O objetivo desta dissertação é expor as características centrais da teoria do filósofo norte-americano Ronald Dworkin sobre a natureza dos direitos fundamentais ou morais. A referida teoria é aqui compreendida como uma defesa da noção de direitos fundamentais, tal como aparece no sistema constitucional norte-americano, contra os ataques do utilitarismo e do juspositivismo. A concepção dworkiniana dos direitos fundamentais como razões de justiça (ou princípios) que operam como trunfos contra a utilidade geral é contrastada com duas teses adversárias: a concepção utilitarista dos direitos morais de John Stuart Mill e a tese juspositivista das fontes sociais. A famosa querela entre Ronald Dworkin e os juspositivistas é analisada em um enfoque normativo, como uma disputa sobre o conceito de autoridade política: Dworkin compreende os direitos fundamentais como a fonte última da autoridade jurídica, enquanto os positivistas sustentam que uma das funções da autoridade jurídica é precisamente estabelecer quais são os direitos das pessoas. / The purpose of this research is to expound the main characteristics of Ronald Dworkins theory of fundamental (or moral) rights. Dworkins theory is herein considered as a defense of the idea of fundamental rights, as it appears in the United States Constitutional System, against the attacks advanced by the doctrines of utilitarianism and legal positivism. Dworkins conception of fundamental rights as reasons of justice (or principles) that function as trumps against the general utility is contrasted with two defiant theories: John Stuart Mills utilitarian conception of moral rights and the positivist social sources thesis. The well-known debate between Ronald Dworkin and the legal positivists is approached as a normative dispute concerning the concept of political authority: Dworkin regards fundamental rights as the ultimate source of legal authority, whereas legal positivists argue that one of laws main functions is precisely to settle peoples rights.

O objetivo desta dissertação é expor as características centrais da teoria do filósofo norte-americano Ronald Dworkin sobre a natureza dos direitos fundamentais ou morais. A referida teoria é aqui compreendida como uma defesa da noção de direitos fundamentais, tal como aparece no sistema constitucional norte-americano, contra os ataques do utilitarismo e do juspositivismo. A concepção dworkiniana dos direitos fundamentais como razões de justiça (ou princípios) que operam como trunfos contra a utilidade geral é contrastada com duas teses adversárias: a concepção utilitarista dos direitos morais de John Stuart Mill e a tese juspositivista das fontes sociais. A famosa querela entre Ronald Dworkin e os juspositivistas é analisada em um enfoque normativo, como uma disputa sobre o conceito de autoridade política: Dworkin compreende os direitos fundamentais como a fonte última da autoridade jurídica, enquanto os positivistas sustentam que uma das funções da autoridade jurídica é precisamente estabelecer quais são os direitos das pessoas. / The purpose of this research is to expound the main characteristics of Ronald Dworkins theory of fundamental (or moral) rights. Dworkins theory is herein considered as a defense of the idea of fundamental rights, as it appears in the United States Constitutional System, against the attacks advanced by the doctrines of utilitarianism and legal positivism. Dworkins conception of fundamental rights as reasons of justice (or principles) that function as trumps against the general utility is contrasted with two defiant theories: John Stuart Mills utilitarian conception of moral rights and the positivist social sources thesis. The well-known debate between Ronald Dworkin and the legal positivists is approached as a normative dispute concerning the concept of political authority: Dworkin regards fundamental rights as the ultimate source of legal authority, whereas legal positivists argue that one of laws main functions is precisely to settle peoples rights.

Si d’importantes recherches sur les sources du droit et de nombreux travaux sur le droit de la communication par internet ont déjà été menés, cette thèse se distingue des premiers comme des seconds : d’une part, elle interroge des sources souvent originales, loin de réduire le droit à la loi et à la jurisprudence ; d’autre part, elle ne consiste pas en un exposé technique et utilitaire du droit de la communication par internet mais en une étude scientifique et macro-juridique (i.e. détachée des règles et des régimes juridiques). L’observation du droit de la communication par internet est ici au service d’une réflexion relative aux continuités, aux ruptures et aux mouvements actuels et à venir des sources du droit. Cette branche du droit, significative du droit « global » et du droit « postmoderne », est révélatrice de ce à quoi le paysage juridique pourrait ressembler demain, lorsque le droit moderne stato-centré aura été irrémédiablement débordé par un droit « en réseau » dont les propriétés ressemblent fort à celles du réseau mondial qu’est l’internet. Progressivement, les sources auparavant premières deviennent secondaires, celles qui hier demeuraient à l’arrière-plan se retrouvent sur le devant de la scène juridique, tandis que de nouveaux foyers de normes apparaissent. L’objet de cette thèse est de constituer un témoignage de ce renouvellement des lieux et des modes de production des normes en cours / Many books studying the sources of the law and many books studying the Internet law have already been published. This thesis differs from these books : it studies the original sources, not only the state law and the customs; and it is a scientific work and not a practical work. Observations of the Internet law can serve thoughts on the currents and futures continuities and changes of the sources of the law. Studying this young and special law is like studying an example of global law and postmodern law, revealing the specifics of the law of tomorrow, when the modern law centered on the state will be replaced by a different law, whose properties gather those of the Internet. Gradually, the conventional sources are substituted by new sources. This thesis wants to be a witness of these changes in the sources of the law.In terms of legal science and legal thought, lawyers should perhaps avoid analyzing the law of tomorrow with tools and lessons from yesterday. Studying the Internet law invites to build new tools and frameworks in order to describe and explain as accurately as possible the reality of the law. These problems led to the writing of this book. By focusing on specific legal objects that reflect the twenty-first century law, it wants to promote the understanding and the acceptance of changes in the law. Specifically, the objective is to contribute to the renovation of the sources of the law thought when the modern theory appears increasingly archaic because the number, the identity, the architecture and the balance of the sources is permanently evolving

Les disciples de Frédéric Le Play (1806-1882) ont cherché, par la constitution d’écoles, àperpétuer l’oeuvre de leur maître. En matière juridique, ils tentent de refonder le droit sur l’espritsocial. Celui-ci, frontalement opposé à l’esprit classique des juristes, fait d’abstraction etd’idéalité, doit permettre de réinsuffler le social dans le droit, saturé par l’idéologie des Lumières.Cet objectif passe notamment par une réflexion méthodologique sur la science juridique, quidoit allier le classique procédé déductif à l’induction des sciences sociales. Une fois le droit assissur la neutralité du fait social, il peut enfin être assaini de l’idéologie rousseauiste qui l’imprègneet, somme toute, dépolitisé. Les leplaysiens en retrouvent in fine le fondement dans la tradition,mélange d’immanence et d’historicité. Les disciples de Le Play, qui entendent promouvoir desréformes en vue de l’avènement d’une société traditionnelle vectrice de paix sociale, utilisentalors les sources formelles du droit. Celles-ci apparaissent véritablement instrumentalisées : lesémules de l’ingénieur utilisent en effet, au gré de leurs besoins, tant la coutume et lajurisprudence que la loi pour faire aboutir leurs réformes. Il ressort de cette étude qu’ils ontsurtout exercé une influence méthodologique et intellectuelle sur la norme législative. / The followers of Frederic Le Play (1806-1882) sought by the establishment of schools, toperpetuate the work of their master. They indeed tried to reestablish social spirit as the true basisof legal science. The latter, frontally opposed to the classical spirit of Jurists, made of abstractionand ideality, must allow life to penetrate the field of legal science, saturated with the ideology ofthe Enlightenment. To achieve this objective, they develop a methodological reflection on legalscience, which must combine the classic deductive process to the induction of Social Sciences.Once seated on the neutrality of the social fact, legal science can finally be cleansed ofRousseau’s ideology and be, after all, depoliticized. The leplaysiens ultimately found the truebasis of law in tradition, defined as a mixture of immanence and historicity. The disciples of LePlay, who intend to promote reforms to the advent of a traditional society vector of social peace,then use formal sources of law. The latter appear truly manipulated : the followers of theengineer use indeed to suit their needs, both custom, jurisprudence and law to achieve theirreforms. It appears from this study that they have mostly influenced the Third Republiclegislation in a methodological and intellectual way.