AbstractEngelska översättning.  The aim of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how a designed teaching can give children a greater understanding of technical systems, sewage system. The study is inspired by the Lesson Study method. Lesson study is a teaching arrangement done in cycles. In this study, two teachings are conducted, about the sewage system, with two different groups of children and with a certain variation in the arrangements. The results show that the children have gained an understanding of the connections between the parts and components that the technical system, sewage system, is constructed of. The data collection was carried out through observation and filming at both teaching sessions. The material was then transcribed and analyzed through a thematic analysis method. The flexibility of the analysis method provided opportunities to respond to the study's purpose and questions. The analysis resulted in three themes: relationships between components of the system, the role of humans in the system, the components of the system. The study's conclusion shows that preschool teachers offer several activities with relevant construction materials that can clarify abstract learning objects in order to reach children’s learning. At the same time, more research is needed on how children learn and create an understanding of technical systems, how they can perceive the connections between the components that exist and constitute a technical system. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur en designad undervisningkan erbjuda barn ökad förståelse för tekniska system, avloppssystem. Studienär inspirerad av metoden lesson study. Lesson study är ettundervisningsupplägg som görs i cykler. I denna studie genomförs tvåundervisningar, om avloppssystemet, med två olika barngrupper och med enviss variation i uppläggen. Resultatet visar att barnen fått förståelse försambanden mellan de delar och komponenter som det tekniska systemet,avloppssystem, är konstruerade av. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genomobservation och filmning vid båda undervisningstillfällena. Däreftertranskriberades och analyserades materialet genom en tematisk analysmetod.Analysmetodens flexibilitet gav möjligheter att svara gentemot studiens syfteoch frågeställningar. Analysen resulterade i tre teman: Samband mellankomponenter i systemet, Människans roll i systemet, Systemets komponenter.Studiens slutsats påvisar att förskollärare som erbjuder flera aktiviteter medrelevant konstruktionsmaterial som kan tydliggöra abstrakta lärandeobjekt föratt nå barns lärande. Det krävs mer forskning om hur barn lär och skaparförståelse för tekniska system, hur de kan uppfatta sambanden mellan dekomponenter som finns och utgör ett tekniskt system.

Grey water is sewage water from bath, bathtub, sinks, washing machines and washers. This water can be cleaned to white water usefull for irrigation, flashing toilets, cleaning cars and for cleaning. This master´s thesis deals with management of water and their possibilities. First part contains description about possibilities of saving drinking water and their the most effective saving. Next part consists study of technological link for grey water cleaning and calculation of saving water with rate of return.

This study assesses the phenomenon of additional water intruding into sewage sys-tems in different areas of Sweden. Additional water means in this case the non-foul water that can originate from storm water runoff, which is either supposed to be con-veyed into the pipe system or intrudes it by wrongly connected drains. It can also re-sult from in-seepage of groundwater due to imperfections of the pipe system itself. It is intended to analyze how different features of the areas have an impact on the extent of this phenomenon. Further, an estimation of the conditions in future scenarios will be obtained. This includes an indication about the potential risk of a sewage system overflow, the expected volume of inflow at treatment plants and thus about the sys-tem´s suitability for the future. Numerical, hydrological compartment models for 19 cities in Sweden were set-up. The used parameters were obtained from previous studies by the Swedish Environ-mental Protection Agency. In these models present and future climate data were ap-plied. For future scenarios three different climate change projections were used which contain bias corrected climate data timeseries for each study area. The climate change scenarios were supposed to represent an "optimistic", "average" and "pessimistic" outlook. By assessing the outputs of the climate models, it was concluded that signifi-cant differences can occur, depending on exact geographical location and chosen cli-mate models. A sensitivity analysis was conducted of how geology, climate and status of the pipe system have an impact on the extent of additional water flows. It revealed that the status of the sewage system has by far the biggest impact. Finally a discharge analysis showed a potential outlook of future development of additional water flows for the chosen study sites, yielding highest increase for the sewage systems of Kiruna, Karlskoga and Sundsvall.

Att industrier påverkar klimatet negativt var känt, men för att få veta hur klimatförändringarna fram till år 2050 kunde påverka massa- och pappersbruket BillerudKorsnäs i Karlsborg krävdes en riskinventering. Syftet var att ta reda på hur förändrad havsnivå, förändrade vindförhållande, förändrad temperatur och förändrad nederbördsmängd kunde påverka bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet på området. Av de fyra klimatscenarier som forskare tagit fram användes två av dessa, RCP 4,5 scenario och RCP 8,5 scenario för att jämföras med ett normalvärde. Genom en platsspecifik undersökning kunde riskerna listas och jämföras med den scenariodata som SMHI redovisade för samtliga klimatförändringar. Resultatet av riskinventeringen visade att en förändring i havsnivån hade flest risker kopplade till bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet. För att anpassa sig efter klimatförändringarna behövde BillerudKorsnäs i Karlsborg beakta och i framtiden bygga om vissa delar av bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet. / It is known that industries negatively affect the climate and contribute to climate change, but to find out how climate change till year 2050 could affect the pulp and paper mill BillerudKorsnäs in Karlsborg, a risk inventory was required. The purpose was to find out how changes in sea level, changes in wind conditions, changes in temperature and changes in precipitation could affect the aerated lagoons and the sewage system at the site. Out of the four climate scenarios developed by researchers, two scenarios i.e., RCP 4,5 scenario and RCP 8,5 scenario were used in a comparison to normal conditions. Throug a site-specific study, the risks could be listed and compared with the scenario data SMHI reported for all climate changes. The results of the risk inventory illustrate that changes in sea level poses most risk to the aerated lagoons and the sewage system. In order to adapt to climate change, BillerudKorsnäs in Karlsborg needed to consider and rebuild certain parts of the aerated lagoons and the sewage system in the future.

Utanför Uppsalas stadskärna planeras det att bygga en ny stadsdel till år 2050, kallad Sydöstra staden. Uppsala kommun vill vara i framkant gällande hållbar stadsplanering och är därför intresserade av att utreda möjligheter till att tillvarata resurser i avloppsvattnet, som ett alternativ till konventionell rening. I dagsläget står hanteringen av avloppsvatten inför nya typer av utmaningar som rör utsläpp av växthusgaser, bristande resursåtervinning och energieffektivitet samtidigt som kraven på rening ökar. Ett tillvägagångssätt som skulle kunna möjliggöra hantering av dessa utmaningar är genom implementering av källsorterande system. Ett källsorterande avloppssystem separerar vattenfraktionerna för enskild behandling, vilket möjliggör att resurser så som energi och näringsämnen kan återvinnas. Syftet med arbetet var att kartlägga drivkrafter och utifrån dessa identifiera systemlösningar för källsorterat avloppsavfall i Sydöstra staden i Uppsala. Genom studie gällande drivkrafter samt efterföljande workshop med en referensgrupp från Uppsala Vatten kunde möjliga drivkrafter för Uppsala identifieras: Vattenbesparing, Uppfyllande av höga reningskrav, Resurseffektivitet vad gäller energi och näring, Kunskapsgivande samt Klimatneutralitet. Identifiering av drivkrafter resulterade i litteraturstudie för att identifiera anläggningar med liknande drivkrafter som referensgruppen. Studien visade att drivkrafter likt de ovan nämnda resulterade i teknik såsom membranbioreaktor för rötning av källsorterat avloppsavfall. Därefter, genomfördes intervjuer med personer som varit/är delaktiga i pilotprojekt i Sverige för att specifiera vad som krävs för ett genomförande. I nuläget har det visat sig vara svårt att kräva implementering av ett källsorterande system med huvudsyfte att återföra produkter, då kretsloppsaspekten inte har varit ett tillräckligt juridisk motiv för genomförande. I Helsingborg underlättades genomförandet av en hög ambitionsnivå samt en tydlig målbild från kommunen. Slutsats från arbetet är att systemlösningen som bäst lämpar sig för de identifierade drivkrafterna inkluderar rötning av källsorterat avfall i membranbioreaktor (AnMBR), samt urinsortering med efterföljande torkning. Beräkningar gällande en potentiell implementering resulterade i att pilotanläggningen i Sydöstra staden ska dimensioneras för 900 personer. Gällande systemet för behandling av urin, resulterade den dagliga urinproduktionen i att torkningsbädden bör ha en area motsvarande 30 m2 alternativt 23 m2 (beroende på torkningshastighet). För behandling av fekalier, fastställdes mått på membranreaktorn till radien 5 meter och höjden 11 meter, med volymen spolvatten som huvudsaklig orsak till den stora volymen. / Outside the city center of Uppsala, a new district called ”the Southeastern city” will be built by 2050. Uppsala municipality wants to be at the forefront of sustainable planning and is therefore interested in investigating opportunities to utilize resources found in wastewater, as an alternative to conventional treatment of wastewater. Wastewater management is facing new types of problems related to greenhouse gas emissions, resource recycling and energy efficiency. One approach that enables management of these challenges is through the implementation of source separation sewer systems, that separates the household wastewater into different fractions. This enables resources such as energy and nutrients to be recycled. The purpose of the work was to identify drivers and from these drivers identify a solution for source separated sewage fractions in the southeastern city of Uppsala. Through a literature study followed by a workshop with Uppsala Vatten, possible drivers for Uppsala were determined to be Water Saving, Fulfillment of purification requirements, Resource efficiency regarding energy and nutrition, Obtaining knowledge and Climate neutrality. The determination of possible drivers resulted in further literature study, to identify facilities with similar drivers as Uppsala. The study showed that drivers as the ones identified for Uppsala have resulted in technology such as membrane bioreactor for digestion of source separated wastewater. Interviews were also conducted with people who have been or are involved in pilot projects in Sweden to specify what is required for implementation of a source separation system. It is currently difficult to require the implementation of such system with the main argument of recycling products, as the recycle aspect has not been a motive enough juridically for implementation. In Helsingborg, the ambition and a clear vision from the municipality was crucial for the implementation. In conclusion, the system best suited to the identified drivers include anaerobic digestion of source separated waste water in membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), as well as urine dehydration. Calculations were performed regarding a potential implementation resulted in that the treatment plant should treat wastewater from 900 people. For the treatment of urine, the daily urine production resulted in an area of the drying bed of 30 m2 or 23 m2 for varying drying rates. For treatment of faeces, dimensions of the membrane reactor were determined to radius 5 meters and 11 meters height, where the volume of flush water was the main reason for the large reactor.

När fler människor flyttar ut till sina fritidshus och bor där hela året om bildas så kallade omvandlingsområden där användningen av vatten och avlopp förändras. Detta leder ofta till högre vattenanvändning och kraven på avloppssystemen ökar därmed. Det finns tre huvudtyper av lösningar som vanligtvis används för att möta kravet på bättre avloppssystem i omvandlingsområden: enskilda lösningar på varje fastighet, en samfälld lösning eller en lösning i kommunal regi. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera kostnader för VA-system i omvandlingsområden i Sverige. Fem olika områden studerades med avseende på beräknade kostnader jämfört med det verkliga utfallet. Beräkningar gjordes på totala investeringskostnader, kostnad per fastighet såväl som kapitalkostnad och drift- och underhållskostnad. Jämförelser gjordes också med andra lösningar som var aktuella innan området byggde ut den valda VA-lösningen. Arbetet berörde även metodiken för hur kommuner väljer VA-system i omvandlingsområden. Det var billigare för en samfällighetsförening, 1 000 kr/m, att gräva ledningar än för en kommun, 4 400 - 5 900 kr/m. Grundare ledningsgravar var en av orsakerna till detta. En annan slutsats var att befintlig infrastruktur från tidigare VA-system kan göra samma typ av VA-system billigare om delar av det befintliga fortfarande är i gott skick. Driftkostnaden för enskilda system beror mycket på hur många personer som nyttjar systemet och under hur stor del av året. Vid samtal med kommuner framkom det att valet av VA-system i omvandlingsområden i regel inte föregås av en jämförelse mellan olika VA-system. Istället är det oftast en överföringsledning till ett befintligt kommunalt nät som väljs. / More and more people choose to live permanently in houses built as vacation houses, thereby creating transition areas. The increased occupancy in the houses tends to lead to larger water usage and often demands improved wastewater systems. There are three main ways in which this demand usually is met: each property builds an on-site system, the properties jointly build a facility through a community association, or the properties connect to the municipality’s network. The aim was to evaluate the costs of water and wastewater systems in transition areas in Sweden. This was done by studying five different improved transition areas and comparing the estimated costs with the actual cost of the systems. Both total investment costs and cost per property were calculated, as well as capital costs, and operation and maintenance costs. How the municipalities choose the sanitation system to be implemented was also a part of the study.  It was much more expensive for the municipality to build pipes than for a community association. One reason for this was shallower pipe placement. Another conclusion was that if part of a sanitation system already exists and is in good shape, this will lead to lower investment costs for a new system using that part. The operation costs for on-site systems on each property will be much higher for a family living there permanently, compared to that of a family living there only part time. Municipalities in Sweden generally do not compare different types of systems before deciding on an improved water and sanitation system in a transition area. Instead they almost always build a transmission line for water and wastewater to connect the area to an already existing centralized system.

As políticas de saneamento e recursos hídricos nas grandes aglomerações urbanas brasileiras constituem-se, desde meados dos anos de 1960, em um grande desafio para os poderes públicos e a sociedade em geral. Tal é o caso da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) na qual a riqueza gerada convive com problemas sociais e ambientais conhecidos, como a degradação dos principais corpos de água, em especial, o rio Tietê entre Mogi das Cruzes e Pirapora, gerando incômodos e algumas vezes protestos de setores da população. Esses protestos foram fundamentais para mobilizar os poderes públicos, à véspera da Conferência das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (CNUMAD) em 1992. A disponibilidade de recursos internacionais e o momento político possibilitaram a formulação de políticas e a realização de ações considerando aspectos sociais, ambientais e a participação pública, fatos inéditos até aquele momento. São desse período o lançamento do Programa de Despoluição do Tietê, com uma série de obras de controle de poluição e intervenções na macrodrenagem, os projetos de saneamento e recuperação dos corpos de água, como o Projeto Córrego Limpo e o Programa Mananciais e a implantação de estrutura institucional de gestão de recursos hídricos baseada em fóruns descentralizados regionais como os Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica (CBH). Entretanto, após vinte e três anos de investimentos, aproximadamente 50 por cento da população metropolitana não dispõe de esgoto tratado (10 milhões de habitantes) e 11 por cento não dispõe de rede de coleta (dois milhões e duzentos mil habitantes). A situação das águas do rio Tietê, se tomado como indicador, ainda continua degradada no trecho metropolitano. Entre as diversas explicações sobre a situação apresentada estão aquelas que destacam o intenso crescimento demográfico e urbano industrial de uma grande metrópole, em região ambientalmente frágil, localizada nas cabeceiras dos principais formadores da bacia e a fragilidade institucional de suas políticas públicas. Baseado no contexto apresentado, a pesquisa enveredou por outros caminhos, menos explorados, visando ampliar o conhecimento dos desafios colocados. Primeiramente, avaliar os resultados do processo de implantação dos programas de controle da poluição hídrica, no período 1998 2013, que vai do encerramento da 1ª etapa do Projeto Tietê até a assinatura das obras da 3ª etapa. Em segundo lugar, comparar a estratégia utilizada na bacia do Alto Tietê com aquela adotada na Grande Londres para recuperar o rio Tâmisa, constantemente citado na literatura sobre o tema quando se discutem as dificuldades encontradas no caso paulista. A abordagem adotada partiu da realização de revisão bibliográfica com foco no processo de constituição da metrópole e na forma de apropriação de suas águas, fatores estratégicos na degradação da qualidade das águas do rio Tietê e seus afluentes. A seguir, dividiu-se a bacia do Alto Tietê em unidades criadas para esta pesquisa: os Compartimentos Sanitários Ambientais, baseados nas áreas de drenagem dos esgotos metropolitanos. Nessas unidades foram analisados os resultados dos programas de controle de poluição hídrica, as variações da cobertura da terra e da demografia. Os valores encontrados foram avaliados frente aos resultados das análises estatísticas de tendências espacial e temporal de dez variáveis de qualidade de água e de um estudo de caso sobre a relação entre aquelas e as variáveis hidrológicas. Os estudos de tendência foram precedidos de análises exploratórias, verificação de sua normalidade e sazonalidade por meio da utilização de estatísticas paramétricas e não paramétricas dos dados brutos da rede de monitoramento da CETESB com apoio de softwares estatísticos. As conclusões sobre as análises de tendências indicaram que houve melhorias nos valores de algumas das variáveis, em determinados trechos do Rio Tietê, e que esta melhora está relacionada com a ampliação do sistema de coleta e tratamento de esgotos. Os dados da experiência inglesa foram importantes para constatar que, embora ocorresse em época e contextos diferentes da experiência paulista, guarda com esta, aspectos comuns: localização em região ambientalmente crítica, intenso e rápido crescimento populacional e urbano-industrial. Por outro lado, a pesquisa identificou que a recuperação do Tâmisa na Grande Londres fornece lições importantes para nossa realidade: começa por coletar e afastar esgotos e progressivamente ampliar e aperfeiçoar o sistema de esgotamento sanitário. As ações executadas pelos ingleses desde o século XIX até meados do século XX, contaram com ativa participação dos órgãos públicos, dos institutos de pesquisa, e da sociedade em geral. A pesquisa constatou que, entre os desafios para a recuperação do rio Tietê na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, está o processo de implementação, operação e gestão do sistema de esgotamento sanitário, apesar da importância de vários fatores interferentes. Este sistema deve ser baseado em objetivos claros, ambiental e economicamente viáveis, socialmente monitorados, a fim de promover a participação dos municípios e fortalecer os vínculos entre os organismos públicos de saneamento e controle de poluição. As perspectivas, em que pese importância dos vários fatores interferentes, apontam para um caminho longo e dispendioso, mas também uma grande oportunidade, viável, para implementar através das ações estruturantes do setor de saneamento, uma metrópole mais sustentável. / Sanitation and water resources policies in major Brazilian urban agglomerations constitute since the mid-1960s, a great challenge for public authorities and society in general. Such is the case of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) in which the generated wealth coexists with known social and environmental problems such as the degradation of the main bodies of water, in particular the Tiete River between Mogi das Cruzes and Pirapora, generating nuisances and sometimes protests from sectors of the population. These protests were instrumental in mobilizing public authorities, on the eve of the United Nations Conference on Environment (UNCED) in 1992. The availability of international funds and the political situation made possible the formulation of policies and carrying out actions considering social, environmental and public participation, unpublished facts so far. This period are the launch of the Tiete Restoration Program, with a series of pollution control works and interventions in the macro drainage, sanitation projects and restoration of water bodies, such as the project \"Clean Stream\" and the program \"Streams\" and the establishment of institutional framework for water management based on decentralized regional forums such as the River Basin Committees (CBH). However, after twenty-three years of investment, approximately 50 per cent of the metropolitan population has no treated sewage (10 million) and 11 per cent does not have collection network (two million two hundred thousand inhabitants). The situation of the waters of the river Tiete, if taken as an indicator, is still degraded in the metropolitan stretch. Among the various explanations of the situation presented are those that highlight the intense demographic and urban growth - a large industrial city in environmentally fragile region, located in the headwaters of the main tributaries of the basin and the institutional weakness of public policies. Based on the presented context, the research embarked on other paths, less explored, to enhance understanding of the challenges posed. First, evaluates the results of the water pollution control programs implementation, occurred in the period 1998 - 2013, which runs from the end of the 1st stage of the Tietê Project up to the signature of the works for its 3rd stage. Second, compares the strategy used in the Upper Tiete River basin with that, adopted in Greater London, to recover the Thames River, constantly quoted in the literature. The approach adopted started conducting literature review focused on the metropolis constitutional process and in the location of its waters bodies, strategic factors in the degradation of water quality of the Tiete River and its tributaries. Then it was divided the basin of the Upper Tiete in units created specifically for this research: the Environmental Health Compartments, based on the drainage areas of the metropolitan sewage system. In these units the results of water pollution control programs, changes in land cover and demography, were surveyed. The values were evaluated against the results of the spatial trends of statistical analysis and temporal ten water quality variables and a case study on the relationship between those and hydrological variables. The trend studies were preceded by exploratory analyzes, verifying normality and seasonality by using parametric and non-parametric statistics of raw data from the monitoring network CETESB to support statistical software The findings on trends analysis indicated that there were improvements in the values of some variables in certain stretches of the Tiete River, and this improvement is related to the expansion of the sewage recollection and treatment system. Data from the English experience were important to note that, although it was in time and in different contexts of the São Paulo experience, guard with this common features: location in environmentally critical region, intense and rapid population and urban-industrial growth. On the other hand, the survey found that the recovery of the Thames River in Greater London provides important lessons for our reality: initially collect and drain away the sewage and gradually expand the sewage system, and the actions taken had active participation of government agencies, the research institutions, and society. This action occurred from the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. The survey found that among the challenges to recovery of the Tietê River in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the implementation process, operation and management of the sewage system, despite the importance of various interfering factors. This system should be based on clear goals, environmentally and economically feasible, socially monitored, in order to promote the involvement of municipalities and strengthening the linkages between sanitation and pollution control public bodies. Prospects, despite the importance of various interfering factors point to a long and costly way, but also a great opportunity, feasible, to implement through the structuring actions of the sanitation sector, a more sustainable metropolis.

As políticas de saneamento e recursos hídricos nas grandes aglomerações urbanas brasileiras constituem-se, desde meados dos anos de 1960, em um grande desafio para os poderes públicos e a sociedade em geral. Tal é o caso da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) na qual a riqueza gerada convive com problemas sociais e ambientais conhecidos, como a degradação dos principais corpos de água, em especial, o rio Tietê entre Mogi das Cruzes e Pirapora, gerando incômodos e algumas vezes protestos de setores da população. Esses protestos foram fundamentais para mobilizar os poderes públicos, à véspera da Conferência das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (CNUMAD) em 1992. A disponibilidade de recursos internacionais e o momento político possibilitaram a formulação de políticas e a realização de ações considerando aspectos sociais, ambientais e a participação pública, fatos inéditos até aquele momento. São desse período o lançamento do Programa de Despoluição do Tietê, com uma série de obras de controle de poluição e intervenções na macrodrenagem, os projetos de saneamento e recuperação dos corpos de água, como o Projeto Córrego Limpo e o Programa Mananciais e a implantação de estrutura institucional de gestão de recursos hídricos baseada em fóruns descentralizados regionais como os Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica (CBH). Entretanto, após vinte e três anos de investimentos, aproximadamente 50 por cento da população metropolitana não dispõe de esgoto tratado (10 milhões de habitantes) e 11 por cento não dispõe de rede de coleta (dois milhões e duzentos mil habitantes). A situação das águas do rio Tietê, se tomado como indicador, ainda continua degradada no trecho metropolitano. Entre as diversas explicações sobre a situação apresentada estão aquelas que destacam o intenso crescimento demográfico e urbano industrial de uma grande metrópole, em região ambientalmente frágil, localizada nas cabeceiras dos principais formadores da bacia e a fragilidade institucional de suas políticas públicas. Baseado no contexto apresentado, a pesquisa enveredou por outros caminhos, menos explorados, visando ampliar o conhecimento dos desafios colocados. Primeiramente, avaliar os resultados do processo de implantação dos programas de controle da poluição hídrica, no período 1998 2013, que vai do encerramento da 1ª etapa do Projeto Tietê até a assinatura das obras da 3ª etapa. Em segundo lugar, comparar a estratégia utilizada na bacia do Alto Tietê com aquela adotada na Grande Londres para recuperar o rio Tâmisa, constantemente citado na literatura sobre o tema quando se discutem as dificuldades encontradas no caso paulista. A abordagem adotada partiu da realização de revisão bibliográfica com foco no processo de constituição da metrópole e na forma de apropriação de suas águas, fatores estratégicos na degradação da qualidade das águas do rio Tietê e seus afluentes. A seguir, dividiu-se a bacia do Alto Tietê em unidades criadas para esta pesquisa: os Compartimentos Sanitários Ambientais, baseados nas áreas de drenagem dos esgotos metropolitanos. Nessas unidades foram analisados os resultados dos programas de controle de poluição hídrica, as variações da cobertura da terra e da demografia. Os valores encontrados foram avaliados frente aos resultados das análises estatísticas de tendências espacial e temporal de dez variáveis de qualidade de água e de um estudo de caso sobre a relação entre aquelas e as variáveis hidrológicas. Os estudos de tendência foram precedidos de análises exploratórias, verificação de sua normalidade e sazonalidade por meio da utilização de estatísticas paramétricas e não paramétricas dos dados brutos da rede de monitoramento da CETESB com apoio de softwares estatísticos. As conclusões sobre as análises de tendências indicaram que houve melhorias nos valores de algumas das variáveis, em determinados trechos do Rio Tietê, e que esta melhora está relacionada com a ampliação do sistema de coleta e tratamento de esgotos. Os dados da experiência inglesa foram importantes para constatar que, embora ocorresse em época e contextos diferentes da experiência paulista, guarda com esta, aspectos comuns: localização em região ambientalmente crítica, intenso e rápido crescimento populacional e urbano-industrial. Por outro lado, a pesquisa identificou que a recuperação do Tâmisa na Grande Londres fornece lições importantes para nossa realidade: começa por coletar e afastar esgotos e progressivamente ampliar e aperfeiçoar o sistema de esgotamento sanitário. As ações executadas pelos ingleses desde o século XIX até meados do século XX, contaram com ativa participação dos órgãos públicos, dos institutos de pesquisa, e da sociedade em geral. A pesquisa constatou que, entre os desafios para a recuperação do rio Tietê na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, está o processo de implementação, operação e gestão do sistema de esgotamento sanitário, apesar da importância de vários fatores interferentes. Este sistema deve ser baseado em objetivos claros, ambiental e economicamente viáveis, socialmente monitorados, a fim de promover a participação dos municípios e fortalecer os vínculos entre os organismos públicos de saneamento e controle de poluição. As perspectivas, em que pese importância dos vários fatores interferentes, apontam para um caminho longo e dispendioso, mas também uma grande oportunidade, viável, para implementar através das ações estruturantes do setor de saneamento, uma metrópole mais sustentável. / Sanitation and water resources policies in major Brazilian urban agglomerations constitute since the mid-1960s, a great challenge for public authorities and society in general. Such is the case of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) in which the generated wealth coexists with known social and environmental problems such as the degradation of the main bodies of water, in particular the Tiete River between Mogi das Cruzes and Pirapora, generating nuisances and sometimes protests from sectors of the population. These protests were instrumental in mobilizing public authorities, on the eve of the United Nations Conference on Environment (UNCED) in 1992. The availability of international funds and the political situation made possible the formulation of policies and carrying out actions considering social, environmental and public participation, unpublished facts so far. This period are the launch of the Tiete Restoration Program, with a series of pollution control works and interventions in the macro drainage, sanitation projects and restoration of water bodies, such as the project \"Clean Stream\" and the program \"Streams\" and the establishment of institutional framework for water management based on decentralized regional forums such as the River Basin Committees (CBH). However, after twenty-three years of investment, approximately 50 per cent of the metropolitan population has no treated sewage (10 million) and 11 per cent does not have collection network (two million two hundred thousand inhabitants). The situation of the waters of the river Tiete, if taken as an indicator, is still degraded in the metropolitan stretch. Among the various explanations of the situation presented are those that highlight the intense demographic and urban growth - a large industrial city in environmentally fragile region, located in the headwaters of the main tributaries of the basin and the institutional weakness of public policies. Based on the presented context, the research embarked on other paths, less explored, to enhance understanding of the challenges posed. First, evaluates the results of the water pollution control programs implementation, occurred in the period 1998 - 2013, which runs from the end of the 1st stage of the Tietê Project up to the signature of the works for its 3rd stage. Second, compares the strategy used in the Upper Tiete River basin with that, adopted in Greater London, to recover the Thames River, constantly quoted in the literature. The approach adopted started conducting literature review focused on the metropolis constitutional process and in the location of its waters bodies, strategic factors in the degradation of water quality of the Tiete River and its tributaries. Then it was divided the basin of the Upper Tiete in units created specifically for this research: the Environmental Health Compartments, based on the drainage areas of the metropolitan sewage system. In these units the results of water pollution control programs, changes in land cover and demography, were surveyed. The values were evaluated against the results of the spatial trends of statistical analysis and temporal ten water quality variables and a case study on the relationship between those and hydrological variables. The trend studies were preceded by exploratory analyzes, verifying normality and seasonality by using parametric and non-parametric statistics of raw data from the monitoring network CETESB to support statistical software The findings on trends analysis indicated that there were improvements in the values of some variables in certain stretches of the Tiete River, and this improvement is related to the expansion of the sewage recollection and treatment system. Data from the English experience were important to note that, although it was in time and in different contexts of the São Paulo experience, guard with this common features: location in environmentally critical region, intense and rapid population and urban-industrial growth. On the other hand, the survey found that the recovery of the Thames River in Greater London provides important lessons for our reality: initially collect and drain away the sewage and gradually expand the sewage system, and the actions taken had active participation of government agencies, the research institutions, and society. This action occurred from the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. The survey found that among the challenges to recovery of the Tietê River in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the implementation process, operation and management of the sewage system, despite the importance of various interfering factors. This system should be based on clear goals, environmentally and economically feasible, socially monitored, in order to promote the involvement of municipalities and strengthening the linkages between sanitation and pollution control public bodies. Prospects, despite the importance of various interfering factors point to a long and costly way, but also a great opportunity, feasible, to implement through the structuring actions of the sanitation sector, a more sustainable metropolis.

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-11-20T01:06:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - QUELLE.pdf: 2565380 bytes, checksum: eb95484178642dadbc525b49bf7eeb8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-20T01:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - QUELLE.pdf: 2565380 bytes, checksum: eb95484178642dadbc525b49bf7eeb8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-05 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of stormwater on the energy consumption in the pump stations of the urban sewage system of Feira de Santana city. Data concerning the energy consumption in the pump stations, the water consumption in the area, and the precipitation rate were collected for the time period of 2008-2011. Statistical tests were performed by applying the Spearman?s rank correlation, the Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test, the Student?s test t, and the Ljung-Box test. The results showed that, regarding a potential influence of the effective precipitation rate on the energy consumption in the pumps, the correlation not significantly different from zero with a 95% confidence level for all the 19 pump stations. Similar results were obtained for the case of the potential influence of the public water consumption on the energy consumption in the pump stations. However, considering the total energy consumption in the pump stations, the correlation with the effective precipitation is significant, although weak (R=0.30). Thus, it was estimated that 9% of the total energy consumption in the pump stations is explained by the precipitation. By analyzing the correlation between the energy consumption of all the pump stations, it was found that the all possible correlations are weak, and only in 12% of the cases the correlation is significantly different from zero with a 95% confidence level. Moreover, such correlation was not observed in pumping stations installed in series. In addition, seasonality tests applied to the time series precipitation and water consumption revealed seasonality with a one year lag, suggesting good quality of data concerning these parameters. These results point to the hypothesis of potential errors or inconsistency with our study in the data collecting process regarding the energy consumption in the pump stations. A possible explanation lies in the fact that the energy consumption times series was made available in a monthly basis, thus potentially not reflecting precipitation peaks measured in a daily basis. The results of this study, as a preliminary conclusion, point that the impact of precipitation on the overall energy consumption in the wastewater treatment system of Feira de Santana is not significant. / Esta pesquisa teve com objetivo avaliar a influ?ncia da precipita??o no consumo de energia das esta??es elevat?rias do sistema de esgoto da cidade de Feira de Santana. Foram coletados dados de consumo de energia nas esta??es elevat?rias, consumo de ?gua e precipita??o, durante per?odo de 2008-2011. Os testes estat?sticos coeficiente de correla??o de postos de Spearman, teste de qualidade de ajuste de Anderson-Darling, o teste estat?stico t de Student, e a estat?stica de Ljung-Box foram aplicados na an?lise. Os resultados mostram que, em rela??o a uma potencial influ?ncia da precipita??o efetiva no consumo de energia das esta??es elevat?rias, a correla??o n?o ? significativamente diferente de zero com um n?vel de confian?a de 95% para todas as 15 esta??es elevat?rias analisadas. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos em rela??o ? influ?ncia potencial do consumo p?blico de ?gua no consumo de energia das esta??es elevat?rias. Contudo, considerando o consumo total de energia nas esta??es elevat?rias, foi poss?vel observar uma correla??o significativa, embora fraca, entre a precipita??o efetiva e esse consumo de energia (R=0.30). Assim, calculou-se que 9% deste consumo energ?tico se deve ? precipita??o efetiva. Al?m de estes pontos, a an?lise da correla??o entre o consumo de energia de todas as esta??es revela que todas as correla??es poss?veis s?o fracas, e que apenas em 12% dos casos a correla??o ? significativamente diferente de zero com um n?vel de confian?a de 95%, sendo que esta correla??o n?o se verificou em esta??es elevat?rias que se encontram em s?rie no sistema. Adicionalmente, testes de sazonalidade foram aplicados ?s s?ries temporais de precipita??o e consumo de ?gua, revelando sazonalidade com um ano de atraso, sugerindo boa qualidade de dados relativamente a estes par?metros. Estes resultados apontam para a hip?tese de inconsist?ncia dos dados disponibilizados de consumo de energia nas esta??es em rela??o ao nosso estudo. Uma explica??o poss?vel foi o fato de que os dados de medi??o de energia encontraram-se agregados em m?dias mensais, assim podendo potencialmente n?o refletir picos de precipita??o medidos em uma base di?ria. Contudo, os resultados deste estudo, como conclus?o preliminar, apontam que o impacto da precipita??o no consumo total de energia no sistema de tratamento de ?guas residuais de Feira de Santana dever? ser pouco significativo.

This master’s thesis deals with the overall sanitary and gas pipeline installation in a supermarket. The theoretical part deals with equipment and requirements for large kitchens with regard to the food preparation in this building. The computing and design part deals with the sewerage, water supply and gas distribution in the supermarket. The property counts over six thousand square meters and is partly two-storeyed. There are also several smaller sales units in addition to the sales areas, facility for staff and warehouses. The diploma thesis is based on current Czech and European regulations.