Thesis (doctoral)--Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [373]-409) and index.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka och följa matematiklärares resonemang kring ämnesplanens förmågor, genom problematisering av nationella provuppgifter.   Matematikundervisningen både på grundskolan och gymnasiet har visat sig vara begränsad när det gäller målstyrning av undervisningen som bygger på medvetenhet och kunskap om förmågorna. En förutsättning för att undervisningen ska kunna vara målstyrd med avseende på förmågorna ser vi är lärares kunskap och medvetenhet om desamma. Avsikten med studien är därför att ur ett utvecklingsperspektiv hitta sätt att för lärare ge ämnesplanens förmågor innebörd. De nationella proven konkretiserar flera av förmågorna, och skulle därför kunna fungera som vägledare i lärares kompetensutveckling kring förmågornas innebörd.  Undersökningen baseras på två filmade fokusgruppsdiskussioner i vilka gymnasielärare i matematik deltar. Diskussionerna utgår från nationella provuppgifter i matematik, med stegvis introducering av skolverkets definitioner av förmågorna och senare också av skolverkets bedömning av desamma.  Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av ett kollegialt lärandeperspektiv och ett multimodalt och socialsemiotiskt perspektiv, som också används i den kvalitativa videoanalysen.   Studien visar att lärarnas resonemang förändras under diskussionen utan Skolverkets definitioner, så till vida att en slags överenskommelse görs, av på vilket sätt förmågorna kan tolkas. Skolverkets definitioner visade sig ha marginell inverkan på resonemangets utveckling i riktning mot Skolverkets intentioner. Skolverkets bedömning tillsammans med definitionerna fungerade däremot som utmanare till lärarnas egen tolkning och skapade genom det ett ökat resonemang. Resonemanget visade dock inte på ökad kunskap och medvetenhet kring förmågornas innebörd, som är förenligt med Skolverkets intentioner. Med stöd av forskning kring kollegialt lärande, skulle ledning av expertis på området kunnat möjliggöra ett resonemang i riktning mot intentionerna. / The aim of this study is to investigate and to monitor teachers of mathematics when they reason on the abilities as expressed in the curriculum, through problematisation of Swedish national test questions.   Teaching mathematics in Sweden has shown itself to be limited when it comes to setting objectives when based on awareness and knowledge of the abilities. One condition for the teaching to be manageable is that the teachers are aware of the abilities. The intention of this study is to find a way for the teachers through a perspective of development, where the abilities are given meaning. The national tests define many of the abilities and therefore the tests could be a guide in the teachers’ development of the reasoning of the abilities.   The investigation is based on two videotaped focus discussions by high school teachers of mathematics. These discussions are based on national test questions, where the teachers are gradually introduced to the national educational agency’s (henceforth Skolverket) definitions of the abilities and assessments that are given by Skolverket. The theoretical framework of the study is based on collegial teaching perspective and a multimodal- and social semiotic perspective, which is also being used in the qualitative video analysis.   The study shows that the teachers’ reasoning changes during the discussions without Skolverket’s definitions, and the teachers reach a consensus on how the abilities should be interpreted. Skolverket’s definitions had only marginal effects on the teachers’ reasoning regarding the intentions of the abilities. However, the teachers’ interpretations were challenged by the assessments which resulted in an increase in the teachers’ reasoning and interpretations. But the outcome of the study has not given any convincing evidence that an actual increase in knowledge nor awareness of the abilities has occurred. According to research into collegial learning, experts in this field would have been able to support more developed reasoning in line with the intentions.

本文旨在探討關鍵查核事項與會計師事務所特性之關聯性。其中，會計師事務所特性係指其獨立性與專業能力，並分別以任期與產業專家衡量之。 　　本文實證研究結果如下：其一，主查會計師之任期對關鍵查核事項幾無影響。其二，產業專家會計師事務所與關鍵查核事項之數量及品質僅有部分試驗呈正相關。其三，產業專家主查會計師其對關鍵查核事項之數量及品質均有正面影響。 　　在增額測試的部分，結果如下：其一，對產業專家主查會計師而言，任期對關鍵查核事項有正面效果。其二，會計師事務所與主查會計師俱為產業專家的會計師對關鍵查核事項之正面影響力大於僅有會計師事務所為產業專家的會計師。最後，會計師的專業能力使其更有能力以簡明扼要的文字呈現關鍵查核事項。 / The objective of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between key audit matters (KAMs) and audit firm characteristics. In this study, audit firm characteristics are focused on their independence and ability, and are measured by tenure and industry expertise, respectively. The empirical results can be summarized as follows. Firstly, lead partners tenure has little effect on KAMs. Secondly, partial evidence is found on the association between firm-level industry specialist auditors and KAMs. Thirdly, partner-level industry specialist auditors have positive effects on both the quantity and quality of KAMs. In further examinations, the results are as follows. Firstly, tenure has positive effects on KAMs when the auditors are partner-level industry specialist. Secondly, industry experts at both firm- and partner-levels have stronger positive effects on KAMs then industry experts at firm-level alone. Lastly, auditors’ capacity allows them to present KAMs more concisely.

The aim of the study was to investigate motivation, job satisfaction and attitudes of nurses in the public health services of Botswana. The objective was to discover how nurses felt about a wide range of variables in their work environment and ultimately to distil them into what they conceived as the mainstay motivators, job satisfiers and positive attitudes. The non pariel (unrivalled, unique) role of the government in creating both the hardware and the software of national health services was acknowledged and recognised with a particular reference to the primacy it placed on developing the human resources in the form of nurses, in order to realize the goals of administering the public health services efficiently and effectively. It was noted that nurses were the change agents and the axis in promoting quality standards of healthcare but in partnership with the government, which must be seen to be responsive and proactive in discharging its fiduciary responsibilities, in respect of both the content and the context of nurses’ occupational ambience. For the purposes of constructing a database from which both the government and the nurses can draw, the most salient thematic details of the theories of motivation, job satisfaction and attitudes were studied and examined and were used as a scaffolding for the empirical survey of nurses. Nine hundred questionnaires were distributed to both registered and enrolled nurses with a minimum of two years work experience in the public health sector and 702 of these were returned constituting a return rate of 78%. The findings indicated that a majority of nurses enjoyed job satisfaction in certain areas of their work namely autonomy, participating in decision-making, choice of type of nursing, change of wards or departments or work units, interpersonal relationships amongst nurses themselves and between nurses and their supervisors. Nurses also perceived the hospital as an environment in which they could continually learn and they were moreover satisfied with the nursing job or the work itself. The other end of the spectrum revealed an overwhelming majority of 92.2% of nurses who were dissatisfied with the level of pay and 88.5% who were not happy with the fringe benefits including the provision of accommodation. Working conditions were viewed as generally disliked by 67.3% of the nurses. Low pay, workload, lack of viii recognition for outstanding performance and or delayed promotional chances were singled out as being particularly disliked by 67.2%, 64.9%, 42.6% and 44.4% of the nurses respectively. Interviews held with 31 nurses yielded similar results. The research further showed that the most important motivators to nurses were dominated by competitive salary which was mentioned by 80.9% of the respondents, attractive or sufficient working conditions which were stated by 71.2% of the nurses, opportunity for continuous education which was rated by 63.8% of the nursing candidates, reduced workload which was claimed by 59.3% of the nursing cadres, opportunity for the recognition of outstanding performance and opportunity for promotion which were scored by 54.1% and 53.4% of the nurse respectively. Job satisfiers were also represented by competitive salary which received 76.1% of the nurses’ votes. Risk allowance occupied the second position with 69.1% and competitive working conditions were awarded a third ranking by 68.2% of the nurses. Those nurses who derived job satisfaction from the fact of each nursing shift being manned by an adequate number of nurses accounted for 63.1% of the sample. Competitive fringe benefits attracted 60.1% of the nurses. Opportunity to attend workshops and the need for high morale in nursing team-work were chosen as job satisfiers by 53.7% and 49.6% of the nurses respectively. In the section on recommendations the government was exhorted to invoke corrective or remedial measures in view of the detailed exegesis of the satisfactions and dissatisfactions in the nurses’ work environment and the ensuing problematique (doubtful, questionable) of raising the standards of health care in the public health services. Living up to these sanguine expectations should be the cherished longterm vision of the government if it is to meet and quench the soaring aspirations of its modernizing society for quality health care delivery and the escalating needs of the nurses. / Public Administration and Management / D.P.A.

This study is a qualitative research project classified as practical and participatory action research designs, which has as its aim the creation of an instructional design, used as a learning metric for Domus Software - Procel Edification, which integrates concept maps and the revised Bloom taxonomy into an intelligent web assessment system. This metric aligns curriculum concept maps along with conceptual and procedural knowledge of the Domus software - Procel edifies the retaining cognitive processes, provides understanding and application, through offering a model of instructional design, which assigns weights to those cognitive processes attained by students and identifies principles to be used in its applicability for the evaluation of distance learning. The authors also present the results for alignment, inferring weights as well as an outline of the logical sequence along with steps for the implementation of the intelligent system through the association of some exemplification slides. / O presente trabalho é uma pesquisa qualitativa e classificada como practical and participatory action research designs (desenho de pesquisa de prática e ação participativa), que tem como intuito criar um desenho instrucional para uma métrica da aprendizagem do Software Domus Procel Edifica, integrando mapas conceituais à taxonomia revisada de Bloom em um sistema inteligente de avaliação na Web. Essa métrica alinha mapas conceituais curriculares, conhecimentos procedimentais e conceituais do software Domus − Procel Edifica aos processos cognitivos de retenção, entendimento e aplicação, oferecendo um modelo de desenho instrucional, que atribui pesos aos processos cognitivos alcançados pelos estudantes e identifica alguns princípios para sua aplicabilidade na avaliação da aprendizagem a distância. Apresenta-se ainda, resultados de alinhamento, inferência de pesos e um esboço da sequência lógica e etapas de execução do sistema inteligente, associando-se algumas telas de exemplificação. / Mestre em Educação

This dissertation reports on an analysis conducted to establish the electronic research needs experienced by postgraduate students at higher education institutions within an increasing electronic research environment. Innovation and improvements in technology have caused research students to approach the library with a whole range of needs and expectations undreamed of in the nonelectronic library. A quantitative research instrument was mainly used to gather data, together with the results from a user survey. This study is therefore regarded as a quantitative study. From both the literature survey and research for this study it became clear that postgraduate students in South Africa and throughout the world experience similar e-research needs with regard to primary data sharing, transfer of data and computation, e-access, e-communication, e-training and e-publishing. By taking the specific needs of postgraduate students into account, the library will be able to create an electronic research environment distinguished by ease of use and access - the principal and most valued research partner in a postgraduate students’ pursuit of academic distinction and success. / Dissertation (M.Ed (Computer-integrated Education))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

Music Education as part of the learning area Arts and Culture is far from satisfactory in South African schools. Reasons for this include a highly sophisticated and complex curriculum (the revised National Curriculum Statement, 2002); the integration of four discrete arts forms into one learning area; and teacher training which is not always reflective of the teaching profession’s demands. The study was based on a mixed method design, investigating how teachers in best scenario schools implement music as part of the integrated learning area Arts and Culture. Interviews were held with various stakeholders in Music Education, including teachers currently involved with the presentation of the Arts and Culture learning area, lecturers at universities training students for Music Education, and policy makers such as subject advisors in the Arts and Culture learning area. Data was also collected by analysing commercially available resources for this learning area. Analysis of the data obtained revealed that few teachers in the Arts and Culture learning area are qualified in more than one art form. A major concern is that music is often omitted from regular classroom activities in the Foundation Phase due to teachers feeling pressurised by multiple assessment standards in learning areas such as Literacy and Numeracy. Another finding in all primary school phases was that the time spent on Music Education was far less than that spent on Visual Arts. Learners are often involved in projects collecting knowledge about music, but seldom involved in active music making experiences. Aspects such as different ways to integrate the arts into one learning area, generalist/specialist teacher training, as well as issues concerning product, process and performance during the delivery of the arts, were also investigated. The researcher drew from all the data to design a course for teacher training in Music Education as part of the learning area Arts and Culture. Recommendations include regular in-service teacher training courses; nationwide co-ordination of teacher training programmes and the establishment of a national council for Music Education. An urgent need for appropriate lesson material in Arts and Culture was also identified, including CDs with songs and backtracks. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Music / unrestricted

Bakgrund: ACT- modellen växte fram under 70 och 80-talet i samband med att många psykiatriska kliniker stängdes i USA. Den ursprungliga ACT- modellen kan ses som en fullservicemodell men har sedan modifierats och anpassats efter samhällets och sjukvårdens rådande förhållanden. Som det ser ut idag så har flera modeller utvecklats med utgångspunkt från ACT-modellen men kan särskiljas av vilka komponenter som ingår. Modellen har visat positiva resultat avseende patienters delaktighet och återhämtning. Sjuksköterskan har en bred yrkesbakgrund och anses ha en viktig roll i teamet. Med sin kompetens har de grundläggande kunskaper för att utföra medicinsk och psykiatrisk omvårdnad men flera studier har visat att det finns ett behov av specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor då många av patienterna är svårt sjuka. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva psykiatriska specialistsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av sin kompetens och roll i team som arbetar enligt ACT-modellen Metod: En kvalitativ design har valts. Datainsamling skedde med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes för att bearbeta materialet. Resultat: Innehållsanalysen resulterade i två huvudkategorier, Kompetensen med in i teamet samt Den mångsidiga sjuksköterskan, med tillhörande sex underkategorier. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån de två huvudkategorierna Kompetensen med in i teamet och Den mångsidiga sjuksköterskan. Som stöd i diskussionen användes till ämnet relevanta artiklar och litteratur samt Phil Barkers tio förpliktelser som utgångspunkt. / Background: The ACT model developed in the 70's and 80's when many psychiatric clinics were closed in the United States. The original ACT model can be seen as a full service model but has since been modified and adapted to the current conditions of society and health care. As it appears today, several models have been developed based on the ACT model but can be distinguished by which components are included. The model has shown positive results regarding patient participation and recovery. The nurse has a wide professional background and is considered to be an important part of the team. With their skills, they have the basic knowledge to perform medical and psychiatric care, but several studies have shown that there is a need for specialist educated nurses, as many of the patients are severely ill. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the psychiatric specialist nurse's experience of their competence and role in teams working under the ACT model. Method: A qualitative design has been selected. Data collection was done with semi-structured interviews. A qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used to process the material. Results: The content analysis resulted in two main categories, skills in the team and the versatile nurse, with six associated subcategories. Discussions: The result was discussed based on the two main categories, skills in the team and the versatile nurse. In support of the discussion, relevant topics and literature were used as well as Phil Barker's ten obligations as a starting point.

This masters thesis tackles the issue of process management in a financial institution, spe-cifically the analysis and optimization of the creation of a certain management report. The first part of this masters thesis is dedicated towards explaining basic theoretical concepts, which will help the reader correctly understand the rest of the paper. There you can find explained the principles of reporting and process management, which will introduce the reader to the issues of processes, their analysis and subsequent optimization. The practical portion first introduces the reader to the particular financial institution, then it describes the organization structure and the activities of data governance, thorough analysis of the particular process, the identification of and a suggestion of optimization which should lead to a more effectively working employees as well as the elimination of narrow places of the process. The conclusion of the masters thesis introduces steps of real implementation of the suggested solutions.

Hållbar kompetensförsörjning är en av välfärdssamhällets största utmaningar, där offentlig sektor idag visar betydande problem. Två huvudprinciper ses kring hantering av dessa utmaningar. Den vanligaste utgångspunkten är att så långt som möjligt upprätthålla verksamheten genom att behålla samma organisation och arbetssätt, samt att söka behålla och helst öka antalet medarbetare i olika bristyrken. En annan utgångspunkt som får ökad uppmärksamhet är uppgiftsväxling (taskshifting, workshifting, kompetensmix), vilket innebär förändrad kompetens- och bemanningsstruktur. Samverkan mellan Vårdförbundet och sjukvårdens arbetsgivare kan vara en förutsättning för ständig förbättring och kompetensförsörjning i framtiden. Medan avståndet mellan behov och resurser ökar under Covid-19-pandemin, verkar samarbetsklimatet påverkas negativt i samma takt. Istället för akuta avlastande åtgärder som uppgiftsväxling så föreslår Vårdförbundet långsiktiga åtgärder som höjd yrkesstatus och lön. Som betydelsefull samverkanspartner till sjukvården är Vårdförbundets syn på uppgiftsväxling avgörande för framtida samarbete kring förbättringar och kompetensförsörjning. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur fackliga ledare, här representerade av Vårdförbundets 21 lokala avdelningsordförande, ser på uppgiftsväxling kring specialistsjuksköterskor som en del i hållbar kompetensförsörjning inom intensivvården. Studien har en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ ansats med datainsamling via webbenkät. Studiens urval är samtliga avdelningsordförande (n=21) inom Vårdförbundets lokalorganisationer. Kvantitativa data analyserades med fördelning och frekvens och visas med deskriptiv statistik. Kvalitativa data analyserades med innehållsanalys. Svarsfrekvensen var 66 procent. Specialistsjuksköterskor inom intensivvård bör avlastas genom att anställa andra yrkesgrupper, anser majoriteten av deltagarna. Sjuksköterskor, farmaceuter, vårdnära administratörer och fysioterapeuter anges i störst utsträckning. Deltagare ser dock risker vid brister i implementeringen, där störst risk för patienten anses vara att arbetsgivare ålägger sjuksköterskor för stort ansvar. Implementering med noggrann konsekvensanalys och tillräckliga resurser ses som framgångsfaktorer. Negativa konsekvenser som anges är bristande helhetsbild för specialistsjuksköterskorna, liksom oklarheter kring sjuksköterskornas roll. Uppgiftsväxlingen ses som en karriärväg för sjuksköterskor, medan specialistsjuksköterskor kan använda sin specialistkompetens i ökad utsträckning. Ledningens roll nämns i liten grad. Vårdförbundet kan som samverkanspartner vara den externa kraft som krävs i sjukvården för att nå en hållbar lösning för kompetensförsörjning, arbetsmiljö och kvalitet. För god vård krävs sannolikt ökad samverkan i förbättringsarbete mellan arbetsgivare och Vårdförbundet. Studien visar att många lokala fackliga ledare förordar uppgiftsväxling, exempelvis att avlasta specialistsjuksköterskor genom att anställa andra yrkesgrupper inom intensivvården. En förutsättning för en framgångsrik förbättringsprocess är dock att samtliga aktörer är beredda att kompromissa med grundläggande principer och arbetssätt inom den egna organisationen. / Sustainable competence provision is a major challenge in the welfare state, with growing public sector demands to be met by limited resources. In handling this situation two main principles can be identified. Most organizations primarily chose to leave the organization and staffing structure unaltered, awaiting adequate workforce reinforcements. Task shifting (work shifting, task sharing) is getting increased attention in these parts. Cooperation between the nursing union (Vårdförbundet) and the healthcare employers is crucial for continuous improvement and competence provision in the future. However, as the gap between patient demands and available human resources is turning from bad to worse during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, the climate for cooperation seems to be affected in the same way. Vårdförbundet suggests long-term solutions such as increased salaries. As a pivotal health care partner Vårdförbundet and its view on task shifting is determining the success of forthcoming cooperation. The objective of this study is to investigate the view of nursing union leaders, represented by the 21 local section board presidents of Vårdförbundet, on task shifting concerning critical care nursing specialists, as a sustainable competence provision. The study has a quantitative and qualitative approach with data collection through a web survey. The study selection included the Vårdförbundet union board presidents at the local level. Quantitative data was analyzed using distribution and frequency displayed by descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis. The response rate was 66 percent. Critical care nursing specialists (CCRN) should be relieved certain duties by staff with other professions, according to a most of the participants. Mentioned most frequently were non-specialized registered nurses (RN), pharmacists, administrators and physiotherapists. The participants anticipated hazards concerning inadequate implementation routines, particularly concerning RN getting too much responsibility to handle, being non-specialized nurses. Implementation including consequence analysis is seen as a crucial prerequisite along with sufficient resources. Negative consequences mentioned are difficulties getting the whole picture as the CCRN assume responsibility for extra critical care patients. Also mentioned are blurred responsibilities for the RN. The result reveals positive consequences of task shifting such as being an important career path for RN, whilst CCRN can use their specialist skills to an increased extent. The managerial role is faint in this study. Vårdförbundet is possibly the external power needed to reach a sustainable solution regarding competence provision, work environment and healthcare quality. Expanded improvement cooperation, between healthcare employers and unions, can be a tool to reach and maintain top quality healthcare. This study reveals that most of the local leaders in Vårdförbundet supports task shifting, as a tool using other professions to relieve the CCRN from non-specialist duties. A prerequisite is however that all actors are prepared to compromise organizational and professional principles to reach common ground and successful improvement.