Den här studien vill synliggöra elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter och deras situation på yrkes­förberedande gymnasieprogram. Studien är baserad på kvalitativa halvstruktu­rerade intervjuer med kvinnliga elever som studerar vid yrkesförberedande gymnasieprogram. Resultatet belyser det stöd och bemötande som eleverna upplever från skola, familj och kamra­ter. Ett tydligt re­sultat i denna studie är brist på information från lärare till elever om tillgängliga kompenserande hjälpmedel. I slutsatsen presenteras förslag på utvecklingsprojekt mellan be­rörda parter i skolan för att förbättra måluppfyllelsen för elever i behov av särskilt stöd.

Sverige har under flera år fått svaga resultat i matematik i flera olika internationella undersökningar. Under min VFU-erfarenhet på ett gymnasium var matematik 2b en stor utmaning där cirka 83% av alla elever som skrev nationella provet år 2019 fick betyget F. Extra anpassningar i form av ett anpassat läromedel för dessa elever ansågs vara nödvändig och ett nytt utbildningsmaterial togs fram av mig. Syftet med arbetet är att skapa ett utbildningsmaterial för matematik 2b för att eleverna ska klara nationella provet. För att uppnå syftet har gamla nationella prov analyserats och ett utbildningsmaterial har tagits fram som grundar sig på områden som kommit flest gånger på dessa nationella prov. Vidare syftar rapporten till att följa upp eleverna som använt utbildningsmaterialet. Uppföljningen sker genom att utvärdera dessa elevers motivation och självförtroende med hjälp av intervjuer samt att deras resultat på nationella prov bedöms. Motivation är en viktig faktor i matematikundervisning och kan delas in i inre och yttre motivation. Inre motivation handlar om egen drivkraft medan yttre motivation handlar om att bli belönad av en annan person och motiveras genom detta. En studie gjord i USA visar att motivation är viktigare än intelligens för att lyckas inom matematik. Det finns även starka samband mellan självförtroende och betyg inom matematik. Det utvecklade utbildningsmaterialet prövades på 15 elever som tidigare fått ett F i kursen under en 2 veckorsperiod på en sommarlovsskola. Sedan utvärderades den genom att eleverna fick uppskatta hur materialet påverkat deras motivation och självförtroende. Denna uppskattning gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer via google meet. Eleverna skrev även ett nationellt prov som rättades. Åtta av de femton elever som deltog i sommarlovsskolan fick ett godkänt betyg på nationella provet. Eleverna tyckte även att utbildningsmaterialet hade en positiv påverkan på deras självförtroende och motivation. Det är inte säkert hur stor del av denna positiva påverkan utbildningsmaterialet haft. Andra saker som kan ha påverkat elevernas motivation och resultat är att sommarlovsskolan bestod av en mindre elevgrupp och att det var en ny lärare som undervisade dem. / Sweden has during many years received weak results in mathematics in different international surveys. During my placement experience at a high school, I noticed that mathematics 2b was a major challenge for the high school, where approximately 83% of all students who wrote the national exam received an F in 2019. The high school considered that extra adjustments in the form of adapted teaching materials were necessary for the students with an F. Therefore I created a teaching material for those students. The purpose was to create a teaching material for mathematics 2b to enable the students to pass the national exam. The teaching material was based on previous national exams and the types of questions that had occurred most often. Motivation is an important factor in mathematics teaching. Motivation can be divided into intrinsic and external motivation. Intrinsic motivation is about self-motivation, while external motivation is about being rewarded by another person and getting motivated by this. A study conducted in the United States shows that motivation is more important than intelligence to succeed in mathematics. There is also a strong connection between self-confidence and grades in mathematics. The educational material was tested on 15 students who had received an F in the course during two weeks in the form of a summer school. The educational material was evaluated by feedback from the students based on qualitative interviews via Google meet focusing on how the material affected their motivation and self-confidence. The students also wrote a national test that was corrected. Eight of the fifteen students who attended the summer school and used the teaching material received a passing grade on the national exam. In addition to this, the students also made it clear that the teaching material had a positive impact on their self-confidence and motivation.

Social media sites and platforms have been on the rise for the last decade. Especially sincethe start of the still on-going Covid-19 pandemic it reached an all time high. Over half of theworld’s population is using social media. Everyone knows Facebook, Instagram, YouTube,TikTok, Snapchat, and many more. This fact has not gone unnoticed by companies as theyincreasingly integrate social media into their portfolio. Social media advertising is nowadayseverywhere. There is not a single site without any ads. Regardless the research about it is stillvery scarce. This master thesis will investigate the influence of social media advertising on consumerbehavior. More detailed it will focus on how consumers react to advertisements. For thispurpose, a quantitative survey has been conducted. The base for this survey is a developedconceptual framework based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model and the Value-Belief-Norm theory model. Further factors of the survey include different values and beliefs onwhich the analysis is depending. The main value playing a role in this study is sociallyresponsible consumption behavior. This value tackles how much consumers care about theenvironment and the human society. Simply spoken, how sustainable and how social do theybehave. Furthermore, three beliefs have been chosen in tandem with this value: Self -confidence, impulsiveness, and interpersonal/group influence. All are believed to have animpact on how consumers are perceiving advertisements they see on social media. Eachconnection between the value, the beliefs, and the reaction to advertisements will be tested.Believed connections are between the sustainability value of the consumers and the threebeliefs as well as towards the video. Further, it is believed that the beliefs will have an effecton the reaction to advertisements from consumers. My study will indicate how companies cantake advantage of advertisements to gain more followers on social media and sell moreproducts. The outcome of this study will present a clear picture of the role of sustainable andsocially responsible behavior towards ads on social media as well as the impact of beliefs.

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Erwartungen sind entscheidend für das Verständnis wirtschaftlichen Verhaltens. Sie leiten unsere Entscheidungen angesichts von Ungewissheit und wirken sich auf unser Verhalten in Interaktionen mit anderen aus, bei denen wir Erwartungen über Aktionen und Reaktionen bilden. Diese Dissertation umfasst drei unabhängige Forschungsarbeiten, die Erwartungen über unsichere zukünftige Ergebnisse (Kapitel 1) und soziale Interaktionen (Kapitel 2-3) untersuchen. Kapitel 1 analysiert Umfragedaten zu langfristigen Erwartungen von Personen auf drei Märkten. Wir betrachten die Zusammenhänge zwischen langfristigen und kurzfristigen Erwartungen sowie der historischen Preisentwicklung. Außerdem analysieren wir die Heterogenität der langfristigen Erwartungen nach sozioökonomischen und persönlichen Merkmalen. Unsere Studie trägt zum Verständnis der langfristigen Erwartungen bei und bietet einen methodischen Beitrag, der zeigt, wie maschinelle Lernmethoden wie Lasso in der Heterogenitätsanalyse eingesetzt werden können. Kapitel 2 untersucht die Konsistenz von Aktionen und Erwartungen in sozialen Interaktionen. In einem kontrollierten Laborexperiment erheben wir Aktionen und Erwartungen von Sprechern und Zuhörern bis zur zweiten Ordnung, um zu prüfen, ob Individuen die Erwartungen anderer über ihre möglichen Aktionen berücksichtigen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen ein neues Muster der Inkonsistenz zwischen Aktionen und Erwartungen zweiter Ordnung von Zuhörern. Kapitel 3 analysiert, wie Individuen koordinieren, wer reden soll. In einem Laborexperiment untersuche ich die Rolle von Erwartungen über die eigenen relativen Fähigkeiten bei der Entscheidung, Informationen zu teilen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Selbstvertrauen das Reden beeinflusst. Die Steigerung des Vertrauensniveaus und die Rückmeldung über die eigenen relativen Fähigkeiten verbessern die Koordination zwischen den Sprechern, während der Wettbewerb um die Weitergabe von Informationen zu einer weniger effizienten Koordination führt. / Beliefs are crucial for understanding economic behavior. They guide our choices in the face of uncertainty and impact our behavior in interactions with others, where we form beliefs about actions and reactions. This thesis comprises three independent research papers that examine beliefs about uncertain future outcomes (Chapter 1) and social interactions (Chapters 2-3). Chapter 1 analyzes survey data on long-run expectations of individuals in three welfare-relevant markets: the stock market, the labor market, and the housing market. We study how the long-run expectations are associated with short-run expectations and historical developments of prices. Moreover, we examine heterogeneity of long-run expectations by socio-economic and personal characteristics. Our research adds to understanding the long-run expectations and provides a methodological contribution, demonstrating how machine learning methods such as lasso can be used in heterogeneity analysis. Chapter 2 studies consistency of actions and beliefs of individuals in social interactions. In a controlled laboratory experiment, we elicit actions and beliefs of talkers and listeners up to the second order to investigate whether individuals consider the beliefs of others about their potential actions. Our findings reveal a new pattern of inconsistency between actions and second-order beliefs of listeners. Chapter 3 continues the topic of social interactions and provides evidence on how individuals coordinate on who should talk. In a laboratory experiment, I investigate the role of beliefs about one’s own relative skill on the decision to share information with others. The results indicate that confidence drives talking. Boosting confidence levels and providing feedback about one’s own relative skill enhances coordination between talkers, whereas competition for sharing information leads to less efficient coordination.

Mathematics anxiety is a personal characteristic which is widespread and continuing. It has a debilitating effect on mathematics performance and contributes to perceptions and attitudes that perpetuate a dislike for mathematics and a lack of confidence when dealing with mathematical problems. An investigation of relevant literature on mathematics anxiety identifies sources and symptoms and emphasises a need for a comprehensive approach to remediation. The historical development of an appropriate measuring instrument is documented and statistical evidence is used to create a mathematics anxiety rating scale suitable for measuring anxiety levels of secondary school pupils and student teachers. The extensive literature interest, research publications and remedial programmes emphasise the problem of mathematics anxiety and thus the need for a comprehensive approach to remediation. Mathematics teaching and curriculum design is expounded to provide the necessary direction to the alleviation of mathematics anxiety. General perspectives on curriculum design are discussed and a cyclical systems approach is recommended. Elements of this approach are detailed and are linked to important personal characteristics to add a humanistic and socio-cultural view of curriculum design in mathematics. The didactic viability of constructivism as an approach to mathematics curriculum design is investigated. Constructivism embodies a philosophy and a methodology which addresses the critical aspects influencing mathematics anxiety. Classroom topics and activities are reviewed in terms of a constructivist approach and the sources of mathematics anxiety are discussed from a constructivist perspective. A longitudinal case study of pupils during their five years at secondary school as well as a study involving student teachers was undertaken. Mathematics performance, perceptions, attitudes and levels of anxiety were investigated by means of tests, questionnaires, and mathematics anxiety rating scales. The statistical results of this research provide evidence to support a comprehensive approach to the remediation of mathematics anxiety. Constructivism is seen as the synthesis of critical aspects of teaching and curriculum development which will stem the perpetuation of mathematics anxiety. Constructivism provides the didactic approach to develop each individual's intellectual autonomy and mathematics power, by instilling a problem solving attitude and a self-confidence when doing mathematics. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a psycho-educational intervention program on the mental toughness of secondary school cricketers. The general aim of the study was to use psychological skills and psychological techniques to enhance the mental toughness of secondary school cricketers, within a psycho-educational framework. This general aim of the study was actualised by employing the following specific aims: • A literature review was conducted to explore the psycho-educational model. It was found that the psycho-educational model was an appropriate model to use as the framework of the intervention program. • The literature review investigated and evaluated different psychological skills and psychological techniques that influenced the mental toughness of cricketers positively. • A questionnaire was designed. This questionnaire (CMTQ) fulfilled the role of a psychological skills measuring tool. • A psycho-educational intervention program was designed around the findings of the literature study. • Guidelines were compiled to follow when coaching mental toughness to secondary school cricketers. • The intervention program was presented over a six week period. • An empirical study was conducted to evaluate the successfulness of the intervention program. The first phase of the empirical study was done before the presentation of the psycho-educational intervention program. The data suggest that Confidence and Motivation were the two main psychological skills that the participants employed in their mental game of cricket. The second phase of the empirical study was only done after the completion of the six week intervention program. The selected data analysis method employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the program was the t-test for dependant groups. v The results of the data analysis indicated that the participants in the experimental group improved in their mental toughness performance significantly. When the findings of the literature review and the results of the empirical study are combined, it appears as if this intervention program will have a positive influence on the cricket performance of secondary school cricketers. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)