This thesis utilises district court records from the three judicial districts of Hammerdal, Offerdal, and Undersåker to shed light on Saamis’ presence in north-western Jämtland during the seventeenth century. The research question posed is how encounters with the local communities shaped the Saamis’ situation during a period of emerging colonial mores and contributes to the discussion on how encounters with others impacted the situation for the Saami in early modern Sweden. The theoretical framework adopts the concepts of borderlands, concurrences, and settler colonialism to understand the manifold of encounters that shaped the situation for the Saami, acknowledging the possibility that the encounters could be contradictory while also understanding them as shaped within a context of power asymmetries. Contrary to the northern lappmarks, this thesis shows that the Saamis in north-western Jämtland were deprived of representation at the local courts, affecting their influence in local self-governance and administration of justice. Moreover, by not only focusing on Saamis’ encounters with the representatives of the Crown and the Church but also with the non-Saamis who resided in the local communities, this thesis concludes that the Saamis’ situation was shaped by concurring and conflicting encounters, encompassing not only coercion and confrontation but also cooperation and coexistence.

This study deals with grammatical number in the North Saami dialect of Ofoten and Sør-Troms, Norway. Five informants were interviewed and the material was collected both through free speech and elicitation. The study shows that in this dialect, plural forms are used when referring to two individuals. One of the informants is able to produce personal pronouns in the dual, but even this informant usually uses plural forms when referring to two individuals. The material from Ofoten and Sør-Troms is also compared with material from the Guovdageaidnu, Gárasavvon and Čohkkiras dialects. In that material, three informants were interviewed. Furthermore, two previously undescribed reciprocal pronoun constructions are presented. / Dán čállosis guorahallo grammatihkalaš lohku Ufuohta ja Lulli-Romssa davvisámegielas. Vihtta informántta leat jearahallon ja materiála lea čoggojuvvon sihke ságastallamiin ja elisiteremiin. Guorahallan vuoseha ahte dan suopmanis gektet máŋggaidlogu hámiid go čujuhit guovtti olbmui. Okta informánta máhttá buvttadit persovnnalaš pronomeniid guvttiidlogus, muhto maiddái son geaktá dábálaččat máŋggaidlogu hámiid go čujuha guovtti olbmui. Materiála Ufuohtas ja Lulli-Romssas veardiduvvo maiddái materiálain Guovdageainnu, Gárasavvona ja Čohkkirasa suopmaniin. Dien materiálas leat golbma informántta jearahallon. Dasa lassin ovdanbuktojuvvojit čállosis guokte resiprohka pronomenkonstrukšuvnna mat sulastahttet davvisámi standárdagiela konstrukšuvnnaid, muhto mat eai ovdal leat govviduvvon.

This thesis primarily discusses the development of late Iron Age Saami settlement patterns in greater Norrland's forest area, from the establishment of the Settlements through to historical times. The Settlements are chiefly characterised by hearths, but it is also important to study Saami sacrificial sites when trying to understand the significance of the settlement patterns. Central to the thesis is how the archaeological material can be applied to questions concerning the introduction of reindeer herding. During the early Viking period a significant change in the settlement pattern of greater Norrland's inland occurs. New niches start to be exploited, moving away from the earlier shore-bound model. The Settlements are relocated to areas with good reindeer grazing land, by small streams, bogs and small lakes. The principal features are concentrations of hearths, which arise in large numbers, most often in groups of three to ten. A number of the artefacts found at the settlement sites are also found at Saami sacrificial sites from between 800 to 1350 AD, suggesting that the hearths should be studied in the context of Saami culture. A wide range of artefacts have been discovered during excavation of the Settlements, which suggests extensive contacts, mainly to the east and the Ladoga area, but also with Norway to the west. The artefacts display a continuity from the Viking period into the 1700's, and the dating of the hearths show a similar chronological spread. The study area has supported a reindeer herding forest Saami society during historical times, the settlement pattern of which has close similarities to that found under the Viking period. This implies that the settlement pattern that emerged during the Viking period can probably be related to an emergent reindeer herding system. Reindeer herding was undertaken in combination with hunting and fishing - so called semi-nomadism. It is suggested that the forest land Saami society become so dependent on reindeer herding during the Viking period, that it controlled the settlement pattern. / digitalisering@umu

This thesis deals with a medieval material from Rounala in Karesuando parish, Norrbotten county, Lapland. The aim is to reconstruct the diet and mobility patterns. It is through carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopes and radiocarbon that both pastoralist traits and whether which part Christianity played in the burial traditions of these human remains is being studied. Another aim is to discuss the repatriation issue as these remains are subjected to. The results mainly show that all individuals had a mixed diet and no pastoral way of living has been established. Furthermore, individual 3 is suffering from pathological changes. With radiocarbon dates ranging from 1300 to 1720 AD, two groups can be distinguished as to whom had been buried before and after the construction of the church. And repatriation is being discussed as an issue to who have ownership over ancient remains.

With different interests at stake, conservation is at the centre of power relations and negotiations over how best to manage a landscape, and is thus a potential source of conflicts, not only about how to manage the land, but also more importantly about what is just. In 2008 Sweden's National Park Plan, the creation of a national park in the area of Vålådalen-Sylarna-Helags in the county of Jämtland was recommended. This area covers in part the land used by Handölsdalen, Mittådalen and Tåssåsen samebys for reindeer herding, and, in May 2016, the samebys declared that they would oppose the national park project. Negotiations between the samebys on the one hand, and the authorities in charge of running the project – the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the County Administrative Board of Jämtland – took place, until, in May 2017, the project actors officially met all for the first time. The samebys most notably demanded that reindeer herding and the Saami culture are recognised in the national park, and that the samebys have a clear influence in the project and later in the park management. Despite being overrepresented in national parks, Saami reindeer herders remain in fact underrepresented in the management of these parks, and still struggle locally to be included in conservation projects. In parallel to the progressive recognition of their rights as an indigenous people and within a national trend fostering local participation, they have been however increasingly included in the discussions on conservation projects at the local scale. This thesis aims at contributing to challenge the way conservation is still conceptualised and practiced in Sweden. It raises the question of what the opportunities are for the affected samebys to anchor their claims in the negotiations over the establishment of a planned national park in the area of Vålådalen-Sylarna-Helags. The question is studied through the lens of the discursive institutional conflict management analysis, which allows to have a deep understanding of the negotiation process, by looking at its procedural as well as contextual aspects, and at the interdependence between the samebys and the authorities. Overall, the procedural aspects of the negotiation process are unfavourable to the samebys, the contextual aspects provide only mixed opportunities for the samebys, and the interdependence of the parties, while positive, is weak in degree which may hamper the anchoring of samebys' claims. This thesis demonstrates the importance of institutional change and building of trust for the effective recognition and participation of the samebys in the process. / Med olika intressen står konservering i centrum för maktrelationer och förhandlingar om hur bäst man kan hantera ett landskap och är därmed en potentiell källa till konflikter, inte bara om hur man hanterar landet, men också viktigare om vad som är rätt. I Nationalparksplan för Sverige under 2008 rekommenderades att skapa en nationalpark i området Vålådalen-Sylarna-Helags i Jämtlands län. Detta område täcker delvis marken som används av samebyarna Handölsdalen, Mittådalen och Tåssåsen för renskötsel, och i maj 2016 förklarade samebyarna att de skulle motsätta sig nationalparksprojektet. Förhandlingar mellan samebyarna och de myndigheter som ansvarar för att driva projektet - Naturvårdsverket och Länsstyrelsen Jämtlands län - ägde rum fram till maj 2017 då alla projektets aktörer träffades officiellt för första gången. Samebyarna krävde framför allt att renskötsel och samekultur erkänns i nationalparken och att samebyarna har ett tydligt inflytande i projektet och senare i parkförvaltningen. Trots att de är överrepresenterade i nationalparker är samiska renskötare faktiskt underrepresenterade i förvaltningen av dessa parker och strider fortfarande lokalt för att bli inkluderade i projekt för bevarande. Parallellt med det progressiva erkännandet av deras rättigheter som ursprungsbefolkning och inom en nationell trend som främjar lokalt deltagande har de emellertid alltmer ingått i diskussionerna om bevarandeprojekt på en lokal skala. Avhandlingen syftar till att bidra mot att utmana hur bevarandet fortfarande är betraktat och praktiserat i Sverige. Det väcker frågan om vilka möjligheter som finns för de drabbade samebyarna att förankra sina krav i förhandlingarna om inrättandet av en planerad nationalpark i området Vålådalen-Sylarna-Helags. Frågan studeras genom linsen i den diskursiva institutionella konflikthanteringsanalysen, som möjliggör en djup förståelse av förhandlingsprocessen genom att titta på dess procedur- och kontextuella aspekter samt på det ömsesidiga beroendet mellan samebyarna och myndigheterna. Sammantaget är de procedurmässiga aspekterna av förhandlingsprocessen ogynnsamma för samebyarna, de kontextuella aspekterna ger endast blandade möjligheter för samebyarna, och parternas ömsesidiga beroende, vilket är positivt i sig, är svagt i en grad som kan hämma förankringen av samebyarnas krav. Denna avhandling visar vikten av institutionell förändring och uppbyggnad av förtroende för samebyarnas effektiva erkännande och deltagande i processen.

Cette thèse est une modélisation diasystémique de la flexion verbale de cinq langues sames (famille finno-ougrienne), qui s'inscrit dans le cadre théorique des systèmes complexes. Elle se pose à l'intersection entre la complexité flexionnelle, avec pour but de démêler et modéliser les phénomènes intriqués d'allomorphie paradigmatique, et la complexité dialectale, en comparant cinq systèmes flexionnels de langues formant un réseau dialectal pour déterminer les mécanismes de différentiation et les flux interactifs qui entrent en jeu au sein du diasystème. L'analyse morphologique fait usage du modèle Paradigm Function Morphology, une approche réalisationnelle de la complexité paradigmatique développée par G. Stump, qui permet de modéliser le grand nombre d'alternances thématiques qui font la réputation d'extrême complexité de la flexion same. L'analyse des paradigmes débouche sur une taxinomie des verbes sames, sous la forme de classes flexionnelles, dans chacune des langues étudiées (sames du Sud, de Lule, du Nord, d'Inari et same Skolt), et sur un inventaire détaillé des mécanismes de flexion. À partir de ces modélisations comparables, je développe ensuite une analyse diasystémique de la morphologie verbale same en en interprétant les processus d'intrication, d'auto-organisation et d'émergence au sein du système. La configuration qui en ressort, renforcée par une étude dialectométrique, est celle d'un système dialectal à deux pôles décisionnels majeurs, ouest et est, et au centre une zone de transition et de compromis où se produisent des phénomènes de complexification phonologique et morphologique. / This thesis analyzes the verbal inflection of five Saami languages (Finno-Ugric family) in a diasystemic modelization, working within the framework of Complex Systems Theory. It deals with both inflectional complexity, aiming to untangle and model the intricacy of paradigmatic allomorphy in Saami, and dialectal complexity, by comparing the inflectional systems of five languages organized in a dialect continuum, in order to highlight the mechanisms of differentiation and interactive flows within the diasystem.The morphological analysis uses Paradigm Function Morphology, a realizational approach to paradigmatic complexity developed by G. Stump. This framework gives me the tools needed to model the great number of stem alternations that makes Saami inflection renowned for its extreme complexity. From the paradigm analysis, I work to build a taxonomy of Saami verbs, in the form of inflectional classes, in each of the studied languages (South, Lule, North, Inari and Skolt Saami), and a detailed inventory of inflection mechanisms. Based on these comparable models, I then develop a diasystemic analysis of Saami verbal morphology by modeling the processes of intrication, self-organization and emergence happening in the system. The resulting configuration, reinforced by a dialectometric study, is that of a system with two major decision centers, western and eastern, and in the center a transitional zone of compromise where phonological and morphological complexification phenomena arise.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the images of Sápmi and the Saami people that existed among natural historians during the eighteenth century through the lens of Carl Linnaeus' Lapland journey 1732. It examines how these images were tied to the societal discourses of the time and if and how these images were used during the Swedish colonisation of Sápmi. This was done by doing a close reading of Flora Lapponica, Iter Lapponicum and Diaeta naturalis, noting emerging themes and trying to identify the societal discourses shaping these themes. The thesis finds that Linnaeus' descriptions of Sápmi and the Saami often are heavily mythologising and that Linnaeus, inspired by gothicism and primitivism, liked to use the Saami as didactic examples. However, these idealised descriptions are contradicted by Linnaeus himself. In the same texts he describes the Saami as both the pinnacles of health and as drunken and sickly. Linnaeus was also influenced by mercantilist thought and suggested many plans on how to best use Sápmis natural resources and thereby increase the Swedish states profits. The Saami, viewed as primitive but now without primitivism’s positive connotations, were seen as incapable of correctly exploiting their resources themselves. If Linnaeus' plans had been implemented they would have destroyed the Saami lifestyle Linnaeus claimed to idealise. The thesis concludes that while Linnaeus painted an idealised picture of Sápmi and the Saami in his text he did so knowing that it was at least partially false. He used these theoretical Saami to criticise his own society and as didactic examples for his fellow Swedes, but in practice had no problems with the colonial exploitation of Sápmi.

Denne studien undersøker hvordan samiske krav om økte rettigheter til land og vann kobles til miljøspørsmål i Norge. Da urbefolkningsspørsmål i dag har en sterk kobling til miljøspørsmål er dette et interessant perspektiv å løfte i et miljøvitenskaplig perspektiv. Ved hjelp av diskursteori og kritisk diskursanalyse undersøker jeg hvordan den samiske diskursen utvikles fra Alta-konflikten i 1987 til slutten av 90-tallet. Analysen viser at diskursen om samiske rettigheter til land og vann kan kobles til en internasjonal miljødiskurs, dominert av moderne tanker om dualisme, bærekraftig utvikling og tradisjonell kunnskap. / This study examines how the demands on rights to traditional land by the Norwegian Sáami relates to environmental discourse development I Norway. Discourse theory and critical discourse analysis is used to follow the Sáami discourse from the Alta-conflict in 1987 to the end of the nineties. The analysis shows that the Sáami discourse on land rights has evolved on the same path as the dominant environmental discourse, dominated by modern thoughts and ideas, sustainable development and traditional environmental knowledge.

No description available.

För att studera hur omställningen från vertikal till horisontell energiutvinning kommer att påverka samhället har två fallstudier gjorts. Fallstudierna tillsammans med teorin om socialekologiska fix har använts för att analysera de socialekologiska transformationerna som sker på landskap och politiken som finns kring dessa transformationer. En fallstudie har studerat vindkrafts projektet Markbygden i Norrbottens län och den andra studerar vindkraftsetableringen i Östergötlands län. Dessa fallstudier har genomförts genom en kvalitativ studie i form av intervjuer med aktörer som är med och påverkar samt påverkas av dessa vindkraftsetableringar. Fallstudierna visar att landskapet har förändrats fysiskt av byggnationen av vindkraftverken vilket har bidragit till en transformation av markanvändningen. Karteringar som har gjorts i samband med vindkraftsetablering har påverkat hur människor använder och förhåller sig till marken samt hur ägandeförhållandena ser ut. Vidare har vindkraftsetableringen i Östergötland och Norrbotten lett till olika konflikter som exempelvis störningar av ljus och buller samt konflikter med renskötseln som tidigare bedrivits i området Markbygden. Dessa konflikter har alltså uppkommit till följd av den landskapstransformation som har skett i samband med vindkraftsutbyggnaden. I Norrbotten och Östergötland är en ekonomisk kompensation respektive en markhyra aktuell, dock anses dessa vara otillräckliga för att kompensera för den förlust av betesmark för renar som sker i Norrbotten respektive för de besvär lokalbefolkningen upplever med bullret i Östergötland. Slutligen visar resultatet även på att den största drivkraften för företag att etablera vindkraft är vinst och därmed sker otillräckliga karteringar av vind och markanvändning vilket försvårar implementeringen av vindkraft. Slutsatserna för denna rapport är därmed att olika kartläggningar av främst vind har förändrat markanvändningen och andra verksamheter som tidigare bedrivits i landskapet har begränsats och i stor utsträckning ersatts av produktion av vindkraft. Då vindkraften i Östergötland och Norrbotten har byggts ut med otillräckliga kartläggningar som inte tar de sociala relationerna i beaktning har dessa olika konflikter uppstått. / To study how the transition from vertical to horizontal energy recovery will affect society, two case studies have been conducted. The case studies, together with the theory of socio-ecological fixes, have been used to analyze the socio-ecological transformations that take place on landscapes and the politics that exist around these transformations. The first case study concerned the wind power project called Markbygden in Norrbotten County and the second case study concerned wind power establishment in Östergötland County. These case studies were conducted through a qualitative study in the form of interviews with actors who are involved in and are affected by these wind power establishments. The case studies show that the landscape has changed physically by the construction of wind turbines, which has contributed to a transformation of land use. Mappings that have been made in correlation with wind power establishment have affected how people use and relate to the land and what the ownership conditions look like. Furthermore, the establishment of wind power in Östergötland and Norrbotten has led to various conflicts such as disturbances caused by light and noise as well as conflicts with reindeer husbandry that was previously conducted in the Markbygden area. These conflicts have thus arisen as a result of the landscape transformation that has taken place in connection with the expansion of wind power. In Norrbotten and Östergötland, financial compensation and land rent are current, however, these are considered insufficient to compensate for the loss of grazing land for reindeer that occurs in Norrbotten and for the problems the local population experiences with the noise in Östergötland. Finally, the results also show that the biggest driving force for companies to establish wind power is profit and thus insufficient mapping of wind and land use takes place, which makes it more difficult to implement wind power. The conclusions of this report are thus that various mappings of mainly wind have changed land use and other activities previously conducted in the landscape have been limited and to a great extent been replaced by the production of wind power. As wind power in Östergötland and Norrbotten has expanded with insufficient mappings that disregard existing social relations, the various conflicts have arisen.