Most colleges and universities offer a general course in elementary art education to provide instruction to the elementary generalist to enable that student to later provide art instruction to students at the elementary level. This course is commonly referred to as the two-credit course in elementary art education throughout this thesis. This thesis is a case study investigation of a certified elementary art specialist and a non-art certified teacher teaching elementary art in the Subject School District in Utah. It asks and gathers data on three main questions. How is art education valuable for elementary students? What is a quality elementary art curriculum? How does an elementary art specialist change the learning experience of elementary art students? Under these three main questions the following questions are also considered: Where do teachers obtain their curricula? What research exists that describes differences between art specialists and non-art specialists teaching elementary art? What were the qualities within each art room? What types of art projects are being taught in these two different classrooms?Further, a survey was constructed to seek answers about the attitudes towards art education in the Subject School District in relation to the three questions under consideration. To ensure the maximum in statistical accuracy, the survey was sent to every elementary school in this district including all elementary administrators. The survey contained 49 statements on attitudes towards elementary art education. There were 129 elementary educators and administrators out of 2,300 from Subject School District that responded. The data from the survey was analyzed to determine where these attitudes lie and the thoughts on the importance of art education at the elementary level. The results of this survey show the typical elementary educator in Subject School District feel the arts are indeed an important part of the elementary curriculum. However, the majority do not feel fully prepared to teach a quality elementary art curriculum and feel elementary art should be taught by art specialists.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to indicate changes in library services available to the citizens of Johnson City, Tennessee. The study covered library services available in educational and public settings for patrons from preschool to adult ages. Librarians in this study all worked in either a public library located in Johnson City, TN or worked in the Johnson City School System as a media specialist in either an elementary, middle, or high school. This qualitative study was conducted using interviews of librarians to gain their perceptions of the library and their roles within the libraries of Johnson City. Librarians were interviewed to determine their views in the past, present, and future of the library as an establishment. Documents from the various libraries were also analyzed to determine changes in library services. Various themes emerged from the data analysis. Participants discussed their roles as librarians, the library as an institution, and collection development. Other themes that emerged were discussions of library materials that were now or would become archaic. Participants also made projections as to the future of the library itself and whether or not it would become obsolete. The results of this study suggest that libraries will continue to evolve as technologies and community needs and expectations change. The appearance of the library will evolve to contain more learning spaces for active and group learning. The role of the librarian will evolve as the technology evolves. It will become more focused upon teaching patrons how to use learning tools and access information rather than simply managing and controlling the library’s assets. The librarians’ role has the potential to become one of service leadership in the community and in the school setting. The impact of the library and the librarians’ role will directly affect students, teachers, and community members. Recommendations from this study may assist in transitioning the librarian/media specialist’s role to a great service leadership model that supports individual growth and community development.

Die Tätigkeiten im Notarzt- und Rettungsdienst sind häufig mit persönlichen Gefährdungen verbunden. Im Raum steht aber auch immer die Problematik von Gefährdungssituationen, die durch den Notarzt "nur" als solche wahrgenommen, sozusagen "empfunden" werden. In dieser Arbeit wird v. a. vor dem Hintergrund der Erforderlichkeit und Zumutbarkeit die Frage prinzipiell diskutiert, ob und inwieweit ein Notarzt zum Handeln verpflichtet ist. Im Ergebnis ist objektiv-typisierend auf den Facharztstandard bzw. den Indikationskatalog für den Notarzteinsatz in Kombination mit arzt-/berufsrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten im engeren Sinne (z. B. Freiberuflichkeit) abzustellen. Es wird sich jedenfalls immer um eine Einzelfallbetrachtung und um eine individuelle, fallbezogene Entscheidung handeln. Bei seltenen, sehr unwahrscheinlichen Situationen mit relativer Ermangelung von objektiv-typisierbaren Gesichtspunkten werden die Anforderungen, aber auch die Chancen, an die "höchstpersönliche" Berufsausübung, an die Persönlichkeit des Arztes (v. a. in der Entscheidungsfindung) umso größer werden.

Dementia is one of the biggest global challenges within healthcare of our timeand to develop the interventions and preventions of this condition is important tobetter the quality of life for these individuals (Livington et al., 2017). In fall of 2018 the municipality of Kalmar established a team of specialists to assistassistant nurses in their care of the elders. The aim of this study is to understandhow a team of specialists cooperates with assistant nurses who work in dementiacare and if there are any differences in the view that the team has opposite to theassistant nurses. This study is based on semi-structured interviews with the teamof specialists and assistant nurses that works in residential homes with a focuson dementia and has had experiences from the team's work. The interviews arealso analyzed through the theoretical model cooperation theory. The studyindicates that there are several areas where the team of specialists has a positiveimpact in helping the assistant nurses. They provide education, both practicaland emotional support by giving advice and being a source where the assistantnurses can ventilate their concerns. They provide security for the workers whohave good attitudes towards the team in most areas of their work.

Adekvata resurser i form av optimalt antal patienter per sjuksköterska som fångar både vård och icke-patientvårdsrelaterad omvårdnad är ett problem för sjuksköterskorna världen över. Vårdtyngdsmätning kan vara ett led i att synliggöra omvårdnadsinsatserna för att säkerställa patientsäkerheten. Ett väl innehållsvaliderat vårdtyngdsinstrument inom postoperativ vård saknades. Rätt använt kan vårdtyngdsinstrument leda till positiv effekt för patienter och personal. Vårdinsatserna blir mätbara och ökar personalens medvetenhet i vårdarbetet. Studiens syfte var att innehållsvalidera och utveckla ett vårdtyngdsinstrument som används inom postoperativ vård vid Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset i Stockholm (VPV). Innehållsvalideringen utfördes med hjälp av Delfimetoden där specialistsjuksköterskor inom postoperativ vård från nio sjukhus (n=16) ingick i en expertgrupp som via enkätfrågor gav sina synpunkter på vårdtyngdsinstrumentet. Svaren bearbetades av magisterstudenterna tillsammans med handledarna till konsensus uppnåddes och ett validerat vårdtyngds-instrument VPV 2015 utformades. Studien har potential för stor klinisk betydelse och resultaten kan omsättas i det dagliga postoperativa omvårdnadsarbetet, då det är viktigt att de postoperativa patienterna får den omvårdnad de är i behov av och att vårdpersonalen kan utföra behövande omvårdnadshandlingar. / Adequate resources in terms of optimal patient distribution by a nurse who captures both health care and non- patient nursing care is a problem for nurses worldwide. Measurement workload can be a part of the visibility nursing efforts to ensure patient safety. A well content validated workload instrument in postoperative care was missing. Properly used, workload instrument can lead to positive effects for patients and staff. Care efforts are measurable and increase staff awareness in nursing work. The study's purpose was to content validity and develop a workload instrument used in post-operative care at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm (VPV). Content validation was performed by using the Delphi method where specialist nurses in postoperative care from nine hospitals (n = 16) were part of a group of experts through questionnaires gave their views on the workload instrument. The answers were processed by the students together with supervisors to the consensus achieved and a validated burden of workload instrument VPV 2015 designed. It is important for postoperative patients to receive appropriate levels of nursing care, and that this can be performed adequately. The study is therefore potentially of great clinical importance, and the results can be translatable into daily postoperative nursing work.

Syfte. Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av bedsiderapportering på postoperativ avdelning. Bakgrund. Sjukvården blir ständigt mer specialiserad vilket resulterar i att fler yrkeskategorier blir involverade i patientens vård. Därmed ökar antalet rapporter vilket gör att de behöver bli effektivare och mindre tidskrävande. Bedsiderapportering syftar till att vara patientcentrerad men i vissa fall kan sjuksköterskorna anse att bedsiderapportering bryter mot lagen om sekretess. Metod. Kvalitativ intervjustudie med 9 deltagare. Resultat. Ett övergripande tema kunde identifieras: Bristande följsamhet till lagen om sekretess och patientens integritet. Ur temat framkom två kategorier: Att känna sig maktlös samt Att kränka patientens privata sfär. Slutsats. Studien visar på att sjuksköterskor upplever konflikt mellan att skydda patientens sekretess, integritet och att delta i bedsiderapportering. Ett flertal olika bidragande faktorer identifierades / Aim. To describe nurses experiences of bedsidehandovers at the postoperative unit. Background. Healthcare is becoming increasingly specialized, resulting in several professionals involved in patient care. This increases the number of handovers, which means that they need to be more efficient and less time consuming. Bedsidehandover aim to be patient-centered, but in some cases, the nurses believe that bedsidehandover violate the law of confidentiality. Method. A qualitative interview study with 9 participants. Results. An overarching theme could be identified: Lack of adherence to the law on confidentiality and patient privacy. From the theme emerged two categories: to feel powerless and to violate the patient's privacy. Conclusion. The study shows that nurses are experiencing conflict between protecting patient confidentiality, integrity, and to participate in bedside handover. A plurality of various contributing factors where identified. Keywords. Bedsidehandover, patient-centered, teamwork, work, specialist nurse

Bröstmjölk är en komplett näringskälla för det nyfödda barnet. Förutom att tillföra barnet alla näringsämnen hen behöver så ger bröstmjölken energi, bygger upp kroppen samt skyddar det nyfödda barnet mot sjukdomar. Amning är ett samspel mellan mamma och barn som påverkas av många faktorer. För en tvillingmamma är initiering av amning en större utmaning än för en mamma som fött ett barn, då omvårdnaden kring barnen blir dubbel. Syftet med studien var att beskriva tvillingmammors erfarenhet av amningsstöd, dels från vårdpersonal, dels från sociala medier, för att initiera och upprätthålla en fungerande amning. Studien är en intervjustudie med kvalitativ metod. Datamaterial samlades in genom intervjuer av sex utvalda tvillingmammor. Mammorna söktes och valdes ut via en Facebookgrupp. I resultatet framkom två kategorier: Mammans initiativ och Vårdpersonalens engagemang. Resultatet tyder på att de intervjuade mammornas erfarenhet är att vårdpersonal idag saknar den specifika kunskapen om/och förståelse för hur mycket arbete det innebär för en tvillingmamma att få amningen att fungera. Många mammor söker idag den information de inte erhållit via vårdpersonal på annat sätt, oftast via sociala medier. Utifrån den här studien kan vårdpersonal få en ökad förståelse för tvillingmammors behov av extra amningsstöd och information. / Breast milk is a complete food source for the newborn. In addition to supplying the baby all the nutrients it needs breast milk also provides energy, builds up the body and protects the newborn against disease. Breastfeeding is an interaction between mother and child that is affected by many factors. For a twin mother is initiation of breastfeeding more of a challenge than for a mother who gave birth to a child, then care about the children becomes twice.The purpose of this study was to describe the mother of twin´s experience of breastfeeding support, both from health professionals as well as from social media, to initiate and maintain a functional breastfeeding. The study is an interview study of qualitative method. Data material was collected through interviews with six selected twin mothers. The informants were sought and selected through a Facebook group. The results revealed two categories: The mother's initiative and The involvement of health professionals. The result indicates that the interviewed mothers experience is that health professionals today lack the specific knowledge and understanding of how much work it means for a twin mother to get a functional breastfeeding. Many mothers today are using other sources in seeking the information they did not receive by health professionals, mostly through social media. Based on this study, health professionals might gain a greater understanding of the need twin mothers have for more support and information regarding breast feeding twins.

Canada’s increasingly diverse population requires healthcare providers to become responsive to cultural differences within the provision of healthcare services, including Child Life Specialists (CLSs), who are committed to providing psychosocial and family- centered care to hospitalized children and their families. A fundamental process of family- centered care involves responding to the ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic diversity of patients and their families. The field of child life generally remains under-researched and, in particular, studies to support the link between child life practice and culturally adapted care are lacking. To address this gap, this study explores the ways in which CLSs perceive and conceptualize the construct of diversity in their practice by utilizing cultural safety as a guiding framework. Through an exploratory research approach, semi-structured interviews with six CLSs working at a prominent children’s hospital in Alberta, Canada, were completed. A thematic analysis of the qualitative data indicated that CLSs conceptualized culture as a broad construct that is not limited to factors associated with ethnicity. Although CLSs also experienced various challenges in their practice as a result of cultural factors, their perceived level of comfort, confidence and desire to overcome such challenges were highly notable. This study also yielded insight into institutional- and practice-level resources and strategies that may improve the ability of CLSs to provide culturally-safe care. / Graduate / 0350 / 0566 / amarensm@uvic.ca

Bakgrund: Psykiatrisjuksköterskan har historiskt sett pendlat mellan att vara omvårdnadsansvarig till att vara förlängd arm till andra yrkeskategorier som till exempel läkare. Studier visar att specialistsjuksköterskan har en komplex kompetens som hen upplever inte alltid lyfts av organisationen och att hen ofta upplever sig klämd emellan patienters, medarbetares och organisationens krav. Specialistsjuksköterskor i psykiatrisk vård börjar nu bli en bristvara och då deras roll, status och betydelse framstår som diffus   kan det bli svårt att rekrytera nya sjuksköterskor att utbilda sig och stanna kvar inom psykiatrisk vård. Då mycket få studier är genomförda i psykiatrisk öppenvård och med ledningsperspektiv var det av intresse att tillfråga just enhetschefer med ansvar att anställa personal. Syfte: Att beskriva enhetschefers uppfattningar om och förväntningar på specialistsjuksköterskans betydelse och roll i psykiatrisk öppenvården. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en empirisk intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor som ställdes individuellt till sju enhetschefer verksamma inom psykiatrisk öppenvård. Materialet bearbetades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom huvudkategorin ”Arbetsuppgifter och förväntningar” med underkategorierna Bedömningar, Samordnande och samverkande roll, Läkemedelsadministrering, Utvecklingsarbete, Flexibla ansvarsområden, Bemötande och kommunikation samt Kompetens. Diskussion: Specialistsjuksköterskan har många olika roller att träda in i inom psykiatrisk öppenvård och förväntas använda sin kompetens där den behövs. / Background: Psychiatric nurses has historically oscillated between being responsible of nursing care to be an extended arm to other professionals such as physicians. Studies show that the specialist nurse has a complex competence that according to the nurses is not always highlighted by the organization and often find themselves trapped between patients, other employees and the organization's demands. Specialist nurses in psychiatric care are now becoming scarce and when their role, status and importance appears diffuse, it may be difficult to recruit new nurses to train and remain in psychiatric services. Since very few studies have been carried out in outpatient psychiatric services and management perspective, it was of interest to the matter to ask the views of unit managers with responsibility to hire staff. Aim: To describe unit managers' perceptions and expectations of the specialist nurse's importance and role in psychiatric outpatient services. Method: The study was conducted as an empirical interview study with semi-structured questions that were asked individually to seven unit managers occupied in psychiatric outpatient care. The material was processed with a qualitative content analysis with inductive approach. Results: The result showed the main category "Duties and expectations" with the subcategories Assessments, Coordinating and cooperative role, Drug administration, Development, Flexible responsibilities, Treatment and communication as well as Competence. Discussions: The specialistnurse has many variable roles to enter in psychiatric outpatient care and are expected to use their expertise where it is needed.