The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is a regional economic community established by Treaty in 1992 and comprising fifteen southern African countries. The Tribunal, SADC’s judicial organ, is situated in Windhoek, Namibia and became operational in 2005. The Tribunal enjoys a wide mandate to hear and determine disputes between states, states and SADC, and between natural and legal persons and states or SADC. It is mandated to develop its own jurisprudence having regard to applicable treaties, general rules and principles of public international law, and principles and rules of law of member states. Being new in the field, the Tribunal has not as yet developed a significant jurisprudence although it has delivered a number of judgments some of which are referred to in the study. The Tribunal is expected to develop its own jurisprudence having regard to the jurisprudence developed by other international courts involved in the judicial settlement of disputes. The study offers a comparative review and analysis of the jurisprudence of two selected courts: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). The focus is on four selected areas considered crucial to the functioning of the Tribunal and the selected courts. The study discusses the parties with access to the Tribunal and compares this with access to the ICJ and ECJ. The jurisdiction of the Tribunal is contrasted with that of the two selected courts. The sources of law available to the Tribunal are discussed and contrasted to those of the two courts. Lastly, the enforcement of law in SADC is contrasted to what applies in relation to the selected courts. In each selected area, similarities and differences between the Tribunal and the two courts are noted and critically evaluated. Further, rules and principles developed by the two selected courts are explored in depth with a view to identifying those which could be of use to the Tribunal. Recommendations are made on rules and principles which could be of use to the Tribunal and on possible improvements to the SADC treaty regime. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

Les cinquante dernières années témoignent d’une multiplication des mécanismes préjudiciels. Le mouvement fut initié par le renvoi préjudiciel à la Cour de justice, suivi de peu par le renvoi préventif au Tribunal des conflits. Il s’est confirmé à la fin des années 1980 et au début des années 1990 avec la création des demandes d’avis au Conseil d’État et à la Cour de cassation. Il s’accélère aujourd’hui avec la création récente de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité et l’adoption du protocole n°15 à la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme instaurant un mécanisme de demande d’avis devant la Cour éponyme. Le travail de recherche invite à s’interroger sur les causes de cette dévotion particulière. L’étude démontre que l’utilisation de la technique préjudicielle poursuit aujourd’hui un effet particulier : celui d’assurer l’unification de l’interprétation des textes juridiques. Les mécanismes préjudiciels répondent donc à un besoin, celui d’unifier l’interprétation du droit, besoin aujourd’hui insatisfait du fait de la décadence des mécanismes hiérarchiques jusqu’alors chargés de cet office. En effet, l’accélération du temps du droit et le développement de la supra-légalité ont périmé ces mécanismes sédimentaires qui, tels la cassation, reposent sur la sanction. Même effet (l’unification du droit), même moyen (la technique préjudicielle), même cause (la péremption des mécanismes traditionnels) : il ne fait aucun doute que tous les mécanismes préjudiciels contemporains sont apparentés. Ils traduisent une nouvelle manière d’unifier l’interprétation qui, telle une lame de fond, étend indéfiniment son emprise. Il était impérieux de construire un nouvel outil juridique capable de témoigner de cette évolution, de créer une notion nouvelle : le renvoi préalable. Le renvoi préalable s’entend donc de « tout mécanisme par lequel une juridiction suprême uniformise l’interprétation d’un texte, sur le renvoi d’une question de droit posée à l’occasion d’un litige ». / During the last fifty years, the number of preliminary ruling mechanisms has multiplied. The movement first started with the preliminary ruling referral to the Court of Justice, which was soon followed by the preventive removal to the Court of Conflict. During the end of the eighties and in the early nineties, the movement reached confirmation through the creation of the possibility to ask its views to the State Council and to the Court of Cassation. It’s now getting faster and faster because of the recent creation of both the priority preliminary ruling on constitutionality, and the adoption, in front of the European Convention on Human Rights, of the protocol number fifteen, which introduces a system allowing the request for opinions in front of the eponymous Court. The research work invites to question about the causes of that singular devotion.The study proves that the use of the preliminary ruling procedure is nowadays endowed with a particular aim: that of ensuring the unification of the way legal texts are interpreted. Preliminary ruling mechanisms are the answer to a need, that of unifying the interpretation of the law, that need still remains unmet because of the decay of the hierarchical mechanisms which have been so far asked to manage it. As a matter of fact, both the acceleration of law time and the development of the supra-legality have collapsed these sediment mechanisms, which, just like Cassation, have to do with punishment.The same effect (the unification of the law), the same means (preliminary ruling technique), the same cause (the collapse of traditional mechanisms): there is no doubt about the link between all contemporary preliminary ruling mechanisms. They all reveal a new way of unifying interpretation which, like a tidal wave, becomes more and more powerful. It was becoming urgent to create a new legal tool which would be able to reveal this evolution, to create a new notion: pre-filing referrals. Pre-filing referrals is therefore said to be “any mechanism through which a supreme jurisdiction standardizes a text interpretation, after the referring of a law question which is raised in case of dispute”.

A la fois instrument de financement et de développement, la technique du financement de projet est de plus en plus utilisée dans les États membres de l'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). Cependant, en raison de la complexité de son cadre juridique, conséquence de l'hétérogénéité des sources et des règles qui lui sont applicables, sa mise en œuvre se révèle difficile. Pour y remédier, une intégration de ce cadre, à travers notamment l'uniformisation des sources et des règles, et l'amélioration des modalités de sa mise en œuvre s'impose. A cet effet, le Traité OHADA pourrait être utilement mobilisé. Les financements de projet entrent clairement dans le spectre de ses compétences et compléteraient les huit Actes uniformes déjà en vigueur dans cette région d'Afrique. / Considered both as a financing and development instrument, the technique of project finance is more and more used in the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHBLA) members states. However, because of the complexity of its legal framework, consequence of the heterogeneity of sources and rules that are apply to it, its implementation remains difficult. To solve this problem, an integration of the above mentioned framework, in particular, through the unification of sources and rules, as well as the improvement of the mechanisms of its implementation looks necessary. In that regard, the OHBLA Treaty could be usefully mobilized. Indeed, Project finance falls clearly in its sphere of competences and could therefore complete the eight Uniform Acts that are already enforce in that area of Africa.

Les noms de domaine sont des objets polymorphes, à la fois techniques et sémantiques. La question de leur régulation, avec l’essor du Domain Name System, est rapidement devenue un défi de taille pour le législateur. Face à une certaine défaillance du droit étatique s’est développé un véritable corpus supplétif de source privée. C’est notamment le cas des procédures extrajudiciaires de résolution des conflits mises en places par l’ICANN. Ces différents mécanismes de nature transnationale forment un ensemble cohérent, en constante évolution, que l’on peut qualifier de véritable lex domainia. Ce concept implique cependant une vision nécessairement pluraliste du droit - où cohabitent systèmes publics, privés et hybrides -, qui invite le juriste à repenser la théorie des sources. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de la nature et de l’articulation de ces différentes sphères normatives. Celles-ci ne doivent pas être considérées comme des espaces clos et hermétiques ; il existe entre eux des perméabilités qui dessinent un dispositif de régulation transnational aux sources plurielles. Il s’agit, selon l’auteur, d’une parfaite illustration de la théorie du réseau. / Domain names are polymorphic objects, whose nature is both technical and semantic. The question of their regulation has quickly become, with the rapid growth of the Domain Name System, a major challenge for the lawmaker. A certain default of state law favored the development of what one might call a private supplementary corpus. This is notably the case for extrajudicial domain name dispute resolution mechanisms promoted by the ICANN. These various transnational mechanisms form a coherent whole, in constant evolution, which can be described as a real lex domainia. This concept, however, necessarily implies a pluralistic conception of law - where public, private and hybrid systems cohabit -, which invites legal theorists to rethink the sources theory. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the nature and the articulation of these various normative spheres. These should not be regarded as closed and hermetic spaces ; permeabilities exist between them, that draw a transnational regulation pattern with plural sources. This is, according to the author, a perfect illustration of the mesh theory.

La présente recherche trouve son origine dans un constat de "crise" fait en doctrine ces dernières années à propos de la façon dont les sources se conçoivent aujourd'hui, ainsi que dans celui de profondes évolutions dans le champ plus spécifique du droit du travail.L’objet de l’étude est d’identifier les traits saillants du bouleversement annoncé. Il est question de vérifier si la représentation travailliste que l’on se fait des sources conduit effectivement dans une impasse épistémologique. Les impensés ou les anomalies identifiées conduiront alors à explorer le droit du travail contemporain et ses processus de création. Il pourra alors, à partir de cet ancrage, être envisagé de proposer un renouvellement théorique dont l’ambition est de proposer une meilleure appréhension de la réalité telle qu’elle se donne à voir dans cette matière / The present research finds its origin in a finding of "crisis" in recent years about the way that legal sources are conceived today, as well in a finding of profound evolutions in the more specific field of labor law.The purpose of the study is to identify the salient features of the announced upheaval. It is a question of verifying if the dominant representation of labor law sources leads effectively to an epistemological stalemate. The unthought or anomalies identified will then lead to the exploration of contemporary labor law and its creation processes. It may then, from this anchorage, be considered to propose a theoretical renewal whose ambition is to propose a better apprehension of the reality as it is given to see in this matter

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-14T13:06:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Magalhães Gubert_.pdf: 2454824 bytes, checksum: 2034a86fa9e3e4d3b4b805b0bf52a0ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T13:06:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Magalhães Gubert_.pdf: 2454824 bytes, checksum: 2034a86fa9e3e4d3b4b805b0bf52a0ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-05 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A tese de doutorado versa sobre o tema das Fontes do Direito e a necessidade de uma concepção atualizada de fontes, congruente com o contexto da teoria do Direito contemporânea, fundada na importância do constitucionalismo e na discussão que emerge da tensão provocada pelas crises do Estado moderno e suas implicações – perda de soberania, internacionalização e privatização das fontes – e está delimitada, especificamente, pelo objetivo de desenvolver uma teoria das fontes adequada à Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito (CHD), de Lenio Streck. Desta forma, o problema de pesquisa está centrado no questionamento acerca do sentido de fonte que, enquanto categoria que tradicionalmente compõe a teoria do Direito, é mais adequado à realidade contemporânea, visivelmente alterada pelo constitucionalismo e pela internacionalização. Como hipótese original, o trabalho defende a tese de uma nova formulação da diferença ontológica heideggeriana entre “ser e ente”, para o âmbito do Direito, agora denominada diferença ontológica entre fonte normativa e norma jurídica. O método de trabalho é o fenomenológico-hermenêutico, fundado principalmente na filosofia hermenêutica de Martin Heidegger e na hermenêutica filosófica de Hans- Georg Gadamer, nos conceitos-chave de diferença ontológica e de círculo hermenêutico (pré-compreensão) e na crítica ao pensamento metafísico. O principal referencial teórico no âmbito do Direito é a Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito (CHD), de Lenio Streck. No capítulo dois enfrentam-se os aspectos dogmáticos das fontes, sua evolução histórica e principais classificações, tema bastante emaranhado, em decorrência da plurivocidade de sentidos do termo figurativo “fontes do Direito”. O capítulo três trata de forma crítica das concepções de fonte desenvolvidas pelas correntes positivistas dos séculos XIX e XX. O capítulo quatro aborda o contexto brasileiro e analisa de forma crítica a Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro. O capítulo cinco, mais propositivo, apresenta o cenário contemporâneo de internacionalização e privatização das fontes, e propõe um novo conceito de diferença ontológica no Direito, entre fonte normativa e norma jurídica, como forma mais adequada de superar as teses positivistas de fontes e harmonizar as fontes tradicionais – leis, doutrina, jurisprudência – às novas fontes do Direito – princípios, tratados, normas, contratos e decisões internacionais, standards e indicadores, entre outros –, e que seja compatível com a Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito e sua preocupação com a autonomia do Direito, capaz de superar a arbitrariedade judicial. / The doctorate thesis explores the theme Sources of Law and the necessity of an updated concept of sources, congruent with the contemporary law theory. Founded in the importance of constitutionalism and the debate that emerges from the tensions raised by the crisis in the classical elements that characterizes modern States, such as the sovereignty principle, and today’s implications – internationalization and privatization of sources. The theme is specially delimitated by the purpose of developing a source theory that is suitable for the Critical Hermeneutics Legal Theory, proposed by Lenio Streck. The research problem questions the meaning of source that, as a traditional category in law’s theory, is more suitable for contemporary’s reality, clearly altered by constitutionalism and internationalization. As the original hypothesis, the paper suggests a new formulation for Heidegger’s ontological difference between “being and entity” in the context of Law, now denominated ontological difference between normative source and legal norm. The methodology adopted was the hermeneutical-phenomenology of Martin Heidegger’s hermeneutical philosophy and Hans-Geog Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. The main concepts of this current of thought used were ontological difference and hermeneutical circle (previous comprehension) and the criticism of metaphysical thought. The main theoretical frame in the scope of Law was Lenio Streck’s Critical Hermeneutics of Law Theory. Chapter two confronts conceptual and theoretical aspects of sources, as well as its historical evolution and main classifications, which considering the plurality of possible meanings attributed to the figurative term “sources of law” is a very tangled matter. Third chapter critically analyzes XIX and XX’s century positivism conceptions about sources of law. Chapter four talks specifically about the Brazilian context and criticizes the “Introduction to Brazilian Norm’s Statue”. The fifth chapter, more propositional, presents the current scenario for the new international and private sources and proposes a new concept for ontological difference in the field of Law, between normative source and legal norm. This is considered a more suitable alternative to overcome positivist thinking as well as to harmonize traditional sources – statues, jurisprudence, precedents – with new kinds of sources – principles, treaties, contracts and international decisions, standards and indicators, and others. This new concept is also considered to be the most compatible with Lenio Streck’s Critical Hermeneutics Legal Theory, that is very concerned with Law’s autonomy and the surpassing of judicial arbitrariness.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-21T13:56:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Cancian Selba da Silva.pdf: 3648613 bytes, checksum: 81881b02214a9a3ce511182f4a78387a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-21T13:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Cancian Selba da Silva.pdf: 3648613 bytes, checksum: 81881b02214a9a3ce511182f4a78387a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo versa sobre a educação financeira como forma de prevenção e tratamento do superendividamento. Como pano de fundo estão: o Decreto 7.397 de 2010 que estabeleceu a Estratégia Nacional de Educação Financeira e o Projeto de Lei do Senado nº 283, que propõe alterações no Código de Defesa do Consumidor para aperfeiçoar a disciplina do crédito ao consumidor e dispor sobre a prevenção do superendividamento. Após um panorama transdisciplinar, em que se conceitua e contextualiza a educação financeira como fato econômico, social e jurídico, realiza-se o exame do perfil do consumidor superendividado no Rio Grande do Sul, tanto nas situações encontradas no Programa de Apoio às Famílias Superendividadas da UNISINOS como nas apelações cíveis do TJRS. Somente a partir desse cenário é que se torna realizável, no caso concreto, a possibilidade de identificar as causas e as consequências do superendividamento. Por decorrência, trazer considerações substanciais à educação financeira, pois os perfis encontrados nos estudos de casos apresentaram sensíveis diferenças entre si. Assim, através do diálogo entre as fontes do Direito pretende-se propor a releitura do superendividamento e a construção de um novo direito fundamental social à educação financeira. / The present study focuses on financial education as a tool for indebtedness prevention and treatment. The background of the study encompasses the following: the decree 7.397 of 2010, which establishes the National Strategy of Financial Educational and the Senate’s Bill 283, which proposes changes in the Consumer Protection Code in order to improve the discipline of the credit to consumer and address the over-indebtedness prevention. After a transdisciplinary overview, in which financial education is addressed and analysed as an economic, social and legal fact, the examination of the over-indebtedness consumer profile in Rio Grande do Sul state is performed for both situations: the ones encountered in Over-indebtedness Families Support Program of Unisinos and the ones related to civil appeals of TJRS. Only through that scenario it becomes possible, in this case, to identify causes and consequences of over-indebtedness. As a result, substantial considerations about financial education are also raised, once the profiles found in case studies showed relevant differences between them. Therefore, through the dialogue between the sources of Law, the study aims to suggest the rereading of over-indebtedness and the construction of a new fundamental right to the financial education.

Dans la science du droit, il existe des moments de tension épistémologique au sein desquels se discutent les représentations, les méthodes d’interprétation et les sources du droit admises de façon majoritaire à une époque donnée. Entre clôture et ouverture, il est chaque fois question des liens qui existent entre le fait et le droit, et de la délimitation des frontières de la science du droit par rapport à d’autres approches. Ce travail tend à traduire, en termes de dynamique, les choix épistémologiques qui s’expriment aujourd’hui dans la science du droit, et à mettre en lumière leurs prolongements sur un plan pédagogique.A travers l’analyse historique de la construction des sciences auxiliaires, de la réduction des sources du droit et des méthodes de la science du droit, il a été possible de décrire une dynamique contenue, que l’on a dénommée « dynamique d’autorité ». Puis, en s’appuyant sur certaines critiques relatives à l’interprétation et aux sources du droit, nous avons mis en avant les indices qui oeuvrent actuellement à l’émergence d’une science du droit produisant une nouvelle dynamique, que l’on a dénommée « dynamique de discussion ». A partir de ces réflexions, nous avons cherché à construire les nouvelles frontières de cette science du droit, ses principales caractéristiques, puis les méthodes d’interprétation et d’apprentissage qu’elle pourrait induire. S’inscrivant dans les débats contemporains sur la réforme de l’enseignement du droit, cette thèse propose, en définitive, la création d’un cours d’« Analyse dynamique du droit » à visée principalement méthodologique. / In the science of law, there are moments of epistemological tension when are discussed questions related to representations, to methods of interpretation as well as sources of law admitted in a majority at a given time. Behind these subjects, questions concerning the relationship between fact and law and the demarcation of boundaries in the science of law in regards to other approaches are also raised. This work tries to reflect, in terms of dynamics, the epistemological choices expressed nowadays in the science of law, and to highlight their effects on a pedagogical level.Through historical analysis of the construction of auxiliary sciences, of the reduction of sources of law and of the methods of the science of law, it has been possible to describe a contained dynamics to be known as « the dynamics of authority ». Then, relying on the critics on the interpretation and on the sources of law, we have brought out the evidence currently working for the emergence of a science of law wich has produced a new dynamics, to be named as « the dynamics of discussion ». From these considerations on, we have tried to build the new boundaries of this science of law, its main characteristics, and the methods of interpretation and learning that they could induce. As part of contemporary debates on the reform of the teaching of law, this thesis suggests finally the creation of a « Dynamic analysis of law » course concentrated mainly on the methodological aspects.

Avec les scandales financiers à répétition (Maxwell, Polly Peck, Enron…) qui se sont succédé dans le milieu des sociétés cotées notamment au Royaume-Uni et aux États-Unis depuis les années 1980, le droit des sociétés n'a eu de cesse de vouloir contenir et endiguer ces dérives de l'usage d'un pouvoir bien particulier : celui des dirigeants sociaux des grandes entreprises cotées. Mais le constat est amer pour le droit des sociétés : sa faiblesse voire sa relative impuissance face à ce pouvoir que nous qualifions d' « économique », ont entraîné l'émergence d'un droit nouveau : la corporate governance. Mais ce droit qui ne rentre pas dans les catégories du droit connues, ne procède pas d'un ordre de contrainte : il relève d'un ordre juridique négocié. Nous aurons à démontrer en quoi cette corporate governance est aujourd'hui devenu un véritable système juridique, pour l'heure sui generis. En tant que système juridique, la corporate governance ne doit plus être vue comme un « infra-droit » ou seulement un droit souple, mais comme un véritable droit tout simplement : celui du pouvoir économique. / With repeating financial scandals (Maxwell, Polly Peck, Enron…) that have occurred and followed one another in the environment of listed companies in particular in the United Kingdom and in the United States since the 1980s, corporate law has never stopped wanting to contain and to curb these drifts and excesses of the use of a very particular power: that of executives and managers of large listed companies. But the report is bitter for corporate law: its weakness even its relative powerlessness facing this power that we describe and consider to be « economic », have led to the emergence of a new law: corporate governance. But this law which does not fit into the known categories of law, does not proceed of an order of constraint: it is a matter of a negotiated legal order. We shall have to demonstrate in what this corporate governance has become a real legal system today, for the moment sui generis. As a legal system, corporate governance should no longer be seen as a « sub-law » or only a soft law, but as a real and genuine law simply: that of the economic power.

La représentation collective des salariés se caractérise par une pluralité de sources : internationales, européennes, étatiques et professionnelles. Leur identification permet d’établir une cartographie. Certaines ont pour objet de garantir les droits fondamentaux des salariés d’essence collective. D’autres participent plus directement à structurer le système de représentation collective des salariés. Cette cartographie renseigne ensuite sur leur importance respective à régir ce dernier domaine. Le développement du droit de l’Union européenne d’un côté et l’essor de la négociation collective de l’autre tendent ainsi à relativiser l’importance traditionnelle de la loi. De même, la promotion des normes négociées conduit corrélativement à un déclin des normes issues du pouvoir patronal. Leur articulation permet de comprendre les différents rapports qu’elles nouent entre elles. Elle met en évidence ce vers quoi est orientée l’articulation des sources de la représentation collective des salariés. Classiquement, cette articulation vise à garantir le droit des salariés à être représentés. De manière renouvelée, elle s’inscrit dans un processus de contractualisation et de décentralisation de la production normative. Le domaine de la représentation collective de salariés n’offre pas seulement une illustration particulière et vivante des mutations des sources du droit. Caractérisé par l’importance des normes de structure, il est un parfait observatoire pour appréhender le dynamisme de l’agencement des sources du droit et pour comprendre les mécanismes qui rendent possibles les déplacements d’une source à l’autre. / Workers’ collective representation is guaranteed by several sources of Law: international, European, statutes and collective bargaining. Pinpointing all of them enables a “map-making”. Some sources are to ensure workers’ collective fundamental rights. Some others aim to design workers representation. This « law-mapping » indicates each law’s respective importance. The increasing importance of the European Union law and of the collective bargaining in this matter alleviates statutes’ traditional role. In the same time the increasing role of collective bargaining diminishes management role in this respect. Studying the coordination of the different laws helps to understand their functions regarding one another. It makes possible to identify their purpose. Traditionally, such a coordination aims only to ensures workers’ representation. Now on, this coordination falls within the scope of a « contractualized » and decentralized normative production. Workers’ collective representation is not only a topic illustration of sources of laws mutation, it is also a field to observe the dynamic current of their coordination and interaction.