With the reproduction of severe deprivation among the campesinado in Latin America as a starting-point,the report explores the mechanisms of impoverishment in the eastern rural region of the department of Cauca in Colombia and the forms of resistance initiated by the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC). It is postulated that the continued existence of poverty derives its root-causes not from lacking integration of the traditional sector of the national economy into the modern sector, but from the processes through which the poor indigenous staple-food producer and agricultural worker by way of his actual participation within the capitalistic system is continously deprived of his energy and capacity by the power elite as he himself lacks the means to realize his own developmental power* Sham-participation, refering to the dysfunctionality of systemic participation performed by the poor who lack access to the bases for accumulating social power, is a concept applied to understand these mechanisms. Participation per se does not necessarily correspond to influence and power. Rather, systemic political participation can give legitimacy to the very system and to those structural conditions oppressing the indigenous small-holders and workers and consequently contributes to the consolidation of the transfer-process of power and thereby the reproduction of deprivation. Thus the poor indigenous population in Cauca cannot expect to be given access to the fundaments of social power. Thus the elements of real participation and the conditions for resisting deprivation are less likely to be obtained only through the creation of new institutions and channels for popular participation# In the case of the indigenous movement in Colombia, the problem is rather to revoke the repression of the indigenous organizations which have emerged from below and instead promote their spontaneous mobilization. / digitalisering@umu

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Rusticci.pdf: 1134696 bytes, checksum: 4b31cf5f869254e06ebcd6245a5adfe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-28 / This study intended to analyze to what point the use of different power bases of hierarchical superiors predict the levels of engagement at work and the resilience of workers, contributing to increase the knowledge about the behavior of municipal civil servants as to the levels of engagement at work and resilience presented. Started from the definition of power from French e Raven (1959): power is the potential influence that the agent O could cause on subject P; it was adopted the concept of engagement at work from Schaufeli and Bakker (2003), that define engagement at work as a positive motivational construct, characterized by vigor, dedication and absorption, always related to work, what implies a feeling of accomplishment, involves positive cognitive state, is persistent in time, presenting, that way, motivational and social nature, and at last, used the concept of Grotberg (2005) that defined resilience as the human capacity to face, overcome, and even be strengthened by experiences of adversity . For that, it was defined as the general goal to test the predictive capacity of the social power bases of bosses over the resilience and the engagement at work in municipal civil servants of Diadema SP. Participated on this study 95 municipal civil servants of the Diadema City, SP, with a small majority of feminine individuals (51,6%), with larger percentage of age between 25 and 40 years old (38,9%). The majority of participants (60%) declared to have a completed superior education (39,9%) or post-graduation (24,2%). The instruments used were: Bases Scale of Power of Supervisors (EBPS Escala de Bases de Poder do Supervisor), scale developed by Martins and Guimarães (2007); Resilience Evaluation Scale (EAR Escala de Avaliação da Relisiência), scale formed by Martins, Siqueira and Emilio (2011) and the UTRECHT Work Engagement Scale (UWES) that had their indicators of validity and dependability refined on this study. As a result it was partially verified the existence of association between engagement at work and resilience, because engagement at work correlated to three of the five factor of resilience: positive adaptation to changes, personal competence and persistence upfront difficulty. It was verified that the dimensions that compose the variable resilience obtained averages around the forth point of the resilience scale (frequently is true), indicating that the participants frequently notice themselves as capable of facing the adversities of life due to the high perception of persistence, capable of adapting to changes, with a good level of personal competence and spirituality. Verified that the averages on the dimensions that compose the variable of engagement at work were too close of the forth point of the engagement scale (a few times a week), indicating that the notice on themselves a high level of engagement at work, meaning they have vigor, are dedicated and let themselves get absorbed by work. Verified yet that the workers realize the Power of expertise as the most applied by their hierarchical superiors with an average of 4,46 (SD = 0,71). At last, the results conquered pointed that the part and the positioning of the command didn t provoke significant impact in none of the consequent variable, ergo, power bases don t explain resilience for the participant workers of this research as also don t predict engagement at work. / Este estudo teve a intenção de analisar até que ponto o uso de diferentes bases de poder dos superiores hierárquicos predizem os níveis de engajamento no trabalho e de resiliência dos trabalhadores, colaborando para aumentar o conhecimento sobre o comportamento dos servidores públicos municipais, quanto aos níveis de engajamento no trabalho e resiliência apresentados. Partiu-se da definição de poder de French e Raven (1959): poder é a influência potencial que o agente O poderia causar no sujeito P; adotou-se o conceito de engajamento no trabalho de Schaufeli e Bakker (2003), que definem engajamento no trabalho como um construto motivacional positivo, caracterizado por vigor, dedicação e absorção, sempre relacionado ao trabalho, o qual implica sentimento de realização, envolve estado cognitivo positivo, é persistente no tempo, apresentando, assim, natureza motivacional e social e por fim utilizou-se o conceito de Grotberg (2005) que define resiliência como a capacidade humana para enfrentar, vencer e ser fortalecido ou transformado por experiências de adversidades . Para isto, definiu-se como objetivo geral testar a capacidade preditiva das bases de poder social dos chefes sobre a resiliência e o engajamento no trabalho, em servidores públicos municipais de Diadema - SP. Participaram deste estudo 95 servidores públicos municipais do município de Diadema, SP, com pequena maioria de indivíduos do sexo feminino (51,6%), com maior percentual de idade entre 25 e 40 anos (38,9%). A maioria dos participantes (60%) declarou possuir nível superior completo (35,8%) ou pós-graduação (24,2%). Utilizou-se os instrumentos: Escala de Bases de Poder do Supervisor (EBPS), escala desenvolvida por Martins e Guimarães (2007); Escala de Avaliação da Resiliência (EAR), escala construída por Martins, Siqueira e Emilio (2011) e a Escala de Engajamento no Trabalho de UTRECHT (UWES) que tiveram seus indicadores de validade e fidedignidade apurados neste estudo. Como resultado constatou-se parcialmente a existência de associação entre engajamento no trabalho e resiliência, pois engajamento no trabalho correlacionou-se com três dos cinco fatores de resiliência: adaptação positiva à mudanças, competência pessoal e persistência diante de dificuldade. Verificou-se que as dimensões que compõem a variável resiliência obtiveram médias ao redor do ponto quatro da escala de resiliência (frequentemente é verdade), indicando que os participantes frequentemente percebem a si mesmos como capazes de enfrentar as adversidades da vida em função da sua alta percepção de persistência, capazes de adaptar-se às mudanças, com bom nível de competência pessoal e de espiritualidade. Constatou-se que as médias nas dimensões que compõem a variável engajamento no trabalho ficaram muito próximas do ponto quatro da escala de engajamento (algumas vezes na semana), indicando que eles percebem em si um alto grau engajamento no trabalho, ou seja, que possuem vigor, são dedicados e deixam-se absorver pelo trabalho. Verificou-se ainda que os trabalhadores percebem o poder de perícia como o mais empregado pelos seus superiores hierárquicos com média de 4,46 (DP= 0,71). Por fim, os resultados obtidos apontaram que o papel e o posicionamento da chefia não provocaram impacto significativo em nenhuma das variáveis consequentes, portanto, bases de poder não explicam resiliência para os trabalhadores participantes desta pesquisa como também não predisseram engajamento no trabalho.

Ces travaux abordent la question de l'impact du pouvoir et du contexte privé ou public sur la sensibilité à l’influence normative. Nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle le contexte régule les effets du pouvoir sur la sensibilité à l’influence normative. Dans une première partie, nous avons testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la possession de pouvoir, par la désinhibition qu’il suscite, rendrait les individus moins sensibles à la norme. Nous présentons deux études qui montrent que la possession de pouvoir occasionne des comportements moins conformes aux normes ainsi qu’une présentation de soi socialement moins désirable. Dans une seconde partie, nous testons l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’activation d’un pouvoir élevé entrainerait une plus forte désinhibition des conduites en privé et une plus forte inhibition des conduites en public que l’activation d’un pouvoir faible. Deux études ont été réalisées et tendent à soutenir cette idée. Une dernière recherche a été menée en vue d’examiner le rôle de l’activation contextuelle de la responsabilité sociale sur la relation entre le pouvoir et la sensibilité à l’influence normative. Toutefois, il semble que l’activation de la responsabilité sociale ne médiatise pas les effets modérateurs du contexte sur la normativité des jugements effectués. Dans l'ensemble, ces travaux contribuent à éclaircir les effets paradoxaux du pouvoir qui ont été observés dans la littérature, en proposant un modèle permettant de comprendre comment le contexte génère des processus différents en fonction du pouvoir, quand la désinhibition et l’inhibition sont susceptibles de se produire, et quelles en sont les conséquences sur les conduites individuelles. / This work investigates the impact of social power and private or public context on normative influence. We defend the thesis according to which the context (private vs. public) regulates the effects of power on normative influence. In a first series of research, we tested the hypothesis that the possession of power, by generating disinhibition, would make individuals less sensitive to social norms. Two studies are presented and show that the possession of power causes less normative behaviors as well as less socially desirable self-presentations. In a second series of research, we argue that high power primed individuals would exhibit greater disinhibition in private and greater inhibition in public than low power primed individuals. Two studies were conducted and tend to support this idea. A last study examined social responsibility as a potential moderator of the effects of social power and context on normative influence. However, it seems that social responsibility does not mediates the inhibition and disinhibition patterns we observe. Overall, these studies help to clarify the paradoxical effects of power underlined in the literature, by proposing a model which allows to understand how the context generates different processes depending on social power, when disinhibition and inhibition are likely to occur, and what are the consequences for individual behavior.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar a percepção de executivos (as) sêniores quanto a possibilidade de empreender dentro de uma organização contemporânea, pontuar as barreiras percebidas por eles (as) e apresentar os caminhos percorridos afim de superar tais barreiras. A percepção de executivos (as) brasileiros (as) quanto a possibilidade de empreender dentro de uma organização nem sempre é positivamente unânime. As barreiras enfrentadas, muitas vezes, os (as) fazem perecer diante deste desafio. E como os (as) bem-aventurados (as) executivos (as) superam estas barreiras é de fato uma questão que requer maior entendimento. Outros fatores que merecem luz são como o poder político e a diferenciação de gêneros dentro das organizações pode influenciar o Intraempreendedorismo. Os achados da pesquisa indicaram que: 3% dos entrevistados (as) não acreditam ser possível empreender dentro de uma organização, 17% acreditam que depende do tipo de organização e 80% acreditam ser possível. De acordo com os dados pesquisados, conclui-se que empreender numa organização depende de uma combinação entre o mindset empreendedor das pessoas, um ambiente favorável que estimule as pessoas a trazerem suas ideias para mesa, uma cultura organizacional que permita a experimentação (tolerância a erros) e que as iniciativas estejam alinhadas a estratégia corporativa. A pesquisa baseou-se no depoimento de 35 executivos (as) brasileiros (as) que tiveram destaque dentro de organizações de grande porte. Como estratégia de pesquisa foi adotada a pesquisa narrativa e para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas individuais. A interpretação dos dados se deu por meio da análise de conteúdo categorial (Bardin, 1977). É fato que o empreendedorismo está na pauta das empresas e aquelas que não vencerem os obstáculos no desafio de criar um ambiente que estimule a inovação, e não conseguir reter e atrair os profissionais adequados a essa expectativa, poderão ser insustentáveis a longo prazo e até ter sua sobrevivência ameaçada. / This study was carried out with the objective of investigating the perception of senior executives as to the possibility of undertaking within a contemporary organization, to punctuate the barriers perceived by them and to present the paths covered in order to overcome such barriers. The perception of Brazilian executives as to the possibility of undertaking within an organization is not unanimous. The barriers faced often make them perish in the face of this challenge. In addition, how blessed executives overcome these barriers is in fact a question that requires further understanding. Other factors that merit light are how political power and gender differentiation within organizations can influence intrapreneurship. At the end, it was possible to find out that: 3% of respondents do not believe it is possible to undertake within an organization, 17% believe that it depends on the type of organization and 80% believe it is possible. Given the data, it is concluded that undertaking in an organization depends on a combination of the entrepreneurial mindset of the people, a favorable environment that stimulates people to bring their ideas to the table, an organizational culture that allows experimentation (tolerance to errors) and initiatives are aligned with corporate strategy. The research was based on the testimony of 35 Brazilian executives who were prominent in large organizations. As a research strategy, narrative research was adopted and individual semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Data interpretation was made through categorical content analysis (Bardin, 1977). It is a fact that entrepreneurship is on the agenda of companies and those who do not overcome obstacles in the challenge of creating an environment that stimulates innovation, and is unable to retain and attract professionals to that expectation, may be unsustainable in the end and until their survival threatened

A handful of studies have shown that National Inter-religious Councils (NIRCs) contribute to electoral violence prevention. However, no quantitative study has evaluated the impact of their interventions and the conditions under which they lower electoral violence. Using data on African national elections from 1992-2019, I examine whether NIRCs' electoral-related peacebuilding interventions lower the severity of electoral violence and if their ability to do so depends on NIRCs' social power. The results in this thesis indicate that the presence of NIRCs' interventions during electoral rounds lowers the likelihood of severe electoral violence. The findings also reveal a significant disordinal interaction between NIRCs' interventions and their power, where the predicted probability of severe electoral violence reduces by 42% when powerful NIRCs implement peacebuilding interventions and, on the other hand, increases by 20% when less powerful NIRCs intervene. While this thesis fails to explain the disordinal interaction effect, it details this study's methodological tools and limitations and contributes an original dataset of NIRCs' interventions and power for future research.

本論文一冊，約八萬言，全文共分五章。第一章為導論：說明本文的研究動機、目的 、範圍及理論基礎，並安排本文的研究架構。 本文的研究理論基礎為西方多元論（Pluralism ）的觀點。在對其中心意義及模型釐 清之後，便對台灣地區社會多元化發展的情形進行討論。第二章為：重要社會勢力和 團體之崛起與發展，探討三項近十年來台灣地區最重要的社會勢力和團體，即消費者 、環保及新黨運動及團體的發展情形。第三章為：其它社會勢力的發展及執政當局的 因應，討論除上述三種以外的社會勢力及團體的發展情形，以及執政黨在社會變遷， 環境改變之後的開放措施。第四章為：檢證，即事實與理論的相互驗證，本章為本文 的研究發明。第五章為：結論，共分成兩大部份，第一部分為研究限制，討論多元模 型用於研究台灣地區社會變遷的情形是否妥當；第二部分為前景評估，預估台灣地區 社會多元化發展的前景。

This thesis uses affect theory and studies of emotion to analyse literary representations of the everyday in fictional and non-fictional writing about Muslim migrant women in the UK from 1906 to 2012. Postcolonial literary studies tend to value exceptional events over mundane life, which causes possible issues of exoticism and a danger of homogenising distinct experiences. This thesis offers a theorisation of migration that foregrounds everyday experience through an engagement with theories of objects, bodies and space, as well as emotional experiences that are specific to migrant subjectivity. It analyses two groups of texts: early twentieth century travel writing by Atiya Fyzee, Shahbano Begum Maimoona Sultan and Zeyneb Hanoum, and contemporary literary texts by Yeshim Ternar, Farhana Sheikh, Monica Ali, Leila Aboulela, Elif Shafak and Fadia Faqir. The thesis is structured thematically into three sections, each section containing two chapters, one about travel writing and another about contemporary texts. In the first section, in order to examine how the texts negotiate foreignness in daily life, I consider hospitality theory, which describes how social power relations are based on roles of host and guest. In the second section, I argue that melancholia is an emotional experience endemic to migrancy. The texts demonstrate how this emotion is manifest communally as well as individually, which also shows the political potential of emotion. In the third section, I investigate how emotional processes of migration are described spatially in the texts. The findings of this research show that emotional knowledge is a major concern for migrant writers as a way of engaging with and critiquing the social and political climates of each text. This is produced through narrations about feeling in general and specific emotions, such as irritation or anxiety. Emotional experience is illustrated in conjunction with identities that are both fluid and intersectional, where gender and class converge with ethnicity and religion. The texts also show specifically affective styles of writing that concentrate on focalising women's intimate experiences through, for example, diary entries, bildungsroman or psychological realism. While the differing contexts reflect the particularities of each experience, there are sufficient similarities of narrative content and style to suggest that affective experience is a major concern for this body of literature. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the productive uses of affect theory as a critical stance for analysing postcolonial literature.

Au Brésil, les mouvements antiautoritaires engagés notamment dans de la réforme psychiatrique participent de la création de dispositifs de participation sociale parmi les plus innovants qu’on puisse trouver sur le plan de la démocratisation. La présente recherche avait d’abord pour objectif de comprendre comment de ces dispositifs agissent sur les rapports sociaux de pouvoir traversant le réseau de santé mentale de la ville de Campinas dans l’État de São Paulo. Nous problématisons les forces sociales et économiques qui participent de la construction de ce réseau et de son « système d’analyse et de cogestion » ; une organisation participative impliquant côte à côte des destinataires, des travailleurs, des gestionnaires et parfois des élus locaux. En survolant les différents courants de la sociologie des organisations, nous découvrons le rôle central de la prise en compte du destinataire de services pour l’étude de la dimension sociopolitique de l’organisation. Il ne s’agit pas d’étudier les rapports sociaux de pouvoir sous l’angle des dispositifs participatifs, mais bien à partir des expériences vécues et de la production collective de subjectivation politique. À partir de données recueillies lors d’une ethnographie de huit mois auprès du réseau de santé mentale de Campinas, nous observons en quoi la transformation des rapports sociaux de pouvoir vécue subjectivement par les acteurs renvoie à des configurations collectives spécifiques communément nommées rodas (cercle en portugais). Cette notion fait référence aux situations au cours desquelles un petit groupe d’acteurs se réunit pour réfléchir, débattre et décider d’actions à mener en rapport à la santé mentale dans la ville. Ces configurations collectives permettent aux citoyens de donner sens et forme à un projet local de démocratisation. L’étude se consacre alors à comprendre comment les rodas agissent sur les rapports sociaux de pouvoir induits par l’organisation participative locale. En 2012, le réseau de santé mentale de Campinas traverse une des plus importantes crises de son histoire. Des coupures et la privatisation de services ont mené à une vaste mobilisation citoyenne. Dans ce contexte, nous identifions les points de tensions et d’agencements entre les rodas et les dispositifs participatifs du réseau en portant attention aux expériences quotidiennes. L’analyse des rodas ouvre de nouvelles pistes de compréhension des dynamiques de pouvoir collectif en contexte organisationnel. Par le partage de temps dans une pluralité d’espaces ouverts, par le partage d’affects ainsi que par la problématisation collective d’évènements critiques affectant le quotidien, les rodas agissent sur la hiérarchisation de manière à la réduire. Cet effort collectif de démocratisation sans cesse renouvelé ne permet toutefois pas de venir à bout des inégalités de pouvoir induites par l’organisation des services et par la société brésilienne. Comme pratique citoyenne, les rodas constituent néanmoins des leviers collectifs pour dénoncer des contradictions et des injustices sociales au sein et en dehors de l’organisation participative. Elles relèvent la possibilité d’une critique collective continue ouverte à la créativité sociale. Cette recherche ouvre un nouveau champ d’études sur les innovations citoyennes en contexte d’organisation participative; un champ d’autant plus prometteur qu’il s’inscrit dans un renouvellement critique de la sociologie des organisations. / In Brazil, anti-authoritarian movements, particularly those engaged in psychiatric reform, are creating some of the newest innovative democratic forms of social participation. The aim of this research is first to understand how these new participatory schema act on the social relations of power across the mental health network in the city of Campinas in the State of São Paulo. I first problematize the social and economic forces involved in the construction of this network and its "system of analysis and co-management". This participatory model of organization requires users, workers, managers and sometimes local elected officials work side by side. Across the different streams of organizational sociology, the user is seen to play a central role in defining the socio-political dimension of the organization. However this is not achieved through participatory schema rather the user arises from the production of political subjectivation and the actual experiments themselves. Using ethnographic data collected during an eight-month period from across the Campinas mental health network, I observe how the transformation of the subjective social relations of power experienced by the actors refers to specific collective configurations commonly known as "rodas" (Circle in Portuguese). The term “rodas” refers to small groups of actors who meet to reflect, debate and decide on actions to be taken in relation to mental health practices in the city. These collective configurations allow citizens to give meaning and form to a local democratization project. The study then focuses on how the rodas influence the social relations of power induced by the local organization. In 2012, the Campinas mental health network went through one of the biggest crises in its history. Cuts and the privatization of services led to widespread citizen mobilization. In this context, I identify tensions and strategies within the rodas and their means for participation across the network paying attention to their everyday experiences. The analysis of rodas opens up new avenues of understanding the levers of collective power in an organizational context. Through the sharing of time in a plurality of open spaces, through sharing affect as well as through collective problem-solving of critical events impacting affecting daily life, the rodas act to reduce organisational e hierarchy. This collective effort of constantly renew democratization does not however make it possible to overcome the inequalities of power induced by the organization of services and by Brazilian society. As a form of citizen participatory practice, rodas nevertheless provide collective levers that denounce contradictions and social injustices within and outside the organization. Their practices highlight the possibility of a continuous collective criticism open to social creativity. This research opens a new field of study on citizen participation and innovation in the context of the organization; a field that is all the more promising because it is part of a critical renewal of the sociology of organizations.

This thesis analysis in social practise the Language Management Theory - it deals with pedagogical activity of Czech language teachers at secondary schools, based on corrections of writen language tests. The goal of this paper was to find out whether the norm of czech standard language which is contained in codices correspond with the norm that is presented by teachers. This thesis uses modern metdological approaches from the sociolinguistic sphere, especially the method of so called 'Follow-Up Interview'. It also uses the concept of the Social Power Field by Ulrich Ammon and the Language Management Theory by J. V. Neustupný as general methodological basis. As the source of information served authentic tests which has been filled by fifty students of a secondary school a and then corrected by eight czech language teachers. Other sources were Follow-Up Interviews with the teachers and questionnaires. On the basis of these sources the Language Management Theory was researched and also the idea of the teachers about the norm of standard language. This idea was compared to the opinions of other three instances of the Social Power Field. In cases there was something unclear the information were completed from the Follow-Up Interviews. The research has proved that in the most cases the norm presented by teachers...

This thesis was conducted since the Covid-19 pandemic has meant that work, as well as workplace meetings, has become virtual. The purpose of the study was to research individual experiences of power relations between actors within virtual, video-mediated meetings in regard to the effect technology, body and place have on these power relations. The Data was collected by conducting ten semi-structured interviews through Teams and Zoom. The result was analyzed within the framework of power through persuasion, authority, and coercion (Turner, 2005), and also by including the concepts of social power and dominance (Linell & Luckmann, 1991). Further, the result was put in a broader academic context by relating it to previous research. The result showed that technology has had an effect on the relations of power by creating new areas of responsibility, by increasing control over oneself and others within meetings, but also by giving people a greater sense of freedom surrounding them. In the second part of the result, it was reported that absence of body during virtual meetings has meant difficulties in being able to give feedback through one’s body language, and that it, in addition, has led to new conditions when it comes to who gets to speak. Third, the result showed that the transition of the workplace from being an office to it becoming a virtual space, in theory, could mean increased access to meetings, but that the person in charge of the meeting has a decisive role in realizing that opportunity. Finally, it appeared as if friction has arisen between norms within the office and norms of the home, and that people within a place of authority has been able to exercise excessive control by demanding that coworkers have their cameras on at all times. The paper ended by giving suggestions on further research.