[pt] A tese oferece uma leitura pós-estrutural e pós-colonial/decolonial sobre a intersecção entre os atores políticos e midiáticos estadunidenses, especialmente o The New York Times (NYT), sobre Somália e Ruanda. O argumento principal que discursos calcados na política do statecraft, disseminados em perspectiva comparada, pelos atores políticos e midiáticos estadunidenses sobre Somália e Ruanda, durante as décadas de 1990 frente aos anos 2000, foram caracterizados mais pelas continuidades, do que pelas descontinuidades das narrativas, tendo em vista as práticas coloniais reiteradas ao longo de décadas sobre os países africanos. Salienta-se que esta tese visa preencher a lacuna sobre os estudos multidisciplinares entre as Relações Internacionais e a Comunicação Social, especificamente nas agendas sobre (P)política E(e)xterna estadunidense, por intermédio da análise discursiva à guisa da semiótica. Argumenta-se, nesta tese, que as narrativas orientalistas disseminadas pelos atores políticos e midiáticos estadunidenses sobre Somália e Ruanda no transcorrer do tempo replicaram hegemônicas representações que diz mais sobre o Ocidente do que propriamente sobre o Oriente – leia-se Áfricas. Estes discursos foram mobilizados por meio de uma política comparada que vem posicionando os atores africanos aqui analisados em relações hierárquicas entre si. Propõe-se chamar a atenção para o modo homogêneo e monolítico pelo qual as sociedades africanas são abordadas. A tese sugere que as práticas coloniais são mantidas tendo em vista a reprodução de hierarquias das sociedades africanas em relação ao Self estadunidense. Veremos como ao longo do tempo a Somália deixa o status de sociedade faminta e passa ser retratada enquanto país símbolo do terrorismo. Já Ruanda antes vista como uma sociedade produtora da guerra civil/geno(cídios), torna-se nos anos 2000, o país símbolo do sucesso e prosperidade no continente africano na medida em que adere à paz híbrida no pós-geno(cídios). Ao fazer adesão a paz híbrida, Ruanda, à luz do etnocentrismo, permaneceu vinculada, mediante múltiplas resistências, a uma determinada concepção de modernidade, já que suas reformas estatais estiveram alinhadas ao melhores modelos de gestão traduzidos na forma de um trinômio segurança-humanitarismo-desenvolvimento. / [en] The dissertation offers a post-structural and post-colonial/decolonial reading on the intersection between US politicians and media, especially The New York Times (NYT), on Somalia and Rwanda. The main arguments that speeches grounded in the perspective of the state, by politicians and mid-American discourses Somalia and Rwanda, during the decades to the 2000s, were characterized more of continuities by 1990, than front of continuities of the narratives, for now in view of colonial practices reiterated over decades on African countries. It should be noted that this thesis fills a gap on multidisciplinary studies between International Relations and Social Communication, specifically in the agendas on American (F)foreign (P)policy, through discursive analysis in the guise of semiotics. It is argued, in this thesis, that the eastern narratives disseminated by US political and media actors about Somalia and Rwanda over time replicated hegemonic representations that say more about the West than about the East itself – that is, Africas. These relationships were mobilized through comparative politics that have been positioning the actors here between more hierarchical discourses. It is proposed to draw attention to the homogeneous and monolithic way in which African societies are approached. The thesis suggests that colonial practices are maintained in view of the reproduction of hierarchies of African societies in relation to the American Self. We will see how, over time, Somalia leaves the status of a starving society and starts to be portrayed as a country that is a symbol of terrorism. Rwanda, previously seen as a society producing civil war/geno(cides), becomes, in the 2000s, the country symbol of success and prosperity on the African continent as it adheres to the hybrid peace in the post-geno(cides). By joining peace, Rwanda to light and trinity, determined, maintained already secure, to a creation of modern management models, that its improvements are linked to the creation of modern management models, that its improvements are linked to a creation of management models, which are their best models of creating an age, that their improvements are linked to a management model translated into security. humanitarianism-development..

Soviet-Third World relations during the Cold War are still not clearly understood. Largely based on previously unused primary material, this study aims to fill this gap in knowledge by emphasising the interplay between domestic, local, regional, and global dimensions in analysing Moscow’s involvement in the Horn of Africa. By offering a detailed examination of Soviet involvement in Somalia and Ethiopia during the Cold War, this thesis aims to shed light on the factors, shaping Moscow’s policies in the area. While it does not lay any claim of representativeness for other Third World regions, this thesis aims to highlight the intricate interplay between ideology and realpolitik in the making of Soviet foreign policy. Additionally, it tries to determine to what extent the ‘local pull,’ exerted by both Addis Ababa and Mogadishu, as well as by Soviet and other Bloc diplomats, informed the Kremlin’s policy in the area. This thesis shows that the two main strands of Moscow’s foreign policy, the pragmatic statist line and the ideological Cominternist approach, were not in conflict with one another. Instead, they were amalgamated into a flexible tactical approach, designed to maximise Soviet influence by whatever means available, along the path of least resistance. Another strand in the argument is interwoven with the pericentric framework for the study of the Cold War. While accepting recent interpretations of superpower-Third World relations, this research develops a more nuanced account of the centre-periphery interaction. The act of local engagement was Moscow’s initiative, in accord with its wider geo-political plans. Once engaged, the local actors proved instrumental in informing the Kremlin’s exercise of maintaining a presence. As with its entry, Moscow’s disengagement was predicated on strategic considerations. The period of perestroika, assigned the Third World lower priority in the Kremlin’s global agenda, engendering a withdrawal from the Horn.

Purpose - The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of modus operandi ofmodern sea piracy by data existed in the relevant sources. A simple framework ofunderstating the subject is brought as the authors’ contribution.Design/methodology/approach – Analysis was done through constructing a databaseaccording to sea piracy reports of International Maritime Organization (IMO) website. It hascontinued by investigating in some of the economical, social and other parameters of somecountries with coastlines. In the end, it has introduced a framework of understanding of themodern sea piracy.Findings – Piracy has a long history, as an easy way of achieving commodities. In the lastdecade, there was an outbreak trend in East Africa region emerging Somalia pirates. In thebeginning of 2000s, there were South China Sea and Malacca Straits regions that were theimportant arena of pirates. Besides a weak and powerless government, bad economicalsituation, the main issue in East Africa piracy was the volume of the commodities that was(and is) transported via coasts of Horn of Africa.Practical implications- In this study, two research questions were followed: how the piracyattacks have been done and observing how some related countries look like.Research limitations/implications – Being a literature review, this thesis project is notresponsible for the correctness of the sources and not by any means if a company or anorganization uses its results or recommendations.Originality/value –Using valid sources, it is a unique work of authors; not manipulatingothers’ work; that has investigated those reports and addressed supplementary points thatenhance the understanding of the modus operandi and some state backgrounds of sea piratesin 2000s.Paper type – Case study / literature review. / Program: Magisterutbildning i Industriell ekonomi - logistik

Despite the Swedish Prison and Probation Service (SPPS) are a pioneer on the global arena regarding the area of corrections, generally little is known of what they do in Sweden as well as internationally. This study will explore the SPPS implementation of prison development in Somalia, which will be done through interviews with seconded personnel and others within the Swedish government that have connections to the prison development in Somalia. The findings were able to answer the research questions for this thesis, namely what the SPPS are doing internationally, what they are doing in Somalia and lastly if they have seen any results in Somalia. In the analysis, the middle power theory was used through an abductive approach to see if the SPPS fulfilled the criterions for the theory namely moral power, multilateralism and conflict management. It is concluded that the SPPS work in Somalia have been effective. They have contributed considerably to the local development and the seconded personnel has also learnt lessons for life which they can use also in their further carriers. Through their contacts, which they have established, they might also contribute further bilaterally even in the event of a withdrawal from the United Nations.

Uppsatsen avhandlar fredsframtvingande operationer och deras möjligheter till framgång.Internationella operationer är en av Försvarsmaktens huvuduppgifter och i samband med detta ärfredsframtvingande operationer en typ av operationer som svenska förband kan få delta i. Genomstudier av manöverkrigföringens principer och två begränsade fallstudier tas ett antal faktorer förframgång fram som sedan jämförs och diskuteras. Uppsatsen svarar även på ommanöverkrigföringens principer kan tillämpas vid fredsframtvingande operationer. Resultatet avuppsatsen är att faktorerna lämplig sammansättning av styrkorna, anpassad politisk styrning ochförmåga till att minska egna och civilas förluster är faktorer som har betydelse för framgång påden operativa nivån. Jag har också sett att de faktorer som man kan hämta urmanöverkrigföringen principer är betydelsefulla för möjligheterna till framgång. Det som dockhämmar möjligheterna att fullt ut använda dessa delar ur manövertänkandet är denmultinationella faktorn eller brist på interoperabilitet mellan de deltagande nationerna. / This thesis deals with Peace enforcement operations and their possibilities tosucceed. Participation in international operations is one of the main tasks forthe Swedish national defence forces. An analysis of the principles ofmanoeuvre warfare and of two limited case studies will result in a number offactors for success in peace enforcement operations. These factors will then becompared and discussed. This thesis will also answer whether it is possible touse the principles of manoeuvre warfare in peace enforcement operations. Theresult of the thesis is that force composition, adapted political control; forceprotection and limited collateral damage are factors that are essential for thepossibilities to succeed with peace enforcement operations. The principles ofmanoeuvre warfare are also important for the possibility to succeed with peaceenforcement. But the multinational factor or the lack of interoperability limitsthe possibilities to use the principles of manoeuvre warfare. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 00-02

Large-scale humanitarian crises in foreign countries raise the question of whether or not other countries have a duty to alleviate that suffering. In extreme cases, humanitarian intervention, that is: military intervention for the purpose of alleviating human suffering, is sometimes advocated as the morally required course of action. This thesis suggests that while the international community has a general moral responsibility to prevent and ameliorate humanitarian crises there is no simple duty of military humanitarian intervention. Hitherto, the question has typically been treated as a matter of either moral or legal principle. This thesis argues that empirical factors, which affect the international community's ability to carry out interventions effectively, have not been given their due weight in the debate. On the basis of evaluations of international responses to crises in Somalia and Rwanda, 1992 - 1994, it is suggested that a range of factors undermine the efficacy of humanitarian interventions. These factors include the impact of state interests, the effects of domestic politics in intervening states and, contrary to expectations, the role of humanitarian considerations in decision making on intervention. By showing the limitations of a simplistic view of a duty of humanitarian intervention the thesis seeks to contribute to reconciling idealism with realism in international crisis-responses. Based on sound moral and political judgment military interventions in humanitarian crises would hopefully be less ambitious and ultimately more effective.

Magister Legum - LLM / The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs)in Sudan and Somalia constitutes one of the greatest human tragedy of our time since the end of the Cold War. The concept of IDPs is immense and growing. This research paper addressed the plight of IDPs during armed conflict in Sudan and Somalia. This paper also investigated into the existing institutional and legal frameworks for the protection of IDPs during armed conflict and critically highlight some of the weaknesses of these institutions and legal instruments that protect IDPs during armed conflict. / South Africa

This Master's Thesis is devoted to the United Nations peacekeeping, particularly second- generation operations in the early 1990s and their evaluation. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the (lack of) success of the selected missions, which were the first examples of operations authorized under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. The theoretical part focuses on the concept of peacekeeping itself, historical development, types of peace operations and literature review, as there are various criteria on how to evaluate peacekeeping missions. For the purpose of this thesis, the work examines three peace operations - the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), the United Nations Missions in Somalia (UNOSOM I and UNOSOM II) and the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL). The case studies provide a brief overview of the conflict, the main roots of the conflict, a response from the international community, deployment of the mission and its evaluation according to the selected framework. Furthermore, the supplementary discussion regarding the development and situation in the country in the aftermath of the mission's withdrawal enriches the case study. The thesis concludes with the evaluation of the outcomes of second-generation operations with Chapter VII mandates and aims...

The aim of this study was to see what the fundamental efforts were to bring about a democratic electoral system in Somalia? What are the significant obstacles in relation to the planned electoral system and what can the clan, the constitution and external actors mean in this context? What efforts can be made to introduce a democratic electoral system?  This study was conducted by using five semi-structured interviews and material collected on Somalia’s history, current state, and clan society. This paper concludes that there are different factors such as the International Community, the federal member states, Clan representatives, and major donors, which have had an effect on the democratization process in Somalia. Furthermore, it shows that the main problem is the application of the Constitution that is being hindered by the political elite and the federal member states. This research suggests several measures that must be enforced to carry out a democratic election, 1. A will from the political elite to speed up the process around the new electoral system, 2. The Constitution process must continue and be implemented, 3. Stable institutions, laws and regulation must be implemented, 4. The country’s security must be strengthened.  This study discovers that Somalia is in the decision phase in accordance with Rustow’s transition theory, where the country is slowly but surely applying democratic principles and rules into the Constitution.

This thesis evaluated a program of the Lutheran Community Services of Oregon, an English as a Second Language training program for Somali refugee women. This study examined the English test results and questionnaires of 28 pairs of Somali women and North American volunteers involved in tutoring. The evaluation included communicating with the Somali women, North American tutors, and Lutheran Community Services staff. The researcher created a literacy test, piloted it, and created questionnaires with the assistance of the staff. Before the tutoring began, the researcher created a needs assessment for the Somali participants and visited each Somali woman's home with a Somali interpreter to administer the initial student questionnaire, B.E.S.T. Test, Written Form Test, and needs assessment. The researcher administrated the initial questionnaire to the tutors. Next, the researcher observed the literacy and cultural trainings for the tutors and observed three pairs of tutors and students during tutoring sessions at the students' homes. The researcher attended an informal party for tutors and staff during the middle of the program and administrated the mid-term questionnaire at the party and over the phone. The evaluator discussed the program with the staff every couple months. The final step was going to each Somali woman's home to conduct the final student questionnaire, B.E.S.T. Test, Written Form Test. The final tutor questionnaire was completed over the phone. The researcher and Lutheran Community Services staff presented the findings at the 2000 Oregon Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (ORTESOL) Conference. Some of the more significant findings about creating effective programs are that programs for pre-literate refugees should use quantitative and qualitative methods of evaluation and should offer a non-threatening atmosphere for pre-literate adult refugees. Arranging for students to study in their own homes with tutors has positive as well as negative points. The views and languages all of the stakeholders during an evaluation should be considered. It is recommended that programs make materials specifically for their participants, create and offer literacy training specifically made to help tutors teach the targeted populations, and include cultural training for the students and tutors.