight its potential for replication in other maritime transport companies in Brazil and in the world, which wish to operate according to new business models in the new paradigm of international maritime transport.

In this study, we investigated how Swedish shipping companies work to reduce harassment and abusive discrimination on board their ships. Through qualitative interviews, we have collected data on the shipping companies' understanding of today's situation, their preventive work, as well as their future vision and goals. It appears that the shipping companies are working actively to increase knowledge and awareness of gender equality issues and are working to change the harsh jargon that previously existed on board the ships. There is a desire for a zero tolerance against harassment and bullying on board ships, but at the same time an understanding that getting there is a challenge due to the human interaction that characterizes the work environment. Despite the challenges, the shipping companies see the future brightly and have a desire to continue working on these issues to create a safe and inclusive work environment for everyone on board. The discussion emphasizes the importance of continuing the work to prevent harassment and bullying onboard ships and to regularly follow up and evaluate the work environment, the results are put in perspective to the previous research presented in the study. By constantly being aware of the challenges and actively working to change the work culture, shipping companies can create a safer and healthier work environment for all seafarers. Overall, the results indicate that the shipping companies have taken important steps towards creating a safe and inclusive work environment, but there is still room for improvement and continuous work on these issues. / I studien har vi undersökt hur svenska rederier arbetar för att minska trakasserier och kränkande särbehandling ombord på sina fartyg. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer har vi samlat in data om rederiernas förståelse för dagens situation, deras förebyggande arbete, deras framtidsvision och målsättningar. Det framkommer att rederierna arbetar aktivt med att öka kunskapen och medvetenheten kring jämställdhetsfrågor och arbetar med att förändra den hårda jargongen som tidigare funnits ombord på fartygen. Det finns en önskan om en nollvision mot trakasserier och mobbning ombord på fartygen, men samtidigt en insikt om att det är en utmaning att nå dit på grund av den mänskliga interaktionen som präglar arbetsmiljön. Trots utmaningarna ser rederierna ljust på framtiden och har en vilja att fortsätta arbeta med dessa frågor för att skapa en trygg och inkluderande arbetsmiljö för alla ombord. I diskussionen betonas vikten av att fortsätta arbetet med att förebygga trakasserier och mobbning ombord på fartyg samt att regelbundet följa upp och utvärdera arbetsmiljön, resultaten gämförs med den tidiager forskning som presenterats. Genom att ständigt vara medveten om utmaningarna och aktivt arbeta med att förändra arbetskulturen kan rederierna skapa en mer säker och hälsosam arbetsmiljö för alla sjöfarare. Sammantaget tyder resultaten på att rederierna har tagit viktiga steg mot att skapa en trygg och inkluderande arbetsmiljö, men det finns fortfarande utrymme för förbättring och kontinuerligt arbete med dessa frågor.

Denna studie syftar till att utforska och utvärdera framtida befäls upplevelser av automooring inom sjöfarten med fokus på säkerhetsaspekter och effektiviteten. Genom strukturerade intervjuer har användarupplevelsen analyserats för att få en förståelse för hur automooring påverkar säkerheten och effektiviteten ombord på fartygen.   Resultaten av intervjuerna visar att majoriteten av respondenterna ser automooring som ett säkrare och mer effektivt alternativ till traditionell förtöjning. De noterar fördelar såsom minskad manuell hantering av trossar och ökad effektivitet vid förtöjning. Trots detta finns det även vissa bekymmer kring tillförlitligheten hos automooring, särskilt under olika väderförhållanden och för olika fartygstyper.   Respondenterna uttrycker övervägande positiv inställning till införandet av automooring, även om vissa uttrycker oro och tveksamhet. Förslag på framtida förbättringar inkluderar ökad tillförlitlighet hos automooring, anpassning till olika fartygstyper och väderförhållanden samt etablering av standarder och riktlinjer för användning i hamnar.   Slutsatserna visar att automooring har potential att vara ett säkrare och mer effektivt alternativ till traditionell förtöjning, men ytterligare utveckling och förbättringar krävs för att möta de identifierade problemen och utmaningarna.