Depuis 1842 et la signature du traité de Nankin concédant des parts du territoire chinois aux puissances étrangères, Shanghai a trouvé son destin intimement lies à l'Occident. Dès cette période émerge un style de vie occidentalisé dans une bourgeoisie d'affaires aux commandes d'une économie en plein essor. Touché par le communisme, cette classe sociale va disparaitre et son style de vie va faire l'objet de critiques les plus acerbes. Il faudra attendre 1990 et la réouverture économique de Shanghai pour que apparaisse à nouveau une Shanghai profondément tournée vers l'Occident. Nouvel élan économique engendrant l'apparition d'une nouvelle population, l'ouverture pose aussi des questions identitaires. Les différences entre les générations deviennent de plus en plus significatives et Shanghai voit de nouveau émerger une « petite bourgeoisie nouvelle » dont les caractéristiques ne sont plus forcément économique mais deviennent plus personnelles plus identitaire. Au croisement de la globalisation et de l'affirmation de la puissance chinoise, un groupe social original s'affirme, il regroupe des individus dont la quête personnelle du bonheur passe avant l'intérêt supérieur de la patrie. Entre occidentalisation et sinisation, ce travail se propose de décrypter le mode de vie de la nouvelle petite bourgeoisie shanghaienne en retraçant l'historique de Shanghai, la redéfinition des classes sociales et en analysant les pratiques quotidiennes de ce groupe social à l'aide de données essentiellement issues d'ouvrage de sociologie chinoise et d'enquêtes de terrain, questionnaires et interviews ainsi que d'études de statistiques officielles. / Since 1842 and the signing of the Treatment of Nanking granting part of Chinese territory to foreign countries, Shanghai is closely linked to the West. From this emerged period ,a Westernized lifestyle in a business class at the controls of a booming economy. Affected by communism, this class will disappear and lifestyle will be the most scathing criticism. It was not until 1990 and the reopening of Shanghai Economic appears again for a deeply Shanghai tour to the West. Generating new economic boost the appearance of a new population, openness also raises questions of identity. Differences between generations are becoming increasingly significant and Shanghai sees a new emerging "new middle class" whose characteristics are not necessarily economic, but become more personal. At the intersection of globalization and the assertion of Chinese power, an original social group asserts itself, it brings together individuals whose personal quest for happiness takes precedence over the interests of the homeland. Between Westernization and Sinisation, this work aims to decipher the lifestyle of the new middle class in Shanghai tracing the history of Shanghai, the redefinition of social classes and analyzing the daily practices of social groups using data mainly derived from work of Chinese sociology and field surveys, questionnaires and interviews and studies of official statistics.

Cette thèse examine la transformation du système d’organisation des entreprises et entités administratives à Songjiang, une ville situées à la périphérie de Shanghai, après la prise du pouvoir par le parti communiste chinois en 1949. La période étudiée concerne la première décennie de transformation socialiste jusqu’à la veille du Grand Bond en avant. La thèse établit tout d’abord la place de Songjiang dans l’espace régional et les systèmes d’administration locale pré-existants au régime communiste. La mise en place d’une nouvelle administration se fait rapidement et sans heurts et s’accompagne d’un travail important d’enquête sur le tissue social et économique. C’est sur la base de ces enquêtes que le système des unités de travail est mis en place. Il se traduit par des restrictions grandissantes des activités économiques privées et la prise de contrôle de la production par des entités contrôlées par les autorités locales. L’artisanat et le commerce, les deux activités principales de Songjjiang, font l’objet d’une étude détaillée qui souligne le grand souci des autorités d’obtenir une connaissance très fine de ces secteurs en vue de modifier radicalement le système économique local. / The dissertation examines the transformation of the system of organization of companies and administrative entities in Songjiang, a town located in the vicinity of Shanghai, after the takeover by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949. The period under study deals with the first decade of socialist transformation until the eve of the Great Leap Forward in 1957. The dissertation first established the place of Songjiang in the regional context and the pre-existing systems of local administration. The establishment of the new communist administration proceeded quickly and smoothly. It was accompanied by an important work of survey of the social and economic system. It is on the basis of these surveys that the system of work units was implemented. It turned into increasing restrictions on the private economic sector and the takeover of production by entities under the control of the local authorities. Handicraft and trade, the two main activities in Songjiang, became the focus of detailed studies that show the concern of the new administration to acquire a deep knowledge of these sectors before the planned radical transformation of the local economic system.

This dissertation aims to develop a grounded theory explaining how Chinese stock investors construct risk through their communication practices. Many of the previous studies attribute the risk in the stock market to greedy or unprofessional investors who speculate in stocks. In order to explore this topic further, this dissertation applies a grounded theory approach to develop a detailed local case showing the communication practices of Shanghai investors with respect to stock investment. By examining how investors produce meanings of risk and the relevant risk positions, the dissertation explains why investors keep speculating in the stock market. It uses interviews with 35 investors, in-depth interviews with 12 investors, and on-site observations of four stock exchange halls, investors’ home and working places in Shanghai from 2012 to 2014. The findings show that the investors consider risk to be the uncertainties about the accuracy of the information and the speed by which it is obtained. Ideally, they would obtain public information, make sense of public information professionally, and then generate directional information on which they can base their stock trades. However, with the devaluation of public information due to the corrupt social system, investors are forced to communicate more accurate information in a private way to position themselves to have a privileged risk position, which produces certainties for them but uncertainty for others. The belief in professionalism is eroded through the surge in demand for insider information based on interpersonal relations (guanxi). Because of the lack of insurance and security when circulating information privately, investors have shifted away from long-term stock investments to speculate in stocks. Although the mechanism of stock speculation produces risk for almost all investors, they still produce and reproduce this mechanism. The reason for this is that these investors are trapped in a paradox of risk and security without realizing that their practices to produce security are in fact producing uncertainties for them. / 本論文研究上海的股票投資者是怎樣在傳播實踐中構建風險的意義的。很多研究將金融風險歸咎於投資者的貪婪或不專業的過度投機行為。為了進一步研究這一課題，本論文採取紮根理論的研究方法，構建一個詳實的關於上海投資者傳播實踐的案例。由此，本論文研究了當地投資者怎樣通過傳播實踐構建風險的意義以及不同的風險處境，並由此對投資者進行投機行為進行理論性的闡釋。本論文的數據收集時間為2012年至2014年，其中主要包括對4所上海的投資交易大廳的實地觀察，對35個投資者的訪談，以及12個深入訪談以及追踪觀察。研究發現，投資者將風險與對信息的正確性以及傳播速度的不確定性相關聯。理想狀態下，投資者通過獲取公共信息，專業解讀信息以將其轉化為導向性的信息，之後進行股票交易。然而，由於腐敗等問題，各類公共信息都產生了貶值，投資者被迫用更私人的方式傳播更準確的信息，以使自己能處於有利地位，並將對信息的確定性建立在其他投資者對信息的不確定性之上。專業主義被瓦解了，取而代之的是建立在人際關係之上的對內幕消息的傳播。投資者們也從專業的、長期的投資專為短期的投機。而那些處於不利地位的投資者所面臨的不確定性亦將反過來加諸於有利地位的投資者之上。儘管投機的體系將風險加諸於幾乎所有投資者之上，投資者仍繼續投機行為。本論文認為其原因是投資者被困於“風險矛盾”之中——投資者通過實踐來尋求保障，未曾意識到其實踐造成了自己乃至於經濟體系更大的風險。 / Mao, Zhifei. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-222). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 15, September, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

by Ngai Wing-piu, Horace, Pok Tak-fai, Wilson. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 118-120. / Chapter 1.0 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation of Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Study Objective --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Method --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Phase One --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Questionnaire Design / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Sample Design / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Data Gathering / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Phase Two --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Focus Group Sessions / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Questionnaire Design / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Sample Design / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Data Gathering / Chapter 1.4 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.10 / Chapter 2.0 --- Overview of the cosmetics industry in the People's Republic of China --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- History of cosmetic industry in PRC --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Environmental Analysis for the Cosmetics industry in Shanghai and Guangzhou --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cultural & Economic Factors --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Government --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Customers --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Competitors --- p.21 / Chapter 3.0 --- Preliminary Study --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Literature Review --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Profile of the First Survey from Shanghai and Guangzhou --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Data Gathering --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Summary of the First Survey --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Demographic Summary / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Monthly Expenses on Cosmetic / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Overall Brand Awareness of Import & Joint-Venture-Made Cosmetics / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Media Effectiveness / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Categorization of the Cosmetic Products / Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Consumption Level of Each Product Category / Chapter 3.2.2.7 --- Distribution Channel / Chapter 3.2.2.8 --- Brand Break-down of Skin Cream/Lotion Category Consumption / Chapter 3.2.2.9 --- Crosstabulation of Cosmetic Expenses by Occupation / Chapter 3.3 --- Conclusions --- p.40 / Chapter 4.0 --- In-depth Study --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Focus Group Session Summary --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2 --- Result of the Second Survey --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Survey Profile --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Consumer Awareness on Various Brands --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Consumption Pattern and Shopping Behavior --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Skin Cream/ Lotion Users and Non Users / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Consumption Pattern of Skin Cream/ Lotion / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Shopping Behavior / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Psychological Set of the Skin Cream/ Lotion Users --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Brand Loyalty and Brand Switching / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Communication within Groups / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Influence of Salesladies / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Effectiveness of Various Promotional Methods / Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- Relative Importance on Various Product Attributes / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Consumer Attitudes on Selected Brands --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Multiattribute Model for Brand Evaluation / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Products Positioning / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Intention to Buy / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Media Habits and Share of Voices for Various Brands --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Broadcasting Media / Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- Printed Media / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.83 / Chapter 5.0 --- Marketing Guidelines for Skin Cream/Lotion in PRC / Chapter 5.1 --- Market Segmentation and Product Positioning --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- Pricing --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3 --- Promotion --- p.87 / Chapter 5.4 --- Distribution --- p.88 / Chapter 5.5 --- Optimal Mix --- p.88 / Chapter Appendix I --- Questionnaire of First Survey --- p.89 / Chapter Appendix IIA --- Questionnaire of Second Survey (English) --- p.95 / Chapter Appendix IIB --- Questionnaire of Second Survey (Chinese) --- p.106 / Chapter Appendix III --- Break Down of Other 8 Category Consumption --- p.113 / Chapter Appendix IVA --- Summary of Demographic Data of Participants --- p.115 / Chapter Appendix IVB --- Demographic Summary of Respondents --- p.116 / Chapter Appendix IVC --- Crosstubalation Industry by Nature of Job --- p.117 / Chapter Appendix V --- Bibliography --- p.118

by Kei Man Keung, Tong Suk Yi. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-39). / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- THE CHINESE CAPITAL MARKET --- p.6 / Chapter III. --- DATA AND METHODOLOGY --- p.10 / Cases Description --- p.10 / Event 1: Hong Kong Handover (1 July 1997) --- p.11 / Event 2: Zhu Rongji Elected the Prime Minister (March 1998) --- p.11 / Event 3: U.S.- China Summit (25 June 1998) --- p.12 / Event 4: The Chinese Embassy Bombingin Yugoslavia (8 May 1999) --- p.13 / Event 5: China's WTO Entry (15 November 1999) --- p.13 / Event 6: Macau Handover (20 December 1999) --- p.14 / Three Models --- p.15 / Chapter IV. --- EMPIRICAL RESULTS --- p.20 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION --- p.26 / APPENDIX --- p.28 / BILIOGRAPHY --- p.35

自上世纪80年代以来，全球范围内掀起了一系列的教育改革浪潮。学校变革能力的不足，成为各国教育改革面临的最大挑战。专业学习社群的出现，为整体提升学校改革能力带来了希望。而专业学习社群概念产生于西方，已有关于专业学习社群的研究也大多基于西方的教育情境，对于具有丰富教师合作实践的中国学校的研究很少。 / 本研究采用混合研究取向，探讨课程改革背景下中国大陆上海学校教师专业学习社群的特点及对教师发展的影响。首先对10所学校的教师进行个案研究，初步探索专业学习社群的特点与影响。在此基础上提出适用于上海情境的专业学习社群及其影响的概念框架，并据此形成专业学习社群特点及效果问卷，对31所学校进行调查，以验证和修订概念框架，并考察专业学习社群对教师发展的影响。研究进一步选取4所有代表性的学校进行深入的个案研究，探究专业学习社群影响教师发展的过程，并分析影响专业学习社群效果及发展水平的因素。问卷调查、深度访谈、非参与式观察和文件收集是获取资料的主要手段。 / 研究发现上海学校教师专业学习社群在个体层面表现出集体探究与分享、共享目标与责任两个特点，在组织层面表现出支持性领导、文化支持、组织结构、文化障碍、制度障碍五个特点，从而揭示出上海学校专业学习社群的独特特点。上海学校专业学习社群在整体上具有良好的发展水平，对教师发展产生了显著的促进作用，包括增强教师的教学效能，提高其对学生学习的承诺水平，并提升工作满意度。发展水平高和发展水平低的专业学习社群对教师发展的影响存在一定的差异，前者更能促进全体教师的发展与变革，并对教学与学生学习产生积极影响。这是因为高发展水平的专业学习社群与教师的日常教学实践紧密相关，并强调平等对话和民主交流，为教师提供了探究性的学习环境。 / 本研究通过上海学校教师专业学习社群实践回应了专业学习社群的情境依赖性，揭示出专业学习社群与教育改革之间的关系，并丰富了专业学习社群对教师发展影响过程与机制的研究。研究还阐述了不同于合作文化和硬造合作的系统、协调的专业学习社群发展取向，从而为理解专业学习社群提供了新的理论视角。基于研究所见，为进一步促进上海学校教师专业学习社群的发展，不仅要加强学校层面在领导、文化和结构上的支持，也要强化地区教育部门在政策制度、领导和资源上对专业学习社群的支持。 / Since the 1980s, a wave of educational reform has shown up on a global scale. One of the biggest challenges faced by various countries is the lack of schools’ reform capacity. The concept of professional learning community (PLC) seems promising for the improvement of schools’ comprehensive change capacity. While the idea of PLC originates in the western world and the majority of existing research has been based on western contexts, the concept and practice of PLCs in Chinese schools where there are rich experiences in terms of teacher collaboration have largely been ignored. / The present study is located within the context of curriculum reform in Mainland China. Adopting a mixed-method approach, this study examines the characteristics of teachers’ PLCs in schools in Shanghai and their impacts on teacher development. First, semi-structural interviews with teachers in ten schools were conducted to preliminarily explore the characteristics and influences of PLCs in Shanghai schools. Based on this, a conceptualization of PLC was initiated, and a questionnaire was developed accordingly. The author conducted a questionnaire survey of teachers in thirty-one schools to verify and modify the conceptualization of PLC and examine its impact on teacher development. After that, four representative schools were selected and in-depth case studies were implemented, to further investigate how PLCs impacted teacher development and what the key factors were in this process. Questionnaire survey, in-depth interview, non-participatory observation, and document collection were the main methods to collect data. / Results show that teachers’ PLCs in Shanghai schools could be conceptualized in individual level in terms of collective inquiry and sharing and shared goals and responsibility, and organizational level in terms of supportive leadership, cultural support, organizational structures, cultural barriers and institutional barriers, which indicates the unique characteristics of PLCs in Shanghai schools. Teachers’ PLCs in the schools in Shanghai performed well in general, and significantly improved teacher development, including their teaching effectiveness, commitment to student leaning, and job satisfaction. There were differences between high-level PLCs and low-level PLCs in terms of their influences on teacher development, i.e. the former had a greater role in promoting the whole teachers’ development and reform, and also their teaching practices and student learning. This is because high-level PLCs focused on teachers’ teaching practices and emphasized equal dialogue and democratic exchanges, which provided favorable environment for teachers’ inquiry and learning. / This study, by presenting the practices of PLCs in the schools in Shanghai, responded to the context specificity of PLCs, disclosed the relationship between PLCs and education reform, and enriched existing research on the influence process and mechanism of PLCs on teacher development. The study also identified a systematic and coordinated approach to develop PLCs, which was different from collaborative culture and contrived collegiaty and thus provided a new theoretical perspective for us to understand the concept of PLC. To further promote the practices of PLCs in the schools in Shanghai, support at both the school level such as leadership, culture and structure, and the district level such as policy, leadership and resources need to be strengthened. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 張佳. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 305-339). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhang Jia.

L'existence de forces de police dans la Concession française n'a pas été prévue dans les articles de base qui réglementaient les colonies étrangères en Chine. La police donc s’est constituée à un moment où les autorités chinoises locales étaient paralysées pendant la rébellion des Taiping et de la Société du Petit Couteau dans la ville. Elle a vu le jour comme un fait accompli. La police française est passée par un processus de militarisation et de la professionnalisation sous la direction de Mallet, Fiori et Fabre. À la fin de ce processus, la police de la Concession française était une force de police moderne sophistiquée. La police était composée d'officiers de plusieurs nationalités, les quatre plus importantes étant les Français, les Russe, les Chinois et les Vietnamiens. Grâce à une étude comparative des conditions de recrutement, de formation, de rémunération, de protection sociale et le taux de renouvellement, j’ai pu établir que la police était une institution hiérarchique basée sur un traitement différencié en fonction de la race et la nationalité. La police a dû ajuster sa stratégie de contrôle spatial aux trois agrandissements successifs du territoire de la Concession française. En contrôlant l'espace urbain, la police a non seulement aidé à développer une société civilisée et ordonnée, la « Shanghai Frenchtown », mais elle a également contribué à créer le caractère particulier de la Concession française de Shanghai.A partir des années 1920 et jusqu’aux années 1930, l'expansionnisme du nationalisme, le communisme et la menace japonaise se sont réunies à Shanghai et ont mené à la création et au développement du Service politique de la police française. / The existence of police forces in the French Concession was not planned under the basic articles that regulated the foreign settlements in China. The police came into existence at a time when Chinese local authorities were paralyzed during the Taiping and Small Sword rebellions in the city. The police came into being as a fait accompli. The French police underwent a process of militarization and professionalization under the leadership of Mallet, Fiori and Fabre to cope with the new challenges in Shanghai. At the end of this process, the police of the French Concession was fine and complex modern police force. The police were composed of officers from several nationalities, the four most important being French, Russian, Chinese and Vietnamese. Through a comparative study of recruiting conditions, training courses, salaries, welfare and job turnover, I establish that the police was a hierarchal institution based on a differentiated treatment according to race and nationality. The police forces adjusted their strategy of spatial control to the three successive expansions of the territory of the French Concession. By controlling the urban space, the police not only helped develop a civilized and ordered Shanghai Frenchtown, but it also created the special cultural character of the French Concession in Shanghai. From the 1920s to the 1930s, nationalism, communism and Japanese expansionism met in Shanghai and led to the creation and development of the Political Service of the French police force.

En se concentrant sur les relations entre guerre et criminalité, cette étude se penche sur les transformations des activités criminelles en temps de guerre et sur l’influence du conflit sino-japonais sur les crimes et délits à Shanghai entre 1937 et 1942. Autour trois types de crimes principaux: l’atteinte aux biens, l’homicide et les infractions sur les stupéfiants, cette recherche examine les changements de la criminalité suscitée par l’évolution de l’environnement de Shanghai. La ville de Shanghai a en effet été marquée par des transformations radicales, autant sur le plan politique, qu’économique, social et spatial suite à l’éclatement de la guerre sino-japonaise à l’été 1937. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous déploierons trois grandes méthodes de travail : comparaison quantitative, exploitation des statistiques et analyse spatiale. Pour éclairer les mutations de la criminalité et de l’ordre public entraînées par la guerre, nous comparerons l’importance quantitative relative des crimes et délits entre deux périodes : la décennie de Nanjing (1927-1936) d’une part et la période de guerre d’autre part. Nous réaliserons également une analyse statistique de l’évolution des activités criminelles en temps de guerre pour révéler la diversité des situations criminelles au cours de cette période spécifique qu’est la guerre. Enfin, en s’appuyant sur le logiciel de Système d’Information Géographique (SIG), nous proposerons une analyse spatiale de la criminalité pour évaluer l’importance de la dimension spatiale de la criminalité mettre au jour la forte corrélation entre criminalité et espace. / By focusing on the relationship between war and criminality, this study concentrates on the transformation of crime and the influence of this conflict on crimes in Shanghai during the years of the hostilities. Around three main types of crimes: offence against property, homicide and drug crime, this research examines the change of crime caused by the evolution of the environment of Shanghai, which has actually undergone a radical modification in politics, economy, society and urban space after the outbreak of the war in the summer of 1937. In order to realize this objective, three main methods are used in this study: a quantitative comparison, statistical and spatial analysis. So as to highlight the change in the situation of criminality and in the public order after the eruption of the war, a quantitative comparison between the crimes during the Nanjing decade (1927-1936) and the period of war is carried out. Meanwhile, a statistical analysis of the evolution of criminal activities in the different years of the wartime is implemented to reveal the various state of crime in different periods of the war. Finally, based on GIS software, a spatial analysis is performed to confirm the correlation between crimes and the spatial factor.

Cette thèse fait la recherche sur lianhuanhua, un genre de la bande dessinée chinoise, comme une expression de la culture populaire à Shanghai, qui était la plus importante métropole dans l’histoire moderne de la Chine. Chapitre I essaie d'expliquer pourquoi lianhuanhua est née à Shanghai et comment peut- il devenir une part de la culture populaire. Le contexte était la configuration politique et culturelle crée comme le résultat de la présence des concessions étrangères. Les éléments cultures et techniques nourrissaient la création de lianhuanhua. Le développement de lianhuanhua était un processus de combiner les images et les mots dans le brochure de la bande dessinée qui devenait très populaire dans le groupe de gens ordinaires. Dans Chapitre II, Le Destin de Hong et Bi est un exemple de explorer la relation entre lianhuanhua et les autres modes de divertissement. Il établissait une connexion entre les divertissements différents. Par le processus de transition de ce texte, nous pourrions observer le développement de visual narrative, l'interaction entre les modes différents des divertissements urbains et la culture urbaine qui faisait un rôle essentiel, décisif, agissant en coulisse. Le Chapitre III se concentre principalement sur les producteurs de trois angles : l’identité culturelle originale et le statut social, leurs conditions dans le cercle, et leur relation avec cette métropole. Lianhuanhua était le lien entre ces nouveaux résidents et Shanghai. La complexe condition de cette industrie de l’édition révélait la stratégie des immigrants qui gagnaient leur vie par lianhuanhua. Le Chapitre IV recherche comment la culture populaire rencontrait les défis politiques différents. Les médias publics, surtout des journaux, représentaient la voix ‘correcte’ imposée sur les gens ordinaires par la classe la plus haute de la société. La guerre elle-même de 1937 créait un défi spécial à cause de l’instabilité politique. L’ingérence officielle du Gouvernement Nationaliste aussi agissait sur le rôle de lianhuanhua. Nous pourrions identifier quatre éléments pendant le développement de lianhuanhua : Le premier, la condition préalable principale pour le développement de lianhuanhua était l’émergence de Shanghai comme une métropole moderne. Le deuxième, le genre de lianhuanhua était économiquement et culturellement disponible pour la plupart des gens. C’est un facteur très important pour sa popularisation. Le troisième, les producteurs sont un groupe crucial pour le développement de lianhuanhua. Le quatrième, lianhuanhua était une scène de lutte entre les élites et les gens ordinaires. / This study examines the development of lianhuanhua, a genre of Chinese comic, as an expression of popular culture in modern Shanghai, the most important metropolis in the Chinese modern history. Chapter one attempts to explain why lianhuanhua was born in Shanghai and how it became a part of popular culture. The background was the political and cultural configurations created as a result of the presence of the foreign settlements. Cultural and technical elements fed the creation of lianhuanhua. The development of lianhuanhua was a process of combining pictures and words into comic booklet that became very popular among the common people. In Chapter Two, The Fate of Hong and Bi is taken as an example to explore the relationship between lianhuanhua and other forms of entertainments. It established a connection between different entertainment spheres. Through the whole process of transition, we can observe the development of visual narrative, the interaction between different forms of urban entertainments, and the urban culture that played an essential, decisive and directional role behind the scenes. In Chapter Three, research focuses mainly on producers from three angles: the producers’ original cultural identity and social status, their condition in production circles, and their relationship with the metropolis. Lianhuanhua was a link between these new residents and the metropolis.. The complexity of this publishing industry reveals the living strategy of these immigrants. In Chapter Four, we study how popular culture faced the three different political challenges. The public media, especially the press, represented the “correct” discourse by the upper classes over the common people. The war itself in 1937 raised a special challenge due to political instability. Official interference by the National Government also influenced the role of lianhuanhua. Yet Lianhuanhua survived all these challenges. We identified four important elements in the process of the development of lianhuanhua. First, the basic precondition for the rise and the development of lianhuanhua was the emergence of Shanghai as a modern city. Second, the genre of lianhuanhua was within the reach, economically and culturally, of a wide range of readers, which was an important factor for its popularisation. Third, producers were a crucial group for the development of lianhuanhua. Fourth, lianhuanhua is a stage of the wrestle between the elite and the common people.

Shanghai est une ville unique qui a joué un rôle très important dans le mouvement d’urbanisation et d’industrialisation en Chine. Shanghai a toujours été à une intersection multiculturelle. Ses conditions géographiques, financières et de transport a favorisé une dynamique d’investissement et la modernisation industrielle. Dans le même temps, le développement de l'industrie a accéléré l’urbanisation de Shanghai. Dans ce processus, le patrimoine industriel de la ville a contribué à structuré les espaces en livrant des surfaces de revitalisation notamment le long d’une ligne qui longe la rivière Huangpu. Ces différents héritages (surfaces, usines, bâtiments…) ont joué un rôle clé dans l’activité industrielle de Shanghai et son urbanisation contemporaine. La protection et la réutilisation du patrimoine ont toujours été des sujets importants dans le développement urbain et font pleinement partie du renouveau de la ville. A ce titre Shanghai est certainement une ville archétype pour étudier certaines formes de patrimonialisation en Chine.Avec un déclin de certaines industries traditionnelles, les anciens bâtiments et les zones de friches industrielles deviennent une partie inévitable de l'ensemble du processus de re-planification urbaine. Le succès ou l'échec de ces réhabilitations dépend de l'environnement direct lié à l’urbanisme et des orientations du développement économique. Il ne fait aucun doute que le patrimoine « moderne » de Shanghai joue un rôle crucial dans le positionnement urbain de Shanghai. Le potentiel de conversion du patrimoine industriel s’avère d’une exceptionnelle qualité et son étude reste fondamentale quant à la compréhension d’une ville créative.Cette thèse part d’un cadre théorique combiné avec les tendances et le statut de la protection du patrimoine industriel en Chine. Les lois et règlements en vigueur à Shanghai concernant la protection du patrimoine industriel et des bâtiments industriels sont présentés. Les notions de « patrimoine industriel », de « patrimoine bâti industriel » et de « régénération urbaine » sont clairement définies. Le travail analyse six cas concrets de réhabilitation pour appréhender une stratégie d’extraction des valeurs patrimoniales. La protection du patrimoine industriel à Shanghai est évaluée du point de vue de la continuité, de l'intégrité et de l'authenticité. Enfin la thèse aborde les composantes et les modes de protection de la valeur technologique du patrimoine industriel. Il met en évidence la motivation pour combiner le patrimoine industriel et les industries culturelles et créatives au regard de la politique de la ville, du marché et des espaces. Tout cela agit sur le mécanisme de transformation de la valeur patrimoniale.Cette thèse a aussi pour objectif de présenter l'histoire du développement de ces entreprises créatives bien connues à Shanghai, d'analyser les facteurs contribuant à leur transformation. Bien qu'au sens strict du terme, ils n'appartiennent plus vraiment à la catégorie du « patrimoine industriel », ces nouveaux lieux feront-ils l’objet d’une seconde patrimonialisation ? Leur transformation et leur rénovation font également partie de l'histoire et devront être entièrement documentés. Si l'histoire humaine de la civilisation industrielle est un livre épais, la signification de cette étude est d'ajouter plus de contenu à ce livre pour les générations futures. / Shanghai is a unique city that has played an important and surprising role in the development of modern Chinese cities and industries. Shanghai has always stood at a multicultural intersection. Its geographical, financial and transportation conditions provide a favorable environment for modern industrial development. At the same time, the development of modern industry accelerated the modernization of Shanghai's urban development. In this process, Shanghai's modern industrial heritage has formed a mix of lines and surfaces. Surfaces refer to the modern concession area dominated by the old public concession area. Lines refer to the industrial heritage belt running along Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek. This modern heritage played a key role in Shanghai’s transformation and its establishment as a modern industrial center. Shanghai is thus the most typical city for studying modern Chinese industrial sites.Heritage protection and reuse have always been important subjects in urban development and renewal. With the decline of past industrial zones, old industrial sites become an inevitable part of global urban re-planning. Success or failure depends on the urban environment and future economic development. This paper begins with theoretical research combined with industrial heritage protection trends in China and internationally, defines the research scope, and develops the overall research framework. Cases are selected based on historical research and Shanghai's industrial heritage protection and regeneration is examined through case studies. Heritage value and regeneration design strategy are then developed. Specific content includes:Firstly, theoretical research definitions of "industrial heritage", "industrial building heritage" and "urban regeneration" are presented. Shanghai’s historical industrial development is then reviewed and summarized.Secondly, Shanghai's representative industry is presented with its heritage protection and reuse cases. Based on historical research, six typical cases were selected from the different periods of Shanghai industrial development, the distribution characteristics of these industrial sites, and the reuse status.Thirdly, based on case analysis, Shanghai’s existing laws and regulations related industrial heritage and building protection are presented. The status quo of industrial heritage protection in Shanghai is evaluated from the perspectives of continuity, integrity, and authenticity. Three aspects of Shanghai's industrial heritage are introduced: distribution, quantity, and style. The status quo of industrial heritage protection in Shanghai and the mode and existing problems of regeneration are then summarized.Fourthly, the components and protection modes of industrial heritage are discussed. This highlights the motivation for combining industrial heritage and cultural and creative industries in terms of policy, markets, space, and culture. Then, from the "creative city" perspective, this thesis interprets the legal system and transformation mechanism of heritage value.Finally, the three main aspects of industrial regeneration design are discussed: global re-planning, building regeneration, and landscape reconstruction.This thesis presents the development of these well-known Shanghai industries to analyze the factors contributing to their transformation and to see if the transformation strategy is appropriate. Although, in the strict sense, they do not yet belong to the "industrial heritage" category, only becoming part of this heritage as time passes. Their transformation and renovation is also historic and should be fully documented. Which policies and measures are correct and which should be revised? This may well be repeatedly reviewed and judged in the future. Some theories in this paper may also need more time to assess and perfect. If the history of industrial civilization is a thick book, the significance of this study is to add more content for future generations.