Diversas condições durante as etapas de produção dos alimentos podem levar à introdução de micro-organismos patogênicos nas refeições. Esse fato pode ser relevante nos serviços de alimentação localizados em shopping centers pela limitada área física, número de equipamentos insuficientes e volume de refeições servidas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar esse tipo de estabelecimento quanto ao cumprimento de boas práticas e verificar a presença de matéria orgânica e contaminação bacteriana residual em refrigeradores que haviam sido submetidos à limpeza de rotina. Vinte estabelecimentos localizados em um shopping center de Porto Alegre foram incluídos no estudo. Em cada estabelecimento foi aplicada a Lista de Verificação em Boas Práticas para Serviços de Alimentação prevista na Portaria nº 78 de 28 de Janeiro de 2009 (CEVS) e foram colhidas três amostras com intervalo mensal da parede interna do refrigerador no dia subsequente à limpeza de rotina. As amostras foram avaliadas pelo sistema Clean Trace (3M), quanto à presença de Listeria sp., Coliformes Totais e Escherichia coli. Os dados resultantes da aplicação da Lista de Verificação apontaram que 55% dos estabelecimentos não atingiram a pontuação mínima (>75%) para serem considerados satisfatórios. Em 95% (57/60) das amostras colhidas nos refrigeradores, demonstrou-se a presença de matéria orgânica residual. Já as análises microbiológicas apontaram ausência de Listeria sp., presença de de Coliformes Totais e E. coli em 8,3% e 1,6% das amostras, respectivamente. Não houve associação entre a classificação do estabelecimento (satisfatório/insatisfatório) e a presença de matéria orgânica residual ou Coliformes Totais nos refrigeradores. Estes resultados demonstram a necessidade de constante revisão e monitoramento dos processos de higienização de equipamentos em serviços de alimentação. / Several conditions during all stages of food production can lead to the introduction of pathogenic micro-organisms in food. This fact may be relevant in the food service located in shopping malls by limited physical area, insufficient number of equipment and volume of meals served. The aim of this study was to evaluate this type of establishment for compliance with good practices and verify the presence of organic matter and residual bacterial contamination in refrigerators that had been submitted to routine cleaning. Twenty establishments located in a shopping center from Porto Alegre were included in the study. In each establishment a Checklist for Good Practice for Food Services, provided by Resoltuion No. 78 published on January 28th 2009 (CEVS), was aplied, and three samples were collected at monthly intervals from the inner wall of the refrigerator on the day following the routine cleaning. The samples were evaluated by the Clean Trace system (3M) for the presence of Listeria sp., Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli. The data resulting from application of the Checklist showed that 55% of establishments didn’t attained the minimum score (> 75%) to be classified satisfactory. From de samples taken on the refrigerator’s inner wall, 95% (57/60) demonstrated the presence of residual organic. Nevertheless, microbiological analyzes showed absence of Listeria sp., and isolation of Total Coliforms and E. coli in 8.3% and 1.6% of the samples, respectively. There was no association between the classification of the establishment (satisfactory / unsatisfactory) and the presence of residual organic matter or total coliform in the refrigerator. The results demonstrate the need for constant review and monitoring and improvement of sanitizing procedures of equipment in food service.

The building sector accounts for approximately 40 percent of our energy use. To reach existing environmental targets energy use will have to be reduced in all building types. At the European level, the main legislative instrument for improving the energy efficiency of the building stock is the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The EPBD requires all member states to implement the directive in the building code and it also requires energy declarations to be performed at the building level. The first objective of this thesis is to describe energy use in shopping malls in Sweden and to suggest how this energy use can be reduced. The second objective is to determine whether current regulatory requirements are effective in promoting energy efficiency measures in Swedish shopping malls. Only limited background information was found from national energy statistics and scientific papers that deal specifically with energy use in shopping malls. The data available are difficult to analyse and compare due to inconsistencies in terminology regarding nomenclature and system boundaries. An improved terminology is presented in the thesis, with a distinction between organisationally and functionally divided energy, to facilitate future studies. Furthermore, when it comes to designing shopping malls and evaluating their energy use, correct input data are required. For calculations and simulations of energy demand in buildings, internal and external load patterns are important input data. The thesis provides occupancy, lighting and infiltration load data for shopping malls. Energy use in one shopping mall was investigated in detail and resulted in a validated calculation model for the prediction of energy use. To develop the calculation model an iterative empirical-theoretical methodology was used. It involved cross-checking measured data, assumptions related to operational and technical data, and model calculation results. The calculation model was then used for a more general analysis of energy efficiency measures and an evaluation of regulatory requirements. The thesis illustrates how the current building code and energy declarations are implemented in shopping malls today together with associated strengths and weaknesses.

The shopping malls, while business in general and services have been expanding around the world since 1950 and in Brazil more intensively in the 1980s. However, its role in the spatial organization of the city has been highlighted in the places where they were implemented, they promoted new spatial rearrangements and in many cases an urban restructuring, due to the centrality it generates and the consequent valorization of the area that was inserted. The objective of this research was to analyze how this process occurred in the city of Maceió since the inauguration of Maceió Shopping in 1989, in an area of very low population density of a mononucleated city. To do so, we have made a reflection based on the role that the center plays in the city in its historical context and in the conceptual differences between center and centrality, with emphasis on flows and fixed as fundamental elements to make this distinction. Next, we evaluate the polycentralities, represented here by the shopping malls, as promoters of valorization and developments of the areas in which they are inserted in the city and its restructurating power. This discussion permeated the construction of a technosphere linked to a psychosphere where society has as its pillar of support consumerism, the shopping center being a technical object created for this purpose. We analyze the different aspects of this type of commercial enterprise in the United States, Europe and Brazil, highlighting specificities that favor this sector in our country, such as urban violence and the deterioration of traditional centers. We evaluate the role of real estate agents and the state regarding their actions in the areas where shopping centers are located. Having exposed all this panorama we began to analyze how the insertion of the first shopping center in the city of Maceió took place, we followed the same path traced in the theoretical discussion when we started identifying the origin of the first center of the city and how it was structured from it, as it happened the decentralization process and the emergence of new centralities (subcentres) linked to population growth and the expansion of the urban network that was driven by the verticalization process, production of horizontal condominiums, popular housing complexes and irregular occupations in subnormal areas.This exposed, we arrived at our object of study, the Maceió Shopping, we evaluated the impact that its insertion in the urban space caused in the pre-established territorial organization. To do so, we have information provided by the management of the shopping center through open interviews and data collected through the application of semi-structured questionnaires with their customers. To show the impact caused by it in the city, we made a survey with the SMTT regarding the distribution and route of bus lines, as they are responsible for driving the large flow of people in the city. The analysis was done before and after the inauguration of Maceió mall and we verified with the results evidenced in the maps that the city was restructured from being mononucleated to become polinucleda due to the emergence of new poles generating flow of people linked to the new centrality that reorganized the urban spatial dynamics, this undertaking being the second largest generator pole, after the Center, for its spatial reach to the city and for promoting a flow of conversion and daily dispersion of people. / Os shoppings centers enquanto equipamentos urbanos destinado ao comércio e serviços tem se expandido pelo mundo a partir de 1950 e no Brasil mais intensivamente na década 1980. Contudo o seu papel na organização espacial da cidade tem se destacado na medida em que nos locais onde foram implantados promoveram novos rearranjos espaciais e em muitos casos uma reestruturação urbana, devido à centralidade que gera e a conseqüente valorização da área que foi inserido. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar como se deu esse processo na cidade de Maceió a partir da inauguração do Maceió Shopping em 1989, numa área de baixíssima densidade populacional de uma cidade mononucleada. Para tanto, fizemos uma reflexão pautada no papel que o centro exerce na cidade em seu contexto histórico e nas diferenças conceituais entre centro e centralidade, com ênfase nos fluxos e fixos como elementos fundamentais para fazer esta distinção. Em seguida, avaliamos as policentralidades, representadas aqui pelos shoppings centers, enquanto promotoras de valorização e desenvolvimentos das áreas em que se inserem na cidade e seu poder reestruturante. Essa discussão permeou a construção de uma tecnosfera ligada a uma psicosfera onde a sociedade tem como seu pilar de sustentação o consumismo, sendo o shopping center um objeto técnico criado para esse fim. Analisamos os diferentes aspectos desse tipo empreendimento comercial nos Estados Unidos, Europa e Brasil, destacando especificidades que favorecem esse setor em nosso país, a exemplo da violência urbana e da deteorização dos Centros tradicionais. Avaliamos o papel dos agentes imobiliários e do estado referente às suas atuações nas áreas em que são implantados os shopping centers. Exposto todo esse panorama passamos a analisar como se deu a inserção do primeiro shopping center na cidade de Maceió, percorremos o mesmo caminho traçado na discussão teórica ao iniciarmos identificando a origem do primeiro centro da cidade e como ela se estruturou a partir dele, como ocorreu o processo de descentralização e surgiram as novas centralidades(subcentros) atreladas ao crescimento populacional e da expansão da malha urbana que foi conduzida pelo processo de verticalização, produção de condomínios horizontais, conjunto habitacionais populares e ocupações irregulares em áreas subnormais. Isto exposto, chegamos a nosso objeto de estudo, o Maceió Shopping, avaliamos o impacto que sua inserção no espaço urbano causou na organização territorial pré-estabelecida. Para tanto, contamos com informações cedidas pela gestão do shopping center através de entrevistas abertas e com dados coletados através de aplicação de questionários semiestruturados junto a seus freqüentadores. Para evidenciar o impacto causado por ele na cidade, fizemos um levantamento junto a SMTT referente a distribuição e percurso das linhas de ônibus, pois são as responsáveis por conduzir o grande fluxo de pessoas existentes na cidade. A análise foi feita antes e depois da inauguração do Maceió shopping e constatamos com os resultados evidenciados nos mapas que a cidade se reestruturou deixando de ser mononucleada para se tornar polinucleda devido ao surgimento de novos pólos geradores de fluxo de pessoas atrelados as novas centralidade que reorganizaram a dinâmica espacial urbana, sendo esse empreendimento o segundo maior pólo gerador, depois do Centro, pelo seu alcance espacial em relação à cidade e por promover um fluxo de conversão e dispersão diária de pessoas.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to construct a steel shopping mall hall. The construction is located in Frýdek-Místek. The whole object can be divided in two parts. One part of the building is an atrium with a cross bridge made from glass. The roof construction of the atrium is designed as system of cylindrical lattice girders within purlins are set up. The other part of the construction is multistoried shopping mall with terrace designed as composite steel and concrete structure. The whole ground plan size of the construction is 72 m x 120 m. The height of the construction above the ground is 12.06 m. The cross-links are built up to 6 m one. There were created two versions of the construction. The most convenient version is described in more details. The outcome of the thesis is a comparison of two above mentioned versions. The whole project is based on officially recognised standard ČSN EN. The construction was designed in RFEM programme.

Master thesis of "Multifunctional Building Kounicova" is composed in the form of project documentation. The building is designed as a shopping mall and office space and it is situated in the centre of Brno city. The building has four floors and it is partly basement. The load-bearing structure consists of a monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton with flat roof. The drawings are processed in CAD program.

Sweden's population is growing every year, and in parallel there is an ongoing adjustment of the trade and retail consumption, within the Nordic area. Today, the development of retail is combined with the development of grandeur shopping malls, with the purpose to attract crowds and retailers. These venues have long been essential for the commercial real estate development, both on a local and global perspective. USA and Western Europe have long been leaders in the development and the management of shopping malls. They have created new conditions, trends and possibilities for how a property owner can optimize the financial management and similar strategies. This Bachelor Thesis will study what global trends there are and in what grade these trends have affected the Swedish shopping mall market. By defining the Swedish shopping mall market, from other commercial real estates, we can review and analyse the trends and tendencies that have developed the traditional Swedish management. Moreover we will review why a foreign corporate, within ownership and management of shopping malls, would like to establish their organisation within the Swedish market. For this purpose, we will analyse the incentives and what prospects these corporates are having. We have succeeded to discover that the Swedish shopping mall market have done important changes during the last 10-15 years. There have been a distinct professionalisation of the financial management with a clear focus on emulating other foreign companies through IPO:s, minimizing the loan-to-value and having a stable dividend performance. Moreover the game rules have changed, for the Swedish retail market, due to newly developed international corporates that have established their business in Sweden. Therefore there are competing forces, between the global FDI: s and local Swedish corporates, with the most valuable locations. We have established the conclusion that many of the foreign shopping mall owners wants to expand their organisation on the Swedish market, due to clear incentives. This is for example due to a stable economic growth, transparency and the possibility to create relationships with lucrative retailers. Several Swedish companies are about to abandon the traditional Swedish management model as they become more focused on profit and economic growth, the priority is no longer just customer satisfaction and technical maintenance. Sweden has previously tried on popular global methods, without effect, but perhaps it is time to re-examine other variants of these strategies, as the Swedish market have become an attractive source of the global shopping center trade. / Sveriges befolkning växer för varje år och parallellt med detta sker en utveckling av handeln och retailkonsumtionen, i hela norden. Idag kombineras utvecklingen av detaljhandeln med storslagna köpcentrum och gallerior, för att locka till sig folkmassor och detaljister. Dessa handelsplatser har länge varit viktiga fastigheter inom samhällsbyggandet och stadsutvecklingen. USA och Västeuropa har länge varit ledande inom utveckling och förvaltning av köpcentrum genom att de har skapat nya villkor, trender och möjligheter för hur en fastighetsägare ska optimera den ekonomiska förvaltningen och andra dylika strategier. Denna kandidatuppsats kommer att studera vilka trender som finns och i vilken grad de har påverkat den svenska köpcentrummarknaden. Utifrån att avgränsa den svenska köpcentrummarknaden från andra kommersiella fastigheter, kan vi studera och analysera trender och tendenser, vilka håller på att utveckla den traditionella svenska förvaltningen. Utöver detta kommer vi undersöka varför utländska företag, inom ägande och förvaltning av köpcentrum, vill etablera sig på den svenska marknaden. Till detta ska vi analysera vilka incitament som finns och vilka framtidsutsikter dessa företag har. Vi har lyckats komma fram till att den svenska köpcentrummarknaden har gjort viktiga förändringar de senaste 10-15 åren. De har skapats en tydlig professionalisering av den ekonomiska förvaltningen för svenska företag med tydligt fokus på att efterlikna utländska aktörer genom att börsnotera företaget, försöka dämpa belåningsgraden och satsa på en stabil utdelningsfilosofi. Utöver detta har spelreglerna ändrat sig genom att större internationella företag har slagit rot på den svenska marknaden. Därmed konkurrerar de lokala respektive globala företagen, om de mest attraktiva platserna. Vi har kommit fram till att många utländska köpcentrumägare vill satsa på den svenska marknaden då det finns tydliga incitament för dessa att göra så. Denna utveckling beror till exempel på att det finns en stabil ekonomisk tillväxt, transparens på marknaden och bra möjligheter att skapa samarbeten med lönsamma detaljister. Flera svenska bolag håller på att överge den traditionella förvaltningsmodellen då dessa blir mer fokuserade på avkastning och tillväxt, de prioriterar inte längre enbart kundnöjdhet och tekniskt underhåll. Sverige har tidigare provat på populära globala metoder, utan verkan, men kanske är det dags att återpröva liknande varianter av dessa, då den svenska marknaden har blivit en attraktionskälla i den globala köpcentrumhandeln.

Karlstad står inför sin största stadsomvandling i modern tid. Fler bostäder, utökad och förbättrad stadskärna, förnyad infrastruktur för både tåg-, buss-, bil-, gång- och cykelresenärer är delar av kommunens vision inför 2030. Handelsindex tyder på fortsatt goda förutsättningar till konsumtion. En efterlängtad satsning på ett nytt handelskvarter mitt i centrala Karlstad får äntligen startbesked och en ny modern handelsplats med inslag av kulturhistoriskt intressanta lokaler tar vid. En saluhall tillkommer, något man trodde var efterlängtat och därmed skulle locka besökare. Men utfallet visade sig bli annorlunda. Med höga förväntningar invigdes år 2016 den sista etappen av handelskvarteret Valvet. Kort efter öppning har förhoppningarna om Valvets nysatsning för centrumutvecklingen i staden raserats, den respons man förväntade och det kundflödet man räknade med uppstod aldrig. År 2017 tar man beslutet att avveckla handelsverksamheten för att istället satsa på restaurangverksamhet och nöjen i lokalerna. Syftet med arbetet är att studera källorna till varför etableringen av Handelskvarteret Valvet inte lyckades leva kvar. Michael Porters konkurrensstrategi, femkraftsmodellen, samt Porters generiska basstrategier utgör det teoretiska ramverket och för att berika den kvalitativa studien har intervjuer gjorts med personer i direkt anknytning till projektet om Valvet. Annan datainsamling har skett via dokument från Karlstad kommun och också publicerade artiklar i värmländska tidskrifter. Resultatet visar att på att det finns flera orsaker till att etableringen inte lyckades i den utsträckning man först önskade. Klimatet har förändrats i centrum i takt med ökad e-handel och externhandel, konkurrensen har således ökat. Samtidigt har ett bristfälligt kundunderlag skapat en övertro på en av huvudaktörerna, kundflödet blev bristfälligt och påverkade hela handelskvarteret negativt. Värdeskapande faktorer har varit svaga, däribland utformning, synergieffekter och hyresgästmixen. Antydan till en förskjutning i centrum, från konsumtion till upplevelser, har möjligen också haft en inverkan vid etableringen. / Karlstad faces its greatest urban transformation in modern times. More housing, expanded and improved city centers, renewed infrastructure for train, buses, cars, pedestrians and cyclists are all part of the municipality's vision by 2030. The trade index indicates continued favorable conditions for consumption. An anticipated investment in a new commercial district in the center of Karlstad is finally launched, and a new modern shopping center with elements of historical- and cultural interesting areas is taking place. A market hall is added, something that was thought to be wished-for and would attract visitors. But the outcome turned out to be different. With high expectations in 2016, the final stage of the shopping center Valvet was opened. Soon after opening, the hopes for Valvet's new initiative for city center development were gone. The response expected and the anticipated customer flow never occurred. In 2017, the decision is taken to discontinue the shopping center, to instead change the concept into restaurants and a giant event park. The purpose of this work is to study the sources of why the establishment of Valvet shopping center failed. Michael Porter's competitive strategy, the five forces analysis model, constitutes the theoretical framework. In order to enrich the qualitative study, interviews have been made with people directly related to the project Valvet. Other data collection has been carried out via documents from the municipality but also published articles in Värmländska newspapers. The result shows that there are several reasons why the establishment failed to the extent that was first desired. The climate has changed in the city center in line with increased e-commerce and external trade, competition has thus increased. At the same time, a deficient customer base has created a superstition about one of the main players, the customer flow became deficient and had a negative effect on the entire trading district. Value-creating factors have been weak, including design, synergy effects and the tenant mix. The hint of a shift in the center, from consumption to experiences, may also have had an impact on the establishment.

Text in English / Violent crime and more specifically armed robberies constitute a growing threat to shopping centres in terms of their vulnerability to such criminal acts. These violent crimes are becoming ever more organised and sophisticated. Shopping centres across South Africa have become the latest targets for these syndicates. Due to the increasing number of armed robberies and violent crimes at shopping centres and the nature of violence used in these attacks, it points to a need for improvements to be made to the security measures that are in place at shopping centres. This study explored the risks and vulnerabilities at shopping centres that have led to the phenomenon of armed robberies at shopping centres in Gauteng; evaluated the current physical protection systems that are in place at shopping centres in Gauteng in order to assist with the reduction of shopping centre armed robberies; and recommendations were made for the implementation of effective security risk control measures at shopping centre’s across South Africa and specifically the province of Gauteng. Self-administered questionnaire surveys were used to explore the phenomenon from the perspectives of both retail employees and customers. The data collected from the questionnaires, utilising the non-experimental research design, were quantitatively analysed. Based on the findings from the study recommendations for the improvement of shopping centre security were formulated along with recommendations for future research. / Security Risk Management / M.Tech. (Security Management)

購物中心在國外已有長期的發展歷史，國內目前尚無購物中心的發展經驗，但民間經濟蓬勃發展，業者投資興趣濃厚，設置的區位選擇問題非常重要。 　　本研究對購物中心設置的區位選擇加以研究，研究內容除了參考零售商業區位選擇的文獻，在大範圍的區域中建立階層式的研究架構外，依序進行適合台灣購物中心發展的市場選擇、再劃定商圈範圍、另配合商圈內市場供需分析，選擇有設置購物中心潛力的商圈，最後在商圈的主、次要範圍內選擇購物中心設置的適宜據點。 　　本研究最主要的進展是建構一套能配合台灣購物中心設置區位的區位決策邏輯架構，尤以台灣沒有購物中心發展的軌跡可循，從市場選擇開始區隔購物中心和其他零售商業發展的不同，從消費者消費行為的基本假設，研究消費者到各商圈消費的機率，以市場的供給需求分析、需求門檻作為商圈選擇的判斷標準，最後以多目標分析法選出台灣北部區域適宜的設置據點，據以提出區位的具體建議。此為本研究的實質貢獻。 　　其中建議：(1).購物中心設置的區位選擇架構可以依本研究的選擇架構進行，可在大範圍中全面搜尋適宜區位。(2).本研究區位選擇的實證結果可作為私人業者、政府選擇購物中心區位或審核開發許可的參考。 　　然而實證的後續研究須再落實到基地區位選擇、預測縱斷面的時間資料預測、設置後的衝擊分析、經營分析，都是值得進一步研究的課題，有待繼續努力。

ENGLISH ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the specification of bazaars and the bazaar economy. Bazaar [bāzār] is a Persian word for marketplace, also used in Turkish- çarşi [čarši]. Like the Arabic term souk وسق [súq], bazaar is both the concrete trading place, where many people meet and interact but like the English word market or the French le marché is also understood as a more abstract notion of buying and selling in the sense of demand and supply and it involves small shopping stalls, modern shopping and business avenues and shopping malls as well. Bazaar can refer to a single shopping unit or a street in the frame of the marketplace or outside its boundaries or to the whole business complex. The marketplace has symbolic and social importance indicative of its urban centrality. The souk is seen as one of the quintessential oriental spaces. Clifford Geertz and his own studies of Moroccan and Indonesian rural markets inspired many economic anthropologists to examine the structure of marketplaces in the developing world as products of informational scarcity. The bazaar economy was defined in Clifford Geertz' extremly influential anthropological study on the bazaar economy in Sefrou (1978), a quite small town in Morocco with about 600 shops. Geertz was the first to emphasise the important difference...