För att företag ska kunna attrahera men också bevara kompetenta medarbetare, krävs det att de har något att erbjuda sin anställda. Detta ställer krav på en medvetenhet kring de preferenser anställda besitter, både sett till deras behov och motivation. Just nu är det arbetstagarens marknad som råder och företag har i utmaning att attrahera kompetentpersonal till organisationer. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka, genomekonomistudenters preferenser, vad som motiverar dem till en arbetsplats samt vad de tror skulle få dem att stanna på en arbetsplats. Även studenternas behov kartläggs och ger en förståelse för arbetsgivarens ansvar för arbetstagares jobbsituation. Resultatet av vår studie är ämnat att hjälpa arbetsgivare i näringslivet att attrahera samt bevara kompetent personal eftersom de genom vår studie vet vad som motiverar studenterna samt vad deras behov på enarbetsplats är. Då syftet med uppsatsen fokuserar på berättelser och förståelse av individers upplevelser gjordes en kvalitativ studie med en deduktiv forskningsansats. Resultatet presenteras eftersemistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter av tio ekonomistudenter från generation Y och analyseras sedan med hjälp av teoretisk bakgrund. Teorierna som används för att tolka vårt resultat var Self-determination theory (SDT), Maslow behovshierarki och Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori för att undersöka ekonomistudenters motivation och behov i relation till arbetsplatser. Studien mynnar ut i att utvecklingsmöjligheter och trivsel på arbetsplatsen var det viktigaste för samtligarespondenter, men att det samtidigt fanns en spridning av attribut som individerna föredrog. Vi kunde bland annat se att de manliga studenterna var mer materialistiska än de kvinnliga studenterna. Resultatet av studien kan ge en förståelse av vad våra respondenter föredrar vid val av eller att stanna på en arbetsplats, vilket företag kan ta till sig samt ta hänsyn till och förhoppningsvis utvecklas och förbättras tack vare sin kompetenta personal. / In order for companies to be able to attract but also retain competent employees, they must have something to offer their employees. This calls for an awareness of the preferences that employees possess, both in terms of their needs and motivation. Nowadays it is the employee’s labor market and companies are challenged to attract competent staff to their organizations. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine, through economics students ‘preferences, what motivates them to start working and what they think would make them stay at a workplace. This study will also chart the needs of the students to create a comprehension for the employer’s responsibility to its employees’ work situation. The result of this study aims to help employers in the industry to attract and also keep competent staff since they, thanks to our study, will be aware of what motivates the economics students and what their needs at a workplace are. Since the purpose of this thesis is focusing on stories and understanding we have made a qualitative study with a deductive research approach. The result will be presented through semi structured interviews with ten economics students from generation Y who are studying at University of Borås. The result will later on be interpreted using our theoretical background. The theories that are used to interpret our results are Self-determination Theory (SDT),Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory to examine economics students’ motivation and needs in relation to a workplace. The study concludes that development and comfort in the workplace was the most important for all of the respondents, but there was also a spread of the attributes of what the different individuals prefered. For instance we could see that the male students were more into materialistic attributes than the female students. The result of this study can give organizations an understanding of what economics students prefer when applying for a job and to stay at a workplace, and by that they can then assimilate the results which hopefully can help them develop and improve thanks to their competent coworkers. This thesis will be given in Swedish.

Denna kvantitativa studie har syfte att undersöka sambandet mellan individers upplevda arbetsmotivation och dess personlighetsdrag. Ökad kunskap inom området har visat sig möjliggöra förbättringar inom personalarbete, däribland ledning och rekrytering. Studiens syfte mynnade ut i tre hypoteser, varav en berörde samband mellan extern arbetsmotivation och personlighetsdraget neuroticism och en intern arbetsmotivation och personlighetsdragen extraversion, samvetsgrannhet och öppenhet. Den tredje hypotesen undersökte åldersskillnader i motivationsfaktorer vid arbete – där ett antagande fanns att skattning korrelerande med intern arbetsmotivation skulle ses bland deltagare med högre ålder. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning användes som metod i vilken två sedan innan validerade mätinstrument utgjorde den huvudsakliga delen av undersökningen. Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS) användes för att undersöka upplevd arbetsmotivation och Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) för att undersöka personlighetsdrag bland deltagarna. Resultatet analyserades med Spearman’s korrelationsanalys varpå ett antal korrelationer kunde ses. Studiens resultat kunde bekräfta två av hypoteserna – där ett samband dels kunde ses mellan intern arbetsmotivation och personlighetsdragen extraversion tillika öppenhet. Ett samband kunde även ses mellan ålderskategorierna och arbetsmotivationsfaktorerna, vilket visade på att deltagare med högre ålder i större utsträckning motiverades av interna arbetsmotivationsfaktorer i jämförelse med externa arbetsmotivationsfaktorer tillika amotivation. Sammanfattningsvis kunde studiens resultat visa på upplevd arbetsmotivation och dess korrelation med personlighetsdrag tillika ålder. / This quantitative study aims to investigate the correlation between individuals' perceived work motivation and its personality traits. Increased knowledge in this field has been shown to enable improvements in personnel work, including management and recruitment. The purpose of the study led to three hypotheses, one of which concerned the relationship between external work motivation and the personality trait neuroticism and one of which concerned internal work motivation and the personality traits extraversion, conscientiousness and openness. The third hypothesis examined age differences in motivational factors at work – where an assumption was made that internal work motivation would be seen among participants with older age. A quantitative questionnaire survey was used as the method in which two previously validated measuring instruments formed the main part of the survey. The Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS) was used to examine perceived work motivation and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) to examine personality traits among participants. The result was analyzed with Spearman's correlation analysis, whereupon a number of correlations could be seen. The results of the study were able to confirm two of the hypotheses – where a correlation could be seen between internal work motivation and the personality traits extraversion as well as openness. A correlation could also be seen between the age categories and the work motivation factors, which showed that participants with older age were motivated to a greater extent by internal work motivation in comparison to external work motivation as well as amotivation. In summary, the results of the study could show perceived work motivation and its correlation with personality traits as well as age.

Introduktion: Många människor i Sverige är medlemmar i idrottsföreningar och håller sig fysiskt aktiva genom att idrotta, i detta fall handlar studien om idrotten bordtennis. Många av idrottsföreningarna och idrottsorganisationerna använder sig av Facebook för att engagera sina medlemmar men frågan är om bordtennisspelares användning av bordtennispecifika Facebooksidor och grupper kan påverka deras motivation till att spela bordtennis? Syfte: Att undersöka om det fanns samband mellan att använda bordtennisrelaterade Facebooksidor/grupper och motivation till att idrotta. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätundersökning där programmet SPSS har använts som analysverktyg. Analysen har gjorts genom att jämföra medianer av allmän motivation och olika motivationstyper (inneboende integrerad, identifierad, introjicerad, extern och amotivation) i förhållande till frekvens att använda bordtennisrelaterade Facebooksidor och grupper (BFSG). Även korrelationsanalys har gjorts med de variablerna. Resultat: Resultatet visar att det inte finns något samband mellan allmän motivation och användning av BFSG. Däremot finns ett samband mellan att läsa på BFSG och integrerad motivation samt amotivation. Inget samband fanns mellan att skriva på BFSG och olika motivationstyper. Slutsats: Att använda Facebook och specifikt läsa på BFSG kan till viss del öka motivationen för att idrotta hos licensierade bordtennisspelare i Sverige. Detta kan vara bra för idrottsorganisationer och klubbar att dra nytta av genom att vara aktiva på Facebook och dela information och andra medier för att öka motivationen hos sina medlemmar. / Introduction: Many people in Sweden are members of sports associations and stay physically active by playing sports, this study is about table tennis. Many sport associations and organizations use Facebook to engage their members, but the question is if the use of table tennis-related Facebook pages and groups affects their motivation to play table tennis. Aim: To investigate whether there was a connection between using table tennis-related Facebook pages /groups and motivation to play. Method: A quantitative survey where SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. The analysis has been achieved by comparing medians of general motivation and different types of motivation (intrinsic, integrated, identified, introjected, external and amotivation) in relation to the frequency of using table tennis-related Facebook pages and groups (BFSG). Correlation analysis has also been performed with these variables. Results: The results show that there is no connecion between general motivation and the use of BFSG. However, there is a connection between reading in BFSG and integrated motivation and amotivation. There was no connection between writing on BFSG and different types of motivation. Conclusion: Using Facebook and specifically reading BFSG can increase the motivation to play among licensed table tennis players in Sweden. This can be good for sports organizations and clubs to take advantage of, i.e. by being active on Facebook and sharing information and other media can increase the motivation of the members.

Inledning: Motivation är en nyckelfaktor för att uppnå ett lyckat slutresultat i projekt. Motiverade medarbetare är viktiga inom alla arbetsplatser. Att ha motiverade projektteam är därför avgörande för driva projektet framåt. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera projektledares tillvägagångsätt för att upptäcka motivationsfaktorer och motivera projektteamet. Teori: Teoretiska utgångspunkter i studien är Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori (TF) och självbestämmandeteorin (SDT). Metod: Metoden som används i denna studie är en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats som är baserad på intervjuer som är kopplat till teorin för att uppnå resultat i studien. Intervjuer har gjorts med tio projektledare med erfarenhet från olika branscher. Intervjuerna har gjorts med hjälp av applikationer Teams och Zoom och varje intervju är på cirka 1 timme. Resultat och slutsats: Studien har visat att flera faktorer har påverkan på projektmedarbetarnas motivation. Resultat visar att en projektledare behöver individuellt arbeta med att uppfylla medarbetarnas interna och externa behov för att skapa en motiverad projektgrupp.

Boksamtal och kooperativt lärande är två lärandemetoder som enligt forskning har en positiv inverkan på elevers engagemang och motivation. Dock visar resultat från tidigare forskning att lärare har svårt att implementera dessa metoder i sin undervisning. Därför är syftet med studien att studera hur svensklärare uppfattar sin undervisningspraktik när de kombinerar boksamtal med kooperativt lärande, samt eventuella hinder och möjligheter som lärarna upplever med denna kombination. Till grund för resultatet ligger svar från intervjuer och loggböcker, där tre svensklärare som är verksamma i årskurs 4–6, fått reflektera kring boksamtal och kooperativt lärande. I studien har vi tagit fram färdiga lektionsupplägg som lärarna fått genomföra i klassrummet. Resultat från studien visar att boksamtal med hjälp av kooperativa strukturer inte endast ger lärare möjlighet att skapa mer variation på boksamtalen, utan också bidrar till ett större engagemang och ökat samarbete hos eleverna. Men för att en implementering ska lyckas behöver lärarna få stöttning genom utbildning och ha en egen vilja att använda dessa. Sammanfattningsvis visardet slutgiltiga resultatet av studien att lärarna upplever fler möjligheter än hinder med att kombinera dessa lärandemetoder. Samtliga lärare uppgav att kombinationen med boksamtal och kooperativt lärande är något de vill fortsätta med i sitt arbete med skönlitteratur.

Att läsa har en avgörande roll i barn och ungdomars utveckling, men läsmotivationen bland elever i Sverige har sjunkit de senaste åren. Sociala robotar har potential att väcka intresse för läsning, men forskningen är fortfarande i ett tidigt skede. Studien syftar till att utforska och stödja utformningen av designförslag för läsaktiviteter med den sociala roboten Bokbotten. Målet är att undersöka hur läsaktiviteter med Bokbotten kan stimulera mellanstadieelevers intresse och motivation för läsning. För att uppnå studiens syfte användes Design Research Methodology (DRM). DRM är en iterativ metod med tre faser som kombinerar forskning, design och utvärdering för att generera insikter och lösningar. I förståelsefasen analyserades videomaterial från tidigare prototyptestning för att identifiera effektiva och problematiska aspekter av interaktionen mellan elever och Bokbotten. I designfasen utvecklades designförslag baserat på dessa insikter och kvalitativ innehållsanalys av expertintervjuer. Slutligen utvärderades designförslagen av en expertgrupp för att identifiera svagheter, utmaningar och intressanta aspekter. Resultaten visar att Bokbotten har potential att skapa en trygg och engagerande lärmiljö som främjar läslust genom att stödja elevernas autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet. Baserat på de insikter som gavs av studien föreslås följande designriktlinjer: förstärkt autonomi, samarbete med lärare, konceptuellt lärande, samhörighet och inkludering och bidra till känsla av kompetens. / Reading plays a crucial role in the development of children and adolescents, yet reading motivation among students in Sweden has declined in recent years. Social robots have the potential to spark interest in reading, but the research is still in its early stages. This study aims to explore and develop design proposals for reading activities using the BookBot. The overall goal is to examine how reading activities with the BookBot can stimulate middle school students’ interest and motivation for reading. To achieve the study’s objective, the Design Research Methodology (DRM) was employed. DRM is an iterative method comprising three phases - Descriptive Study I, Prescriptive Study, and Descriptive Study II - that integrate research, design, and evaluation to generate insights and solutions. In Descriptive Study I, recorded material from previous prototype testing was analyzed to identify effective and problematic aspects of the interaction between students and the BookBot. In Prescriptive Study, design proposals were developed based on the insights from Descriptive Study I and qualitative content analysis of expert interviews. Finally, the design proposals were evaluated by an expert group to identify weaknesses, challenges, and interesting aspects. The results indicate that the Bookbot has the potential to create a safe and engaging learning environment that fosters motivation for reading. This effect is achieved by supporting three key student needs identified in Self-Determination Theory: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Based on the insights provided by the study, the following design guidelines are proposed: enhanced autonomy, collaboration with teachers, conceptual learning, relatedness and inclusion, and fostering a sense of competence.

Doctor of Philosophy / School of Family Studies and Human Services / Joyce Baptist / Sexual violence is pervasive in the lives of women across the globe. Survivors commonly experience a range of mental health conditions following sexual trauma, rendering the development and examination of effective treatments to be critical. Preliminary research supports the use of adjunct exercise interventions for the treatment of trauma. In order to explore the impact of exercise interventions for the treatment of sexual violence, specifically, it is necessary to first come to understand survivors’ experiences of exercise. To better understand the experience of exercise among women survivors of sexual violence, a phenomenological study, informed by a feminist perspective, was conducted with survivors of sexual violence receiving services at a rape crisis center. Data analysis uncovered four themes that capture the survivors’ experience: exercising (and avoiding exercising) fosters safety, exercising is risky, past trauma restricts exercise choices, and exercising is beneficial. Survivors’ choices related to exercise were found to be conscious and deliberate and were impacted by their stage of recovery. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

During the past decades, CEO and board compensation has increased substantially. Top management compensation and firm performance has been an extensively researched subject, and a large amount of previous studies have examined the relation of top management pay and firm performance. However, the findings and discussions have been contradictory and inconsistent. The purpose of this thesis is to examine if there is a relationship between the top management variable compensation and firm performance. We aim to explore this subject in further depth by focusing on the Swedish context and by studying if contextual issues, in terms of different industries, have an impact on this relation. In order to examine this relation multiple regression analysis were performed. The empirical evidence displays that on a general level, incentive systems of the top management have no significant effect on firm performance. We also conclude that the relation of variable pay and performance is contingent on industry. We therefore argue that the context in which the firm operates has an impact on the investigated relation in this thesis. Furthermore, the Swedish context and the Swedish governance model can be considered as one of the main explanations of the attained result.

School science and mathematics have been criticized for being difficult, de-contextualised and teacher-centred. This thesis concerns student motivation in science and mathematics in secondary school, and in particular student motivation in relation to student-teacher-scientist partnerships (STSPs) and an authentic science task called the Medicine Hunt where students help scientists to find new antibiotics. The purpose of this dissertation is to interrogate the importance of authentic tasks for motivation in the science classroom. The thesis takes a starting point in motivation theories, with self-determination theory (SDT) in focus, and also builds on the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (HMIEM). A mixed-methods approach is used first, to find out what factors are important for students’ positive emotions and experiences in the classroom, and second, to learn more about the importance of authentic tasks using student interviews and observations in combination with questionnaires that evaluate students’ motivation. The studies reveal that the notion of having learnt something and intrinsic motivation are central for students’ positive emotions. Further, many situational factors, such as teacher support, autonomy, clear goals, and novelty of the task are central for both positive emotions and experiences in science and mathematics. Regarding the Medicine Hunt, students were positive and referred most of their positive experiences to science-related aspects, and the novelty of authentic science. Teachers gave different opportunities for competence, autonomy or relatedness when implementing the project in their classrooms, and these differences were more important for students’ initiatives and outcomes than students’ initial contextual motivation for school science. Students’ contextual motivation for science can change and the Medicine Hunt arrested the well-documented decline in students’ intrinsic motivation for science during the secondary school years. This thesis argues that authentic tasks implemented as STSPs such as the Medicine Hunt can contribute considerably to school science by providing motivating situations that channel students’ positive emotions and positive experiences, and that is possible to create authentic science learning situations in which both more and less motivated students can flourish. The findings highlight the teachers’ role in supporting the students’ process of extending their understanding of what science can include and in supporting students’ confidence as they adopt a broader and more authentic view of science when learning as part of a successful authentic STSP science project. The findings also suggest that more research focussing on motivation in different authentic situations, and how students’ experiences of authentic science can affect motivation in the longer term, is needed. / Lärandesituationens påverkan på elevers affektiva upplevelser och lärande

Coaches play a central role in shaping the sport environment for young athletes. This thesis is focused on the leadership process in sports and how coaches’ autonomy-supportive and controlling interpersonal styles longitudinally are related to young athletes’ motivation and ill- and well-being. The aim is also to examine psychometric multidimensionality in measures of coaches’ need-supportive and controlling interpersonal styles. Questionnaire data from young athletes were used in the empirical studies. In Study 1, we examined an adaptive motivational process (i.e., longitudinal associations between autonomy support, need satisfaction, self-determined motivation, and well-being). The results showed that within-person changes in perceived autonomy support, need satisfaction, self-determined motivation, and well-being were all positively correlated. Higher self-determined motivation and well-being early in the season longitudinally predicted higher levels of perceived autonomy support from the coach. Higher self-determined motivation was also a positive predictor of within-person changes in perceived autonomy support and well-being over the season. In Study 2, we examined a maladaptive motivational process (i.e., longitudinal associations between coaches’ controlling behaviors, controlled motivation, and ill-being). The findings demonstrated that athletes who perceived their coach as more controlling reported higher controlled motivation at the end of the season and that higher controlled motivation early in the season predicted higher ill-being at the end of the season. Controlled motivation was also a positive predictor of athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ controlling behaviors at the within-person level. Study 1 and 2 suggest that individual factors (e.g., motivation and well-being) seemed to function as important determinants of how athletes perceived their coach and future research should explore the underlying mechanisms through which these processes occur. In Study 3, we examined psychometric multidimensionality in measures of athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ need-supportive (Interpersonal Supportiveness Scale-Coach [ISS-C]) and controlling (Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale [CCBS]) interpersonal styles. The analyses indicated that the ISS-C is not multidimensional; it appears to comprise a single factor. Three of the four subscales of the CCBS appear to share a common core, whereas the fourth subscale (i.e., controlling use of rewards) seems to represent a slightly different aspect of a controlling interpersonal style. These results bring into question the multidimensionality in measures of athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ interpersonal styles. Neither measure displayed a coherent multidimensional pattern, indicating a need for better alignment between theory and measurement.