Since parental authority in South African law is based on German customary law, and not on Roman law, it exists for the protection of the child. Various protective measures exist to ensure that this goal is reached, mainly in the form of judicial interference with parental authority. An example is the termination of parental authority, or some of its incidents, by means of a court order. This takes place either in terms of the common-law authority of the High Court, or in terms of certain statutory provisions. One of the statutory provisions in terms of which the children's court can terminate some of the incidents of parental authority, is the Child Care Act 74 of 1983. If the children's court is of the opinion that a child is in need of care, it can order that the child be returned to the custody of its parents, or that the child be placed in foster care, or in a children's home or school of industries. There is at present no mechanism in the Child Care Act for ensuring legal representation for children. The draft Children's Bill expands the possible orders that the children's court can make and further provides that a child is entitled to legal representation in children's court proceedings, if necessary at state expense. In New Zealand, families participate in decision-making regarding children in need of care by means of the family group conference. In Scotland, children in need of compulsory measures of supervision are dealt with by a lay tribunal known as the children's hearing. The global movement to recognise and protect both the welfare and autonomy rights of children formed the basis of international-law protection of children, and the children's clause contained in section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996. In order to ensure that the protective goal of child law is reached, I propose that a multidisciplinary lay tribunal be instituted in South Africa to deal with children in need of care, and that legal representation for children in children's court proceedings be made compulsory in certain circumstances. / Private Law / LL. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Porto Adri.pdf: 1631294 bytes, checksum: a7b15daee8be1e7035841efc9ed5d7f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-03 / This thesis is grounded on the uneasiness that throughout an entire academic path has gradually established the driving elements to the pursuit of knowledge. Based on the assumption that planning is a matter of Law, we focused on the article 174, caput, clause 1 of the 1988 Federal Constitution, analyzing the subject as it was undoubtedly set as necessary and intrinsic to the economic activity. The work was carried out by the aid of a bibliography comprehending renowned authors and scholars on this matter. This work was based on the assumption that there would be a semantic mistake in the understanding of the referred constitutional article. Therefore, the object of this study is: economic planning as a necessary action to the definition of the state s policies, bounding its existence to the constitutional text and analyzing how its absence can cause the implementation of improper public policies, due to its inefficiency or to its negligence. In order to develop this study, the political, social and economic scenario was developed, in which planning should seek its aim, not as a mere choice of the State, but as a duty of the State. Economic planning is not an isolated action. It implies an effort to set goals, gather resources and time, aiming desirable results for the welfare of society. To set feasible plans is a way of marching towards life in the Democratic Rule of Law. The explanatory memorandum that draws planning guidelines is an instrument that allows evaluation of the actions performed by the involved agencies and entities as well as their relating functions, making it possible for the Judiciary to control them. During the studies, a fact rose incontestable: the creation of regulatory agencies, within the Brazilian legal framework, is due to a political urge as a result of the lack of an effective, efficient and efficacious economic planning. By the end of the research, it was verified that the regulatory system, through the actions of the regulatory agencies, does not offer the assurances of universality and transparency. In short, this thesis puts foward a new view on the article 174, caput, clause 1 of the 1988 Federal Constitution, in the hope of achieving effectively the constitutional and legal rules, having as ideal a more fair and humanized democratic society / Esta tese foi construída a partir das inquietações que, gradativamente, no decorrer de toda uma trajetória acadêmica, constituíram os elementos provocadores da busca de conhecimento. Partindo da premissa de que o planejamento é tema de Direito, firmamos nosso foco no artigo 174 da Constituição da República de 1988, analisando o planejamento que se coloca de forma clara como necessário e intrínseco à atividade econômica. Os caminhos foram sendo percorridos mediante bibliografia formada por preclaros autores e estudiosos da mesma temática. Partimos do pressuposto de que haveria um equívoco semântico na compreensão do referido dispositivo constitucional. Por conseguinte, o objeto deste estudo é o planejamento econômico como uma ação imprescindível à definição das políticas do Estado, vinculando sua existência ao teor do texto constitucional e analisando como sua ausência pode gerar implementação de políticas públicas inadequadas ou por sua ineficiência ou por sua omissão. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, buscou-se traçar o cenário político, social e econômico no qual o planejamento deve buscar seus objetivos, colocando-o como dever do Estado e não como mera faculdade. O planejamento econômico não é uma ação isolada; significa um esforço para a definição das metas, dos recursos e do tempo na busca da obtenção de resultados desejáveis ao bem-estar da coletividade. Elaborar planos viáveis é uma forma de caminhar na direção de viver um Estado Democrático de Direito. A exposição de motivos para a elaboração do plano que veicula o planejamento é um instrumento que permite avaliar a ação dos órgãos e entidades envolvidos e suas respectivas funções, de molde a possibilitar o controle do Órgão Judiciário. Durante os estudos, um fato se colocou como inconteste à reflexão: as agências reguladoras são instrumentos cuja criação, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, decorreu de um imediatismo político, resultante da ausência de um planejamento econômico efetivo, eficiente e eficaz. Ao término das pesquisas, constatou-se que o sistema regulatório, mediante a ação das agências reguladoras, não se apresenta com garantias de universalidade e de transparência. Em síntese, esta tese apresenta uma releitura do artigo 174 da CR/88, na perspectiva de concretizar efetivamente os ditames constitucionais e legais, idealizando uma sociedade democrática, mais justa e humanizada

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Fernando Lopes Abelha.pdf: 21298516 bytes, checksum: 0731445f09438e2ab7221821eac8ae3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-06 / This essay addresses issues such as socio-economic system adopted by the Republican Constitution of 1988; free enterprise as a fundamental right, seen by the matrix of the economic order, and the privatization process of the Federal Government as a strategy to reform the state, to serve as a basis to elucidate, within a factual context, the negative consequences to public rail transport, transferred to private enterprise in 1998, according to the National Privatization Program of the Federal Government, caused by abuse of the exercise of free enterprise and the inefficient management of public and private agents. It was found that the process of privatization of this service, previously performed by the Federal Railway - RFFSA occurred in studies of the National Bank of Economic and Social Development, which showed high public deficit and other causes that justified its transfer to the private enterprise. Through bibliographies literature researches, and extensive official documentation produced by public servants of the Federal Railway Police, the National Department of Transport Infrastructure in the National Agency for Land Transport, and other federal agencies, numerous surveys on spots made along the Paulista Railway Network in the years 2008/2009, demonstrating the damage caused to all rail transport system and public coffers, pointing out its causes and actions to solve them. The survey s results conducted on locations that have left traces (patios, garages, railway stations and substations) have been duly listed, following the investigation project and, submitted to engineering experts, computing and accounting examination, the results were analyzed and compared with the legal system and with the goals proposed by the privatization and concession of public service in question. It demonstrates the practice of illegal conduct by public and private agents involved in the supervision and implementation of this public service, intentional noncompliance of the terms of that contract, breach of criminal law and the Law of Concessions and Permits, whose consequences are highly detrimental to Public Service and National Treasury. At the conclusion of this paper it presents the main actions to be taken to solve the problems and to blame the culprit in order to improve the public service / Esta dissertação aborda temas como o sistema socioeconômico adotada pela Constituição Republicana de 1988; a livre iniciativa como direito fundamental, vista sob a matriz da ordem econômica, e o processo de desestatização do Governo Federal, como estratégia de reforma do Estado, para servir como base para demonstrar, dentro de um contexto fático, os reflexos negativos ao serviço público de transporte ferroviário, transferido a iniciativa privada no ano de 1998, seguindo o Programa Nacional de Desestatização do Governo Federal, causados pelo abuso no exercício da livre iniciativa e pela gestão ineficiente dos agentes públicos e privados. Verificou-se que o processo de desestatização desse serviço, antes executado pela Rede Ferroviária Federal RFFSA, ocorreu por estudos do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, que apontou déficit público elevado e outras causas que justificavam a sua transferência para a iniciativa privada. Buscou-se através de pesquisas bibliográficas, e em vasta documentação oficial, produzidas por servidores públicos da Polícia Ferroviária Federal, Departamento Nacional de Infra-Estrutura nos Transportes, Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres, e outros órgãos federais, além de inúmeros levantamentos in loco, realizados ao longo da Malha Paulista da Rede Ferroviária nos anos de 2008/2009, demonstrar os danos causados a todo sistema de transporte ferroviário e aos cofres públicos, apontar suas causas e medidas necessárias para saná-las. Os resultados dos levantamentos feitos nos locais que deixaram vestígios (pátios, oficinas, estações e subestações ferroviárias) foram devidamente catalogados, seguindo o projeto de investigação, assim como, submetidos a exame pericial de engenharia, informática e contabilidade, cujos resultados foram analisados e confrontados com o ordenamento jurídico e com os objetivos propostos na desestatização e no contrato de concessão do serviço público em questão. Ficou demonstrado a prática de condutas ilegais por parte dos agentes públicos e privados envolvidos na fiscalização e execução deste serviço público, com descumprimento intencional das cláusulas do referido contrato, violação da legislação criminal e da Lei de Concessões e Permissões, cujos reflexos são altamente prejudiciais ao serviço público e ao Tesouro Nacional. Na conclusão deste trabalho são apontadas as principais medidas que deverão ser adotadas para sanar os problemas e responsabilizar os culpados, visando a melhoria do serviço público

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maximiliano Rosso.pdf: 2204933 bytes, checksum: e5269da6e1de05fce4a53f1984afac49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-11 / The present study aims to debate about risk from a spatial perspective. Risk understood as a present representation of concrete dangers and of future situations which are apt to cause harm to rights in general. Modernity brings with it the production of risks, which can be aggravated through interventions on the urban fabric. In the present paper we shall argue, with the help of legal texts from different countries, as well as of practical examples, that risks can also be managed by means of those same spatial interventions, imposing a new mode of State intervention / O presente trabalho tem por objeto o tema do risco em uma dimensão que denominamos de espacial. Mencionado risco consiste, em apertada síntese, numa representação de perigos e de situações futuras aptas a causar danos a direitos dos mais diversos. Risco que se imbrica de forma indissociável à sociedade moderna e que pode ser amplificado por intervenções no tecido urbano. Valendo-nos da análise de diferentes diplomas legislativos, de ordenamentos diversos, assim como de exemplo práticos, argumentaremos quanto às possibilidades de enfrentamento desse risco por meio de intervenções igualmente espaciais, o risco impondo, nesses termos, um novo intervencionismo estatal

Submitted by Cassius Vinicius de Carvalho (cassius.carvalho@garrigues.com) on 2018-04-24T12:47:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cassius Vinicius de Carvalho-23-04-2018-final.pdf: 1533912 bytes, checksum: d74c934947204f5eac8bb4e696ce97e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-04-24T18:29:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cassius Vinicius de Carvalho-23-04-2018-final.pdf: 1533912 bytes, checksum: d74c934947204f5eac8bb4e696ce97e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-25T14:00:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cassius Vinicius de Carvalho-23-04-2018-final.pdf: 1533912 bytes, checksum: d74c934947204f5eac8bb4e696ce97e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T14:00:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cassius Vinicius de Carvalho-23-04-2018-final.pdf: 1533912 bytes, checksum: d74c934947204f5eac8bb4e696ce97e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-02 / A presente pesquisa propõe-se a contribuir com o estudo prático da extrafiscalidade no Direito Tributário brasileiro, com foco nas medidas extrafiscais adotadas pelo Poder Público no âmbito do setor automotivo, para o período compreendido de 2009 a outubro de 2017. Mais especificamente, o objetivo da pesquisa está adstrito à análise quanto ao nível de efetividade das normas preponderantemente extrafiscais, que suportaram a desoneração do IPI para o setor automotivo no período em exame. Inicialmente, buscou-se compreender o instituto, a partir do histórico das teorias de intervenção do Estado na perspectiva da extrafiscalidade para, a partir daí percorrerem-se os seus contornos jurídico-tributários, espécies, instrumentos de controle e abordagem no direito comparado. Subsequentemente, foi estudada, a importância do setor automotivo para o desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro, desde o início do século passado, para, por fim, analisarem-se os reflexos e o nível de efetividade das normas preponderantemente extrafiscais no bojo da pesquisa. A relevância do tema e a hipótese de pesquisa comprovaram-se no decorrer do texto, com a conclusão de que as normas preponderantemente extrafiscais não surtiram, em sua totalidade, para o caso em análise, os reflexos almejados pelo Poder Público – e igualmente esperados pelo contribuinte. / The purpose of the present research is to contribute to the practical study of the non-fiscal purpose tax law from a Brazilian tax perspective, with focus on the non-fiscal purpose tax laws that were introduced by the Public Sector in the context of the automotive segment, for the period from 2009 until October, 2017. More specifically, the objective of the research is restricted to the analysis of the level of effectiveness of the non-fiscal purpose tax laws that supported the decrease of the IPI in the automotive sector, for the period under analysis. Initially, the non-fiscal purpose tax law institute was comprehended with the support of the historic of the economic theories of intervention, and, as from this point on, the institute was studied in the context of its legal-tax aspects, types, instruments of control and approach in the comparative law. Subsequently, the research was centralized in the study of the relevance of the automotive sector in the development of the Brazilian economy, since the beginning of the last century. Finally, the reflexes and the level of the effectiveness of the non-fiscal purpose tax laws in the context of the automotive sector were evaluated. The relevance of the theme and the hypothesis of research were proved along the text, with the conclusion that the non-fiscal purpose tax laws did not reach, in its totality, for the case under analysis, the effects desired by the Public Sector - and expected by the taxpayers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaime Goncalves Filho.pdf: 863240 bytes, checksum: e960a09eb78ee2841ff94326cf87aa72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-13 / This dissertation has for object of study the Provisional Measure 168/90 which served as the political and economic instrument for a specific context, namely, the Collor administration. It will analyze, therefore, the legal limits existing at the time of the mentioned Provisional Measure, weighing the economic needs and the legal system in force, and will account for the decisions of the courts that evaluated the constitutionality and legality of the seizure of assets. The Provisional Measure 168/90, put in place to serve economic and political interests during the Collor administration, with the goal of comparing such measures with the existing legal limits in order to come to a conclusion on the illegality of these facts. / A presente dissertação tem por objeto de estudo analisar a Medida Provisória 168/90 que serviu de instrumento político-econômico para um contexto específico, qual seja, o governo Collor. Analisar-se-á, portanto, os limites jurídicos existentes à época da mencionada Medida Provisória, sopesando as necessidades econômicas e a ordem jurídica vigente, fazendo, inclusive, menção às decisões dos Tribunais que apreciaram a constitucionalidade e legalidade do bloqueio de haveres. A Medida Provisória 168/90 foi manejada em razão de interesses econômicos e políticos durante o governo Collor, de modo a cotejar tais medidas com os limites jurídicos existentes, a fim de concluir sobre a ilicitude desses fatos.

During 2010 and 2011, major earthquakes caused widespread damage and the deaths of 185 people in the city of Christchurch. Damaged school buildings resulted in state intervention which required amendment of the Education Act of 1989, and the development of ‘site sharing agreements’ in undamaged schools to cater for the needs of students whose schools had closed. An effective plan was also developed for student assessment through establishing an earthquake impaired derived grade process. Previous research into traditional explanations of educational inequalities in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and New Zealand were reviewed through various processes within three educational inputs: the student, the school and the state. Research into the impacts of urban natural disasters on education and education inequalities found literature on post disaster education systems but nothing could be found that included performance data. The impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes on educational inequalities and achievement were analysed over 2009-2012. The baseline year was 2009, the year before the first earthquake, while 2012 is seen as the recovery year as no schools closed due to seismic events and there was no state intervention into the education of the region. National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) results levels 1-3 from thirty-four secondary schools in the greater Christchurch region were graphed and analysed. Regression analysis indicates; in 2009, educational inequalities existed with a strong positive relationship between a school’s decile rating and NCEA achievement. When schools were grouped into decile rankings (1-10) and their 2010 NCEA levels 1-3 results were compared with the previous year, the percentage of change indicates an overall lower NCEA achievement in 2010 across all deciles, but particularly in lower decile schools. By contrast, when 2011 NCEA results were compared with those of 2009, as a percentage of change, lower decile schools fared better. Non site sharing schools also achieved higher results than site sharing schools. State interventions, had however contributed towards student’s achieving national examinations and entry to university in 2011. When NCEA results for 2012 were compared to 2009 educational inequalities still exist, however in 2012 the positive relationship between decile rating and achievement is marginally weaker than in 2009. Human ethics approval was required to survey one Christchurch secondary school community of students (aged between 12 and 18), teachers and staff, parents and caregivers during October 2011. Participation was voluntary and without incentives, 154 completed questionnaires were received. The Canterbury earthquakes and aftershocks changed the lives of the research participants. This school community was displaced to another school due to the Christchurch earthquake on 22 February 2011. Research results are grouped under four geographical perspectives; spatial impacts, socio-economic impacts, displacement, and health and wellbeing. Further research possibilities include researching the lag effects from the Canterbury earthquakes on school age children.

Submitted by Sarah Morganna Matos Marinho (sarah.momm@gmail.com) on 2015-04-30T14:02:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinho, Sarah. Como são os laços do capitalismo brasileiro?.pdf: 5894212 bytes, checksum: b21e82cd1bbbfcf9fd6fec3cafe9196f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2015-04-30T18:42:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinho, Sarah. Como são os laços do capitalismo brasileiro?.pdf: 5894212 bytes, checksum: b21e82cd1bbbfcf9fd6fec3cafe9196f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-04T12:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinho, Sarah. Como são os laços do capitalismo brasileiro?.pdf: 5894212 bytes, checksum: b21e82cd1bbbfcf9fd6fec3cafe9196f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-01 / O BNDES tem o objetivo de financiar empreendimentos que se relacionem com o desenvolvimento do país, sendo uma de suas modalidades o investimento por subscrição de ações. De um lado, tem-se que as regras elaboradas na estruturação societária de uma empresa podem variar de acordo com a origem do financiamento obtido, em função dos interesses que os diferentes investidores procuram proteger a partir da separação entre a sua propriedade e o controle. Por outro lado, o cenário econômico brasileiro passou por mudanças profundas nos últimos 60 anos, já que o modelo de industrialização baseado no dirigismo estatal – que marcou as décadas de 1950 a 1980 – transformou-se com o movimento de desestatização dos anos 1990. O Estado não se afastou da propriedade empresarial, mas atua agora principalmente como acionista minoritário. Hoje, paira dúvida acerca, em primeiro lugar, das reais motivações que levam determinadas empresas a receber participação do Sistema BNDES. Além disso, há pouca compreensão sobre os veículos jurídicos que viabilizam essas relações público-privadas. A partir de algumas pesquisas sobre o banco, conclui-se que a atuação da sua subsidiária de participações, a BNDESPAR, não ultrapassa objetivos de maximização de valor dos seus ativos. Não se descartou, no entanto, que a função do banco de desenvolvimento – incluindo a do seu braço de renda variável – fosse implementar políticas industriais, por mais que falhas pudessem vir a ocorrer nesse intento, reconhecido como um processo experimental. Assim, revelou-se quais interesses as regras de governança corporativa das companhias abertas financiadas pela BNDESPAR por participação acomodam para a subsidiária, elucidando-se importantes características do modelo contemporâneo de atuação empresarial do Estado e lançando-se luz sobre os objetivos que o levam a investir diretamente como acionista no cenário atual. No caso da BNDESPAR, trata-se de agente em busca de equilíbrio entre a maximização de retornos e a política industrial. De uma maneira mais geral, o BNDES procura ser auto-sustentável – como pré-requisito para existir e cumprir sua missão –, tratando sua subsidiária como a principal personagem desse objetivo dentro do Sistema. A BNDESPAR, por sua vez, acabou por se tornar executora de política voltada a apoiar a negociação das companhias brasileiras no mercado de capitais – atividade emanada da sua própria burocracia. / BNDES has the objective of financing projects related to Brazil’s development and equity purchases are one of its types of investment. On one hand, rules drawn up in a company’s corporate governance structure can vary according to the capital’s origin, since different interests that different investors seek to protect emerge from the separation of their property from the corporate control. On the other hand, Brazilian economic scenario went trough deep changes over the last 60 years, considering that the industrialization model based on State intervention, mainstream between the 1950s and the 1980s, was transformed by the privatization movement in the 1990s. This change, however, did not eliminate the State in corporate property: now it only acts more commonly as a minority shareholder. The present time is marked by doubt over the real motivation that leads some companies to receive equity investments by the BNDES System. Besides that, there is a lack of comprehension on the contractual vehicles that structure these public-private relations. Some researches concerning the bank indicate that its subsidiary investments would not undermine the objective for profit maximization. We have not ignored, however, that the development bank function – including its equity arm – might be executing industrial policies, even though failures are likely to occur during this effort, understood here as an experimental process. Thus, the research has revealed which BNDESPAR’s interests are protected through the corporate governance rules of the public traded companies invested, also revealing important features of the contemporary model of the State as an entrepreneur and clarifying some objectives that could lead the institution to purchase equity participations nowadays. BNDESPAR is an agent motivated by a balance pursuit between profit maximization and industrial policy purposes. Broadly speaking, BNDES seeks self-financial sustainability in order to continue and accomplish its mission, seeing its equity arm as the main executor of this objective inside its System. In this search for sustainability, BNDESPAR became executor of a policy effort for stock markets negotiation raised up among its own bureaucracy activities.

Submitted by Paula Junqueira (paulamslima@gmail.com) on 2018-01-09T14:59:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Paula_Lima_Junqueira (1).pdf: 779370 bytes, checksum: 0c3f9f02666d55b4b4099a469baf9d29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diego Andrade (diego.andrade@fgv.br) on 2018-01-12T12:10:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Paula_Lima_Junqueira (1).pdf: 779370 bytes, checksum: 0c3f9f02666d55b4b4099a469baf9d29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T11:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Paula_Lima_Junqueira (1).pdf: 779370 bytes, checksum: 0c3f9f02666d55b4b4099a469baf9d29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / The essay is about Regulatory Law, specifically Tax Law, with important support from AdministrativeLaw. The objetive of the research is to answer to the question of which foundation of legitimacy thedecisions to intervene in the economy with taxes must own to be considered valids. The method ofresearch is bibliographic search with the intention to ground the theoretical conflict presented. Thestudy is initiated with Administrative Law to determine how the State can take decision in adetachment mode. In the second chapter, themes from Tax Law are explored to define how taxes canbe used to intervene in the economy and to induce behaviors and its requirements. The third chapter isdedicated to effectively answer the principal question of research by revealing the grounds thatdecisions of indirect intervention in the economy must have. In conclusion, the essay understands thatthe decision of using inductive taxation to intervene in the economy must be based fundamentally inprinciples, which is the nature of the rights and guarantees predicted in the Federal BrazilianConstitution of 1988. / Trata-se de trabalho relativo ao Direito da Regulação com foco em Direito Tributário e suporte relevante de noções de Direito Administrativo. O objetivo da pesquisa é responder a qual fundamento de legitimidade as decisões de intervir na economia com uso da tributação devem portar para serem consideradas válidas. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a pesquisa bibliográfica com a intenção de fundamentar o embate teórico apresentado. O trabalho é iniciado com estudo do Direito Administrativo no que tange às decisões discricionárias e à correta identificação e aplicação dos princípios. No segundo capítulo, trata-se de temas atinentes ao Direito Tributário para definição de como tributos podem ser utilizados para intervenção na economia e para induzir comportamentos e quais requisitos devem obrigatoriamente ser observados. O terceiro capítulo se dedica à efetivamente responder à pergunta de pesquisa ao explorar quais bases que a decisão de intervir na economia de forma indireta deve portar. Por fim, em conclusão, a presente dissertação entende que a decisão de utilizar tributos indutores de comportamento para intervenção na economia deve se basear fundamentalmente nos princípios, natureza dos direitos e garantias fundamentais previstos da Constituição Federal de 1988.

Since parental authority in South African law is based on German customary law, and not on Roman law, it exists for the protection of the child. Various protective measures exist to ensure that this goal is reached, mainly in the form of judicial interference with parental authority. An example is the termination of parental authority, or some of its incidents, by means of a court order. This takes place either in terms of the common-law authority of the High Court, or in terms of certain statutory provisions. One of the statutory provisions in terms of which the children's court can terminate some of the incidents of parental authority, is the Child Care Act 74 of 1983. If the children's court is of the opinion that a child is in need of care, it can order that the child be returned to the custody of its parents, or that the child be placed in foster care, or in a children's home or school of industries. There is at present no mechanism in the Child Care Act for ensuring legal representation for children. The draft Children's Bill expands the possible orders that the children's court can make and further provides that a child is entitled to legal representation in children's court proceedings, if necessary at state expense. In New Zealand, families participate in decision-making regarding children in need of care by means of the family group conference. In Scotland, children in need of compulsory measures of supervision are dealt with by a lay tribunal known as the children's hearing. The global movement to recognise and protect both the welfare and autonomy rights of children formed the basis of international-law protection of children, and the children's clause contained in section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996. In order to ensure that the protective goal of child law is reached, I propose that a multidisciplinary lay tribunal be instituted in South Africa to deal with children in need of care, and that legal representation for children in children's court proceedings be made compulsory in certain circumstances. / Private Law / LL. D.