Cette thèse propose d’étudier la prise en compte des écosystèmes urbains dans les pratiques publiques de l’aménagement de Bordeaux Métropole. À travers une approche interdisciplinaire à la croisée de l’urbanisme et de la science politique, cette analyse s’inscrit à la suite des recherches sur les visions plurielles de la nature comme espace de l’urbain et vise à mieux comprendre la faiblesse actuelle de l’action environnementale publique. L’approche retenue contribue ainsi à croiser action urbaine et action publique environnementale dans ce que nous qualifions d’action urbaine écologique. Les résultats de cette recherche s’appuient sur la mise en place d’une recherche-action, menée de 2014 à 2017 avec la Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (aujourd'hui Bordeaux Métropole). Il s’agissait de rentrer au cœur des pratiques professionnelles et décisionnelles de l’aménagement public bordelais, pour mieux décomposer les habitudes, les raisonnements et les logiques urbaines, en particulier celles qui représentaient des obstacles à la mise en place d’une action urbaine écologique. Nous verrons que l’action urbaine écologique de Bordeaux Métropole illustre de manière singulière le traitement ambigu actuel de la nature administrée et aménagée. La pluralité des interventions de l’intercommunalité bordelaise en matière de nature urbaine n’aboutit d’abord pas à une dimension intégrée et proactive de l’aménagement métropolitain. Elle se heurte à ce que nous appellerons un plafond de verre de la nature, qui nous amènera ensuite à soulever les logiques de la conflictualité tacite des pratiques écologiques de l’urbain. Nous mettrons enfin en évidence l’impensé spatial des pratiques aménagistes bordelaises qui se cache derrière les obstacles à la mise en place d’une action urbaine écologique. / In the light of the contemporary urban planning action, this Phd offers to examine the integration of ecosystems in the urban planning practices of Bordeaux Métropole (France). Relying on an interdisciplinary approach of urban planning and political science, this analysis is part of the research on the plural visions of Nature as an urban space and aims to improve understanding the current weakness of environmental policy actions. An action-research project (2014-2017) with the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (nowadays Bordeaux Métropole) enabled to unfold an ethnographic immersion of urban planning public practices. The case of Bordeaux Métropole illustrates the contradictory management of the environmental challenge in urban areas. The increasing integration of ecological practices does not succeed in implementing a sustainable and operational dimension of spatial planning. There is a tacit and latent conflict of the ecological urban practices of what we could call an « Ecological Glass Ceiling ». Contemporary urban planning practices seems to encounter difficulties to characterize an ecological spatial policy framework which is nor a regulatory and dual zoning (natural areas), neither a wide and scientific concept (biodiversity). Through this Glass Ceiling hypothesis, we will thereby observe how urban ecosystems are still remained unconceived in the on-going urban planning practices.

<p>In 2004, a report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy documented a broad range of ecological problems in U.S. ocean waters, including declining fish stocks, changes in marine biodiversity, coastal habitat loss, and hypoxic "dead zones," as well as related governance problems, such as uncoordinated and contradictory laws, underfunded programs, and conflicts between local, state, and federal priorities. The Commission's recommendations for improvement revolved around the themes of ecosystem-based management, improved agency coordination, and regional flexibility.</p><p>One recommendation in particular stated that, "Congress ... should establish a balanced, ecosystem-based offshore management regime that sets forth guiding principles for the coordination of offshore activities." Five years later, President Obama instructed an interagency taskforce to develop a "framework for effective coastal and marine spatial planning" to help achieve the goals of that recommendation and, in 2012, nine Regional Planning Bodies were established to begin the planning process.</p><p>Not everyone has embraced marine spatial planning (MSP) as a desirable next step in ocean management. Some ocean industries worry that MSP could interfere with economic priorities. New users, such as offshore windfarm developers, fear that extended planning will further delay their activities. Members of Congress have complained that MSP policy lacks adequate legislative underpinnings. Still others worry</p><p>that MSP may be a solution in search of a problem, diverting money and attention away from more immediate ocean challenges. Equally worrisome, the policy research community has yet to provide solid theoretical or historical support for the presumed efficacy of MSP in U.S. ocean waters. In light of the recent, rapid adoption of MSP and the questions surrounding it, more rigorous examination is in order.</p><p>This study contributes to that examination in two ways. First, it places MSP within the broader context of research and practice in fields such as policy analysis, common-pool resource theory, institutional analysis, planning and design, community engagement, and conflict resolution. Second, it looks at the history of U.S. public lands--a public space that has been accommodating multiple uses and conservation for over a century--as a comparative model. </p><p>This approach results in three research questions:</p><p>1) Are U.S. public lands and the U.S. EEZ sufficiently similar, based on characteristics most relevant to policy analysis, that successes and failures in one arena might be relevant to the other?</p><p>2) If so, has over a hundred years of active public land management in the U.S. produced any lessons for success that might be applicable to the more recently developing field of ocean management, particularly with respect to multiple-use planning and management? and</p><p>3) If the settings are similar in meaningful ways, and if lessons can be distilled from public lands management, how might these be transposed, or operationalized to inform the current drive for more integrated ocean management, particularly through the tool of marine spatial planning?</p><p>A critical review and synthesis of U.S. public land studies, particularly regarding the history of the National Forests, comprises one important element of the study. This is supplemented with case studies, site visits, detailed analyses of government documents related to both land and ocean management, and extensive formal and informal interviews with key informants in the National Forest and ocean management communities.</p><p>The study results answer the first two questions in the affirmative and conclude that sustainable, multiple-use management of government-controlled spaces and resources inevitably requires tradeoffs between numerous competing objectives. These tradeoffs can rarely be resolved through objective decision analysis and will rely implicitly or explicitly on value judgments. Using forest history as a model, it appears that the most significant choices to be made by ocean policy makers will revolve around: 1) the scale of problem definition and resolution; 2) the relative emphasis on political, technocratic, judicial, or participatory decision-making; and 3) the extent of flexibility allowed. Specific suggestions are made for how elected officials, agency staff, environmental organizations, industry, and academia can approach ocean management in a way that reflects a variety of interests, advances understanding, and achieves sustainable and productive ocean ecosystems.</p> / Dissertation

1990 m. atkūrus Lietuvos nepriklausomybę prasidėjo nauji žemės reformos ir teritorijų planavimo procesai. Pradėjus vykdyti žemės pertvarkymo procesą susiformavo naujos privačios žemėtvarkos struktūros. Dėl neprincipingų teisinių nuostatų žemės sklypai formuojami neplaningai, neįvertinant perspektyvaus jų naudojimo. Viena iš galimybių sprendžiant šias problemas galėtų būti nuosavybės teisių pertvarkymas, įvertinant teisingai tiek privačių savininkų, tiek visuomenės interesus. Miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo problemos nėra pakankamai ištirtos, nors aktualios daugumai. Lietuvos piliečių, kurie siekia susigrąžinti savo žemes, atkuriant nuosavybės teises į senelių turėtą žemę todėl šio darbo objektu ir pasirinktas miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo problemos. Nepaisant to, dar labai trūksta literatūros, elementarių žinių apie šį valstybinės reikšmės procesą, darbe apibrėžtos pagrindinės sąvokos, išanalizuota miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo samprata. Atliekant tyrimą analizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai, Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimai, gairės bei kiti norminiai aktai, susijusieji su teritorijų planavimo dokumentų rengimu, analizuoti kitų autorių darbai. Siekiant įvairiais aspektais įvertinti miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimą, pasiremta mokslinės literatūros ir teisinių dokumentų analizės bei statistiniais ir anketavimo metodais. / The research discusses territory planning and land reform during the period of the independence of Lithuania since 1990. With the beginning of unplanned land restitution private land parcels were formed chaotically. According to this situation, land reallocation principles are suggested that can help to combine private and state interests in the territory planning process. The problems of the lands for forests purposes of spatial planning are not sufficiently investigated, although relevant to the majority of Lithuanian citizens, who are seeking to recover their lands, restoring property rights to the former old people's land and therefore subject to selected areas of forest for agricultural purposes of planning problems. Nevertheless, there is a serious lack of literature, basic knowledge about the process of national significance, the article first defines key concepts, analyze the forest for agricultural purposes of spatial planning concept. In a study to analyze the laws of the Republic of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Government regulations, guidelines and other regulations, those relating to spatial planning documents in preparation for analysis of other authors' works. In order to assess various aspects of the lands for forests purposes of spatial planning issues, relied on scientific literature and legal instruments for the analysis and statistics poll methods.

This thesis aims at analyzing the strategic spatial planning, which has received widespread acceptance both in developed and developing countries. Turkey is one of the countries that has been trying to adopt this new tendency. Recently, Provincial Development Planning has been introduced into the Turkish planning system as a stratgeic planning attempt. This thesis evaluates the Sanliurfa Provincial Development Planning case with respect to a set of criteria / underlines the role of continent factors (specific actors in the process and their roles) in the satisfaction of these criteria / and highlights the role of place-specific factors (quality of social capital, level of economic development) in the planning process. The strategic planning is not merely concerned with the plannng process / but also with implementation and monitoring stages. Therefore, the thesis stresses that these three integral stages --planning, implementation, monitoring-- should be eqaully considered with agents, roles and resources so that the plans can be implemented.

LKABs malmbrytning i Kiruna har pågått i över hundra år och har vuxit i takt med staden. Kiruna växte fram som ett samhälle i närhet till Kiirunavaaragruvan men den gruvdrift som sker i gruvan har resulterat i att sprickbildningar har uppkommit under staden. Markdeformationerna från gruvan sprider sig i takt med malmbrytningen in mot Kiruna stad och större delen av centralorten ligger idag innanför deformationslinjen. Då LKAB år 2003 presenterade sin nya prognos för markdeformationer stod det klart att Kiruna centralort skulle komma att genomgå en stadsomvandling på grund av denna.   Denna uppsats syftar till att följa de avväganden och ställningstaganden som tagits för valet av lokalisering av Kiruna centralort och avslutas med en diskussion om de lokaliseringsalternativ som har beaktats samt det alternativ som har antagits.   Arbetet baseras på en omfattande dokumentstudie och en internetbaserad intervju som skickades ut till utvalda berörda aktörer. / The company LKABs ore mining in Kiruna has been active for over a hundred years and has grown in pace with the city. Kiruna grew as a city in close proximity to the mine Kiirunavaara and the mining business that has resulted in ground deformations in the city. The ground deformations from the mine is spreading in the pace of the ore mining on its way to Kiruna city and the majority of the city centre is located within the deformation-line. In 2003 when LKAB presented the prognosis of the ground deformations it was clear that Kiruna city centre had to undergo an urban transformation.   This paper seeks to analyse the considerations and positions taken in the process of choosing a new position for the city centre of Kiruna. The sixth chapter will include a discussion concerning the chosen position of the relocation.   The paper is based on an extensive literature study and a survey which was sent to selected involved players.

Les régions urbaines alpines et en proximité des Alpes présentent des caractéristiques spécifiques: elles combinent une ressource foncière limitée pour l'urbanisation et une qualité environnementale particulière dans l'arrière-pays. Cette combinaison les rend particulièrement propices à la péri-urbanisation, et potentiellement à la ségrégation sociale. Dans le contexte d'une métropolisation croissante, ces deux processus entravent des objectifs centraux de la planification urbaine, à savoir la compacité des formes urbaines, la mixité fonctionnelle, l'égalité territoriale et la cohésion sociale. Dans les régions urbaines alpines, les liens entre l'environnement montagnard, les politiques de planification et les processus résidentiels à l’œuvre restent toutefois peu connus.Cette thèse analyse la planification urbaine et des choix de localisation résidentielle en région urbaine alpine. Elle cherche à comprendre les liens entre l'environnement montagnard, les politiques de planification urbaine et deux processus résidentiels: la péri-urbanisation et la ségrégation sociale. Son objectif général est de mettre en lumière comment et dans quelle mesure ces processus résidentiels sont influencés par (i) l'environnement montagnard et (ii) les politiques de planification pour ainsi fournir des recommandations pour la planification territoriale en région urbaine. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur trois contributions distinctes en utilisant la région urbaine de Grenoble comme zone d'étude centrale.La première contribution porte sur les changements dans la pratique de la planification urbaine contemporaine dans la région d'étude. Basée sur une recherche qualitative, elle se concentre sur l'émergence d'une planification territoriale stratégique et sa montée en échelle vers des périmètres de planification plus larges intégrants les espaces péri-urbains. Le chapitre montre la création de nouvelles arènes de gouvernance qui remettent en question les cultures de planification locale.La deuxième contribution analyse les liens entre les préférences pour l'environnement naturel, les choix de localisation résidentielle et la ségrégation sociale. En utilisant des modèles de choix de localisation pour la région d'étude et la région métropolitaine de Marseille, cette partie présente une analyse de ségrégation contrefactuelle qui compare les résultats de ségrégation og avec fg{} et og sans fg{} les préférences pour l'environnement naturel entre les deux régions. Le principal résultat est que la recherche des milieux naturels par les ménages a des effets significatifs sur la ségrégation sociale. Cette recherche a le plus souvent tendance à renforcer la ségrégation, mais peut également être un facteur d'atténuation.La dernière contribution étudie les liens entre les politiques de planification urbaine et les processus résidentiels. Le chapitre développe un modèle de choix discrets pour créer et analyser des simulations de demande résidentielle pour différents scénarios de politique de planification. Les résultats illustrent que les scénarios tendanciels de planification soutiennent et potentiellement renforcent la périurbanisation dans la région d'étude. Des politiques de planification plus contraignantes semblent capables de freiner et potentiellement d'inverser la dispersion de la demande. Les politiques visant à ré-centraliser la demande tendent à maintenir, voire accroître les niveaux de ségrégation sociale.Les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent l'importance d'une prise en compte plus grande de l'environnement naturel dans la planification urbaine et territoriale. Si les disparités spatiales dans la qualité environnementale contribuent aux processus résidentiels qui portent atteintes aux objectifs du développement urbain, les politiques de planification devraient rendre compte de ces disparités afin de limiter l'étalement urbain, la ségrégation sociale et l'inégalité environnementale, non seulement dans un contexte de région urbaine alpine. / Urban regions in and close to the Alps have specific characteristics: they combine a limited land resource for urban development with particular environmental quality in their mountainous hinterland. This combination makes them particularly prone to peri-urbanisation, and potentially social segregation. In the context of continued metropolisation, both of these processes work against central objectives of urban planning, notably compactness of settlement patterns, functional mix, social equity and cohesion. In Alpine urban regions, the links between the mountain environment, urban planning policies and residential processes remain, however, not well understood.This thesis analyses urban planning and residential moves in an Alpine urban region. It seeks to understand the links between the mountain environment, urban planning and notably two residential processes: peri-urbanisation and social segregation. Its general objective is to investigate how and to what extent these residential processes are influenced by (i) the mountain environment and (ii) urban planning policies and to develop recommendations for urban and regional planning. The thesis does this via three distinct contributions which use the urban region of Grenoble in the French Alps as a central study area.The first contribution addresses changes in contemporary urban planning practice in the study region. Based on qualitative research, it focuses on the shift towards strategic spatial planning and on territorial re-scaling towards large urban-peri-urban planning perimeters. The chapter shows the creation of new governance arenas which call into question local planning cultures.The second contribution investigates the links between preferences for the natural environment, residential moves and social segregation. Using location choice models for the study region and the Marseille metropolitan area, this chapter presents a counterfactual segregation analysis that compares segregation outcomes ``with'' and ``without'' preferences for the natural environment. The main result is that households' search for natural environments has significant impacts on social segregation. It most often contributes to reinforcing segregation, but can also be an attenuating factor.The last contribution investigates the links between urban planning policies and residential processes. The chapter develops a residential location choice model in order to predict and analyse residential demand patterns for different planning policy scenarios in terms of concentration and segregation. The scenario results show that continued trends in urban planning policies would sustain and potentially reinforce peri-urbanisation in the region. Confining planning policies are found to be capable of curbing and potentially reversing demand dispersion. Policies that aim at re-centralising demand sustain and potentially increase social segregation levels.The results of this thesis call for a stronger integration of the natural environment in urban and regional planning. If spatial disparities in environmental qualities contribute to residential processes that are detrimental to compact urban forms and an equitable access to environmental quality, then planning should incorporate and account for these disparities in order to prevent further loss of land resources, socio-spatial fragmentation and environmental inequality, not only in an Alpine urban region context.

Denna studie fokuserar på möjligheter och svårigheter vid implementering av klimatanpassning. Studien är inriktad på Karlstad kommun som under en längre period arbetat med klimatfrågor, främst översvämningsproblematiken. Studien har genomförts med semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fem tjänstepersoner vid Karlstad kommun som till vardags arbetar med klimatanpassning. Studien har två utgångspunkter där den första var att identifiera lärdomar och erfarenheter inom kommunen samt hur arbetet idag pågår. Den andra var att ställa detta mot tidigare studier för att försöka identifiera ifall det finns likheter eller skillnader mellan dessa, samt att se på implementering av klimatanpassning över tid.  Vid analysarbetet identifierades induktivt sju olika teman som innehöll både möjligheter och svårigheter. Särskilt betonas behovet av att integrera klimatanpassning inom hela den kommunala organisationen samt marknadens roll vid exploatering av kommunen, där marknaden vill mot vattennära områden med översvämningsrisk. Kommunen är idag medveten om fler klimatrisker, mot tidigare där översvämningen fick ett stort fokus. Vidare har en samordnare för klimatanpassning anställt som arbetar övergripande. Studien visar att klimatanpassning är en ständig process och som måste hållas aktuell på agendan, ständigt uppdateras och fortsatt integreras inom den kommunala organisationen. / This study focuses on opportunities and difficulties in implementing climate adaptation. The study is focused on Karlstad municipality, which for a long time has worked on climate issues, mainly with flooding related problems. The study has been conducted with semi-structured interviews with five employees at Karlstad municipality who are working with climate change adaptation on a daily basis. The study has two starting points where the first was to identify the previous experiences in the municipality and how they approach these situations today. The other was to compare this against previous studies in order to identify if there are similarities or differences between them, as well as viewing the implementation of climate change adaptation over time. Inductively, seven different themes were identified that contained both possibilities and difficulties. In particular, they emphasized the need to integrate climate change adaptation throughout the municipal organization and the role of housing market exploiting the municipality, where the market wants to develop in areas with flood risk. The municipality is more aware of climatic risks today, compared to earlier periods when floods received a major focus. In addition, a coordinator for climate change adaptation has been employed and works with this problem on a central level. The study shows that climate change adaptation is an ongoing process and must constantly be on the agenda, consistently updated and further integrated within the municipal organization.

This study considers the emergence of Marine Spatial Planning as a tool for ecosystem-basedmanagement using an innovation diffusion perspective that combines elements of classical diffusionof innovations theory with a consideration of individual and networked agency and cross-scaledynamics in the context of a social-ecological systems perspective. The main findings are that thediffusion of Marine Spatial Planning does not follow a linear, technologically deterministic process asindicated by many diffusion of innovation studies but instead the diffusion process can becharacterised by a hybrid diffusion system that cascades over a series of phases and where individualsembedded in informal networks play a key role in driving the emergence of Marine Spatial Planningacross scales.This study provides a valuable contribution to considering how the study of innovation and diffusiondynamics could be applied to provide explanatory power when considering innovations that gobeyond being technological that might emerge in the context of addressing challenges facing linkedsocial-ecological systems at the global level and thus assist in resolving the mismatches between thescale of ecological processes and the governance of ecosystems to ensure an ongoing delivery ofecosystem services. These innovations are also important to study in the context of innovation being acatalyst for transformation of marine social-ecological systems to a more sustainable trajectory.

Appréhender l’organisation spatiale d’un territoire urbain ou périurbain génère un vaste champ de questionnements concernant la distribution et les propriétés du bâti, du parcellaire et des voies de circulation, et les interrelations de cet ensemble d’objets géographiques avec les usages de la cité. Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer un modèle de représentation et de quantifier la structuration d’un tel espace afin de mieux en appréhender les usages. Cette démarche de modélisation repose sur la caractérisation des relations spatiales existantes entre les éléments remarquables identifiés. Afin de prendre en compte les entités d’un tel territoire et les relations spatiales qui les caractérisent, nous caractérisons un modèle de graphe où les noeuds représentent respectivement les bâtiments, les parcelles, et les routes, et les arcs correspondent aux relations topologiques de connexion, adjacence ou intersection, de ces éléments. Afin de quantifier les propriétés d’un territoire, une mesure de centralité du bâti, une mesure de connectivité locale du bâti, une mesure de densité du bâti et une mesure de la compacité du réseau de circulation sont proposées et formalisées. Ces mesures sont adaptables aux contextes ruraux, périurbains et urbains grâce aux paramètres permettant d’ajuster l’échelle d’observation et d’analyse. Le modèle et les mesures proposés sont implémentés dans le Système de Gestion de Bases de Données relationnel PostgreSQL avec prise en compte de l’extension spatiale PostGIS pour des applications grand public. L’application sur un cas d’étude, la commune de Guissény, tend à rendre opérationnel le modèle de graphe proposé et permet d’examiner les capacités d’analyse de la structuration spatiale de chaque mesure identifiée. / Understanding the spatial organization of a given territory generates a wide range of urban planning and research issues such as the distribution and properties of buildings, parcels and roads, and the relevance of it in terms of uses. The research developed by this thesis model the structuring of space, this being one of the first steps towards a better characterization, study, interpretation and simulation of the evolution of such objects.The structuring of space relies on the characterization of the spatial relationships between remarkable elements: buildings, parcels and road networks. Since existing models do not combine these elements, this thesis proposes a graph model that integrates all of them. The nodes represent buildings, parcels, and roads respectively, and the arcs correspond to the topological connection relationships, adjacency or intersection, of these elements.In order to quantify the properties that emerges from a given territory, a building centrality measure, a building local connectivity measure, a building density measure and a road network compactness measure have been proposed and formalized. These measures adapt to the rural, peri-urban and urban contexts thanks to the parameters that allow to adjust, scale of observation, and analysis. The model and measures proposed are implemented in the relational database management system PostgreSQL with PostGIS extension. The application on a case study, the village of Guisseny, makes the proposed graph model operational and allows to examine the spatial structuring analytical capacities of each measure.

The diploma thesis focuses on systems of territorial and spatial planning in the Czech Republic and Germany. The aim of the thesis is to identify the similarities and differences in the systems and to show them on particular spatial plans of two cities of these countries. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on defining of basic terms such as territorial and spatial planning and sustainable development. It outlines the concept of territorial planning in the European Union. The practical part deals with territorial and spatial planning in the Czech Republic at the example of the city Hradec Králové and in Germany at the example of the city Regensburg. Within the practical part of the thesis the comparison of systems of territorial and spatial planning of both countries and the comparison of particular spatial plans of two cities is carried. The theoretical and practical parts are logically related. The thesis brings the information about functions of spatial planning in Bavaria to the Czech environment. It reveals the key differences in these systems, in both general and specific level. The thesis may show surprisingly high number of similar signs in the systems of both countries.