Parenting children with neurodevelopmental deficits (NDDs) is very stressful, more so than the parenting of typically developing children. There is considerable research on the topic of chronic stress experienced by caregivers; however, less is understood of parental stress experienced when raising children with NDDs. The purpose of this study was to examine how parental traits and habits, in the forms of mindfulness and social support levels, affect this cohort's general stress levels. The study was guided by Self-Determination Theory, which explored how parental acts could be classified along a continuum of being intrinsically or extrinsically derived. A convenience sample of parents (n =71) with a child diagnosed with at least one NDD were recruited from online support groups on Facebook. The participants fully completed the Parental Stress Scale to measure parental stress, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale to measure trait mindfulness, and the Family Support Scale to quantify social support to the family. Correlation analysis and multilinear regression analysis were used to determine that higher levels of social support and mindfulness in the participants predicted lower levels of perceived parental stress; the model was statistically significant, R²=.284, F(2,68)=13.504.p<.001. As a set, the two predictors accounted for 28.4% of the variation in stress. This study helps to promote positive social change by providing informing data on population-specific research, which can assist in the development of empirically supported treatments that could be used by professionals and paraprofessionals in treatment planning, therapies, and psychoeducational interventions.

Minority students are lagging behind their non-minority peers in academic achievement. Compounding this problem is the lack of research on minority students' perceptions on their connections to school, their feelings of autonomy, and their relationship with their parents. These variables are important considerations in this problem, as Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory suggests a strong relationship between student performance in school and students' perceptions of their intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. To address that gap, this cross-sectional, quantitative research study examined the relationship between minority high school students' perceived self-efficacy, locus of control, and parents' educational involvement on their self-reported academic achievement at a suburban charter high school. Differences in these variables by grade level and gender were also assessed. A convenience sample of 158 male and female students in the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades completed the Self-in-School instrument, Levenson Multidimensional Locus of Control Inventory, Importance of Parent Involvement Scale, and a demographic survey that included self-reported academic achievement. Regression analyses and multivariate analysis of variance revealed that school self-efficacy and students' perception of parental involvement of minority students were statistically significant predictors of self-reported academic achievement. No statistically significant differences were found on the 3 scales by grade, but statistically significant differences were obtained between male and female minority students' perception of parental involvement on their academic achievement. These findings may contribute to social change by helping mental health professionals and educators understand the importance of psychosocial variables in charter students' academic performance.

abstract: Learning analytics application is evolving into a student-facing solution. Student-facing learning analytics dashboards (SFLADs), as one popular application, occupies a pivotal position in online learning. However, the application of SFLADs faces challenges due to teacher-centered and researcher-centered approaches. The majority of SFLADs report student learning data to teachers, administrators, and researchers without direct student involvement in the design of SFLADs. The primary design criteria of SFLADs is developing interactive and user-friendly interfaces or sophisticated algorithms that analyze the collected data about students’ learning activities in various online environments. However, if students are not using these tools, then analytics about students are not useful. In response to this challenge, this study focuses on investigating student perceptions regarding the design of SFLADs aimed at providing ownership over learning. The study adopts an approach to design-based research (DBR; Barab, 2014) called the Integrative Learning Design Framework (ILDF; Bannan-Ritland, 2003). The theoretical conjectures and the definition of student ownership are both framed by Self-determination theory (SDT), including four concepts of academic motivation. There are two parts of the design in this study, including prototypes design and intervention design. They are guided by a general theory-based inference which is student ownership will improve student perceptions of learning in an autonomy-supportive SFLAD context. A semi-structured interview is used to gather student perceptions regarding the design of SFLADs aimed at providing ownership over learning. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Educational Psychology 2019

Introduktion: Pandemin slog hårt mot samhället och idrottsrörelsen då restriktionerna hindrade idrottare från att träna som tidigare. Studier har visat att pandemin har påverkat många idrottare emotionellt och psykiskt. Enligt självbestämmandeteorin är det viktigt att möta de tre psykologiska behoven av kompetens, autonomi och samhörighet för att öka motivation. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur ledare upplevt restriktionernas påverkan på lagets motivation samt vilka strategier tränarna har använt för att stödja motivation. Metod: Detta är en kvalitativ studie med både induktiv och deduktiv ansats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem ledare med olika utbildning och erfarenhet. Analysen av intervjuerna utfördes genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Utifrån intervjuerna identifierades temat Pandemin har utmanat ledarnas arbete och vidgat deras användande av motiverande strategier samt kategorierna Idrottarna har påverkats negativt av pandemin, Viktigt att stärka idrottarnas kompetens, Uppmuntra självbestämmande för att behålla motivation, Samhörigheten påverkar motivation och Utbildade ledare främjar motivation.  Slutsats:  Strategier som ledarna använde för att stödja motivation var bland annat att sätta individuella mål, låta idrottarna få påverka sin träning, teambuilding och utveckla baskunskap. Det finns behov av vidareutbildning i motivationsstrategier för ledare där fysioterapeuter skulle kunna ha en viktig roll. Vi ser ett behov av vidare forskning för att öka kunskapen kring hur motivation påverkas av en pandemi och hur ledare kan hantera liknande situationer i framtiden.

Le contrôle psychologique parental est un facteur de risque réputé pour les problèmes intériorisés des enfants (p. ex., Affrunti & Ginsburg, 2011; McLeod, Wood & Weisz, 2007). Selon la Théorie de l'auto-détermination, le contrôle psychologique mène aux problèmes intériorisés (Ryan, Deci, Grolnick, & La Guardia, 2006) car il brime le besoin fondamental d'autonomie. En effet, recevoir de la pression afin de penser, se comporter et se sentir d’une certaine façon (Ryan, 1982) semble favoriser une régulation trop rigide et surcontrôlée (Ryan et al., 2006). Suite aux travaux de Soenens et Vansteenkiste (2010), la distinction conceptuelle entre deux formes de contrôle psychologique, soit manifestes (p. ex., les menaces, forcer physiquement) et dissimulées (p. ex., la surprotection, le marchandage), ont été utilisées pour évaluer le style parental (Étude 1) et les pratiques disciplinaires (Étude 2). Le contrôle psychologique parental et le soutien de l'autonomie (Étude 2) ont été mesurés durant la petite enfance puisque (1) les problèmes intériorisés émergent tôt, (2) le développement du sentiment d'autonomie est central au cours de cette période, et (3) attire probablement plus de contrôle psychologique parental. Avec ses deux articles, la présente thèse vise à clarifier la façon dont le contrôle psychologique manifeste et dissimulé est lié au développement précoce de problèmes intériorisés. L'étude 1 est une étude populationnelle examinant l'impact relatif du style parental sur des trajectoires développementales d'anxiété (N = 2 120 enfants; de 2,5 à 8 ans) avec de nombreux facteurs de risque potentiels provenant de l'enfant, de la mère et de la famille, tous mesurés au cours de la petite enfance. Les résultats ont montré qu'en plus de la timidité des enfants, de la dépression maternelle et du dysfonctionnement familial, le contrôle psychologique manifeste (c.-à-d., coercitif) et dissimulé (c.-à-d., la surprotection) augmentent le risque, pour les enfants, de suivre une trajectoire d'anxiété élevée. Une interaction entre la dépression maternelle et le contrôle dissimulé a été trouvée, ce qui indique que la surprotection augmente l'anxiété des enfants seulement lorsque la dépression maternelle est élevée. Enfin, le contrôle dissimulé prédit également l'anxiété telle que rapportée par les enseignants de deuxième année. Le deuxième article est une étude observationnelle qui examine comment l'autorégulation (AR) des bambins est liée au développement précoce des symptômes intériorisés, tout en explorant comment les pratiques disciplinaires parentales (contrôle et soutien de l'autonomie) y sont associées. Les pratiques parentales ont été codifiées lors d'une requête de rangement à 2 ans (contexte "Do", N = 102), tandis que l'AR des bambins a été codifiée à la fois durant la tâche de rangement ("Do") et durant une tâche d'interdiction (ne pas toucher à des jouets attrayants; contexte «Don't » ), à 2 ans puis à 3 ans. Les symptômes d'anxiété / dépression des enfants ont été évalués par leurs parents à 4,5 ans. Les résultats ont révélé que l'AR aux interdictions à 3 ans diminue la probabilité des enfants à manifester des taux élevés de symptômes d'anxiété / dépression. Les analyses ont aussi révélé que le parentage soutenant l'autonomie était lié à l'AR des enfants aux requêtes, un an plus tard. En revanche, le contrôle psychologique manifeste et dissimulé ont eu des effets délétères sur l'AR. Enfin, seul le contrôle dissimulé a augmenté les probabilités de présenter des niveaux plus élevés de problèmes intériorisés et ce, au-delà de l’effet protecteur de l'AR des bambins. Des résultats mitigés sont issus de cette thèse concernant les effets respectifs des deux formes de contrôle sur les problèmes intériorisés, dépendamment de l'informateur (mère c. enseignant) et de la méthodologie (questionnaires c. données observationnelles). Toutefois, le contrôle psychologique dissimulé était lié à ce problème affectif dans les deux études. Enfin, le soutien à l'autonomie s’est révélé être un facteur de protection potentiel et mériterait d'être étudié davantage. / Parental psychological control is a well known risk factor for children’s internalizing problems (e.g., Affrunti & Ginsburg, 2012; McLeod, Wood & Weisz, 2007). According to self-determination theory, psychological control leads to internalizing problems (Ryan, Deci, Grolnick, & La Guardia, 2006) because it thwarts the basic need for autonomy. Indeed, receiving pressure to think, behave and feel in particular ways (Ryan, 1982) is thought to foster a too rigid and overcontrolled regulation (Ryan et al., 2006). Following Soenens and Vansteenkiste (2010), the conceptual distinction between overt (e.g., threats, physical force) and covert (e.g., overprotection, bribes) forms of psychological control was used when assessing parenting style (Study 1) and disciplinary practices (Study 2). Parental psychological control and autonomy support (Study 2) were measured during toddlerhood as (a) internalizing problems emerge early, (b) the budding sense of autonomy and agency is central during this period, perhaps (c) “pulling for” parental control. With its two articles, the present thesis aims to clarify how overt and covert psychological control relate to the early development of internalizing problems. Study 1 is a population study examining the relative impact of parenting style onto child anxiety developmental trajectories (N = 2120 children; 2.5- to 8-years-old) along a host of putative child, mother, and family risk factors measured in toddlerhood. Results revealed that in addition to child shyness, maternal depression and family dysfunction, both overt (i.e., coercive) and covert (i.e., overprotection) parenting increase the risk for higher child anxiety. An interaction between maternal depression and covert control was found, indicating that overprotection only increases child anxiety when maternal depression is high. Finally, maternal covert control also predicted second grade teacher reports of children’s anxiety. Study 2 is an observational study investigating how toddlers’ self-regulation (SR) relates to later internalizing symptoms, while also exploring how parental disciplinary practices (controlling and autonomy-supportive) relate to these child outcomes. Parental practices were coded during a clean-up request task at 2 years of age (“Do” context; N = 102), while toddlers’ self-regulation was coded in both a clean-up (“Do”) and an attractive toys prohibition (“Don’t”) contexts, at age 2 and 3. Their anxious/depressed symptoms were rated by parents at 4.5-years-old. Results revealed that SR to prohibitions at 3-years-old decreased the odds of children showing high levels of anxious/depressed symptoms. Analyses also revealed that autonomy-supportive parenting was positively related to child SR to requests one year later. In contrast, overt and covert controlling parenting had detrimental effects on SR. Finally, only covert control increased the odds of showing higher levels of internalizing problems, above the protective effects of toddlers’ SR skills. There were somewhat mixed results in this thesis for the respective effects of both forms of control onto internalizing problems, depending on informant (mother vs. teacher) and methodology (questionnaires vs. observational data). However, covert psychological control was related to this affective problem across both studies. Coding autonomy support revealed that it may be an indirect, protective factor that merits further investigation.

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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lärare i skolämnet idrott och hälsa arbetar med elevernas delaktighet och involvering i planering samt genomförande av undervisningsinnehåll och se om det har någon påverkan på elevernas motivation. Även hur lärarna beskriver begreppen delaktighet och involvering.  Det genomfördes sex individuella semistrukturerade djupintervjuer på idrottslärare på sex olika gymnasieskolor i Värmlands län och Stockholms län. Datainsamlingen transkriberades och analyserades genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Resultatet visade generellt ett likt tillvägagångsätt hos idrottslärarnas arbete med elevers delaktighet och involvering i planering och genomförande av undervisningsinnehåll. Det kan bero på att deras tolkning av begreppen delaktighet och involvering var lika varandras. Det som påverkade för hur idrottslärarna gav eleverna möjlighet för att vara delaktiga och involverade i undervisningsinnehåll var främst vilken elevgrupp som undervisades. / The purpose of this studie is to investigate how physical education teachers’ work with students’ participation and involvement in planning and implementation of teaching school physical education content and if it has some impact on students’ motivation. Also to investigate how teachers describes the concepts of participation and involvement. Six individual semi-structured depth interviews were conducted with physical education teachers at six different high schools in Värmlands län and Stockholms län. The data collection was transcribed and analyzed using a qualitative research method. The results generally showed a similar approach in the physical education teachers’ work with students’ participation and involvement in the planning and implementation of teaching content. This may be because their interpretation of the concepts of participation and involvement was like each other. What influenced how physical education teachers gave the students’ opportunity to be involved in teaching content was mainly which group of students’ that was taught.

Anyone who understands MI as a process may spontaneously think that five weeks of MI conversations may be a little short of time to be able to see a clear effect. At least that was my spontaneous thought. This was precisely the starting point of the study, which further led to the purpose of the study, i.e. to evaluate MI as a conversation method and see how effective the method is over a five-week period in a health and lifestyle-related behavior change. The aim is further specified by two questions: How has the health-related behavior changed during five weeks of MI-sessions based on the transtheoretical model? How has motivation changed over five weeks of MI-sessions? In order to answer the purpose and questions, MI- sessions with four female clients have been conducted over five weeks. In order to measure the effect of the MI-sessions, the clients during their first and last call answered scale questions intended to measure the client's motivation. In addition, each conversation has been documented in writing by me as conversation leader, where the most essential parts of the conversation have been noted to make it possible to follow the client's development in the transtheoretical model. The result showed that MI contributed to a strengthened intrinsic motivation as well as progress in the transtheoretical model as a result of a five-week period of MI-sessions. Through the study, it can be concluded that five weeks of MI-sessions are enough to strengthen the inner motivation and develop in the transtheoretical model. / Den som är införstådd i MI som process kanske spontant tänker att fem veckor av MI-samtal kan vara lite kort om tid för att kunna se en klar effekt. Det var åtminstone min spontana tanke. Just detta blev studiens utgångpunkt som vidare ledde fram till syftet med studien d.v.s. att utvärdera MI som samtalsmetod och se hur effektiv metoden är under en femveckorsperiod vid en hälso- och livsstilsrelaterad beteendeförändring. Syftet specificeras vidare av två frågeställningar: Hur har det hälsorelaterade beteendet förändrats under fem veckor av MI- samtal utifrån den transteoretiska modellen? Hur har motivationen förändrats under fem veckor av MI-samtal? För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna har MI-samtal med fyra kvinnliga klienter genomförts under fem veckor. För att mäta effekten av MI-samtalen har klienterna under sitt första och sista samtal besvarat skalfrågor som avser mäta klientens motivation. Dessutom har varje samtal dokumenterats i skrift av mig som samtalsledare där samtalets mest väsentliga delar noterats för att göra det möjligt att följa klientens utveckling i den transteoretiska modellen. Resultatet visade att MI bidrog till en stärkt inre motivation samt framsteg i den transteoretiska modellen till följd av en femveckorsperiod av MI-samtal. Genom studien kan man dra slutsatsen att fem veckor av MI-samtal räcker gott för att stärka den inre motivationen samt utvecklas i den transteoretiska modellen.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur lärare i årskurs F-3 arbetar med att främja elevernas motivation till läsning. Studien utgår från Självbestämmandeteorin, som är en motivationsteori och som utgjorde studiens teoretiska ramverk. Självbestämmandeteorin grundar sig i tre grundläggande psykologiska behov, autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet. För att en individ ska uppnå en känsla av motivation, enligt Självbestämmandeteorin, behöver dessa tre behov vara tillgodosedda, därav blev dessa behov utgångspunkt i vår analys. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom en kvalitativ metod där 12 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med verksamma lärare i årskurs F-3. Intervjuerna bearbetades genom transkriberingar samt en tabell för att slutligen analyseras utifrån analysbegreppen. Studien visar att lärare använder sig av olika strategier på olika sätt för att motivera eleverna till läsning. Lärarnas resonemang kring hur de arbetade med olika strategier visade sig också gynna olika behov på olika sätt och gav oss således svar på våra frågeställningar. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how teachers in grades F-3 motivate their students to read. In our work, we relied on Self Determination Theory, which is a motivational theory and served as our theoretical framework. The Self Determination Theory is based on three fundamental psychological needs - autonomy, competence, and relatedness. According to the theory, in order for an individual to achieve a sense of motivation, these three needs must be fulfilled. Therefore, these needs served as the starting point for our analysis. The empirical data was collected through a qualitative method where 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with active teachers in grades F-3. The interviews were processed through transcriptions and a table to finally be analyzed based on the analytical concepts. Our study resulted in the finding that teachers utilize different strategies in different ways to motivate students to read. The teachers' reasoning regarding how they worked with different strategies also revealed that they benefited different needs in different ways, thus providing answers to our research questions.

As the building and construction industry contributes considerably to global warming there isa need to increase sustainable building, especially in developing countries where the conceptis often overlooked. Even though there is a need to implement more sustainable alternatives,research shows that it comes with many challenges. The aim for this study is therefore toanalyze the barriers and motivational drivers when implementing sustainable building inGhana. Chan et al. (2018) have previously conducted a categorization of the barriers forsustainable building through a quantitative study. This categorization was used as a guidingtool in this qualitative study, which was done through a Minor Field Study (MFS). Hence,eleven interviews with green champions were held on-site in Ghana. Further, to understand themotivation of the interviewees better, self-determination theory (SDT) was used to analyze thedata. The theory divides motivation into two different levels, extrinsic and intrinsic. The formeris a more controlled form of motivation, while the latter is more autonomous. The findingsshow that the most critical barriers were lack of professional knowledge and expertise, lack ofawareness of sustainable building and its benefits, together with higher costs. Despite thesebarriers, the green champions are still highly motivated. While intrinsic motivation is dominantamongst the green champions interviewed for this study, there is still a level of extrinsicmotivation at play. When comparing the barriers to the motivational factors one suggestion isfor the private and public sector to invest in demonstration projects. This would fulfill the greenchampions’ motivation to create their own identity for African architecture combined with anincreased awareness for sustainable building. This paper contributes with a unique andcomprehensive look at sustainable building in Ghana. Additionally, the study's theoreticalframework is not often used in the field of construction management, making this a valuablecontribution as the paper can be beneficial to leaders or managers in the construction industry. / Bygg- och anläggningsindustrin bidrar avsevärt till den globala uppvärmningen vilket harskapat ett behov av att öka hållbart byggande, särskilt i låg- eller medelinkomstländer därkonceptet ofta förbises. Även om det finns ett behov av att implementera mer hållbara alternativvisar forskning att det kommer med många utmaningar. Syftet med denna studie är därför attanalysera barriärerna och drivkrafterna vid implementering av hållbart byggande i Ghana.Chan et al. (2018) har tidigare kategoriserat barriärerna för hållbart byggande genom enkvantitativ studie. Kategorisering har använts som ett vägledande ramverk i denna kvalitativastudie, som gjordes genom en fältstudie. Elva intervjuer genomfördes med aktörer definieradesom “green champions” på plats i Ghana. För att bättre förstå motivationen hos de intervjuade,applicerades självbestämmandeteorin (SBT) vid analysering av data. Teorin delar in motivationi två olika nivåer, extern och intern. Extern motivation är en mer kontrollerad form avmotivation, medan intern är mer autonom. Resultatet visar att de mest kritiska barriärerna ärbrist på professionell kunskap och expertis, bristande medvetenhet om hållbart byggande ochdess fördelar, samt högre kostnader. Trots dessa hinder är de intervjuade aktörerna motiverade.Även om intern motivation är dominerande bland de intervjuade, finns en nivå av externmotivation. Efter jämförelse mellan barriärerna och motivationsfaktorerna är ett förslag att denprivata och offentliga sektorn investerar i demonstrationsprojekt. Detta skulle uppfyllaaktörernas motivation att skapa sin egen identitet för afrikansk arkitektur kombinerat med enökad medvetenhet om hållbart byggande. Den här studien bidrar med ett unikt och heltäckandeperspektiv på hållbart byggande i Ghana. Dessutom är det unikt att använda studiens teoretiskaramverk inom området byggprojektledning, vilket gör detta till ett värdefullt bidrag eftersomuppsatsen kan vara till nytta för ledare eller chefer inom byggbranschen.