[pt] A pesquisa versa sobre a medida protetiva que determina o abrigamento de crianças vítimas de violência doméstica no âmbito das intervenções do Conselho Tutelar da Zona Sul I da cidade de Manaus/AM. O presente estudo tem por finalidade, identificar a aplicabilidade do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) no âmbito dos Conselhos Tutelares. A metodologia de pesquisa empregada foi qualitativa e, para tal utilizou-se a entrevista semi-estruturada que foi aplicada aos Conselheiros da Zona Sul I da cidade de Manaus. Através delas pode-se verificar a existência de uma carência de serviços a ser prestado no campo assistencial, o que dificulta o atendimento feito aos casos de violência doméstica e a formação de uma rede assistencial.A realidade apresentada mostrou que os conselheiros têm dificuldades para realizar determinadas atividades que são de sua responsabilidade, tendo em vista os entraves que surgem durante o processo de atendimento das crianças vitimas de violência domestica, especialmente quando devem ser encaminhadas para os abrigos, conforme determina a Doutrina de Proteção Integral à Criança e ao Adolescente. / [en] The research focuses on the protective measure that determines the institutionalization of children victims of domestic violence within the operations of the Guardianship Board of South Zone I of the city of Manaus / AM. This study aims to identify the applicability of the Child and Adolescent (ECA) under the Guardianship Councils. The research methodology employed was qualitative and, to this end we used a semi-structured interview that was given to the Directors of the South Zone I of the city of Manaus. Through interviews can verify the existence of a lack of services being provided to health care, which makes the service done in cases of domestic violence and the formation of a healthcare network. The reality presented showed the problem that directors have to undertake certain activities that are your responsibility, in view of the obstacles that arise during the care of child victims of domestic violence, especially when they should be sent to shelters, as determined the Doctrine of Integral Protection of Children and Adolescents.

Title of the dissertation: The Rome Statute's Crime of Aggression following the Kampala Review Conference The definition of crime of aggression was adopted in 2010 to fill the gap in article 5 (2) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ("ICC"). Complicated discussions preceding the adoption have identified many problematic aspects within the definition, including the relationship between the ICC and the UN Security Council ("SC") - whether the SC would be the only body capable to commence proceedings for the crime of aggression or not; further including the legal status of humanitarian intervention for the purposes of its criminalization under the Rome Statute; position of a perpetrator of the crime - should only leaders be considered perpetrators or should "lower" state officials be included; how should the amendment enter into force - under article 121 (4) or 121 (5) of the Rome Statute; etc. Many of these questions have not been answered by the adopted definition in a satisfactory way and so while the international community was celebrating the success of the adoption of the "supreme crime's" definition, many (including the author of this dissertation) have been seriously disappointed by the short-comings of the adopted text. Scholars continue to better understand the...

1 Victims of the Gravest Crimes: The Role of Victims in Legal Proceedings Before the International Criminal Court Abstract This thesis analyzes the role of victims in the proceedings before the International Criminal Court, or the so-called victims' mandate of the ICC. The purpose is to comprehensively introduce their rights as well as the way in which this regulation is being applied. Therefore, the research question has two parts. The first part inquires into the current design of the victim's rights before the Court, while the second asks about the results of its application to the present day. Answers offered by the author of the thesis appear respectively in the second and the third chapter. The first chapter is focused on a historical development of the position of victims in the system of international criminal justice. It is of introductory nature and serves to highlight the historically unprecedented character of the role of victims before the ICC. Regarding the research method, the thesis analyzes the role of victims of crimes prosecuted by the ICC from both, theoretical as well as empirical angle. The purpose is to practically and comprehensively describe the regulation of victims before the ICC but also go beyond the "letter of the law" to see the legal regulation within its material context -...

A desapropriação, instituto de direito público, ao longo dos tempos, vem sofrendo profundas modificações, as quais são abordadas no presente trabalho, analisadas a partir da evolução histórica da matéria no direito alienígena e no brasileiro. Após discorrermos sobre o conceito de desapropriação, seus elementos e características, bem como tecermos comentários sobre as diversas espécies de desapropriação, passamos ao estudo de três normas recentes que tiveram relevante impacto sobre os contornos do instituto: a Lei de responsabilidade fiscal (Lei Complementar 101/00), que exige um planejamento financeiro administrativo antes de que seja dado início ao processo expropriatório; o Estatuto da Cidade (Lei 10.257/2001) que criou duas novas modalidades de desapropriação; e, por fim, o Código Civil de 2002 que, com claro escopo social, regulamenta uma outra forma de desapropriação, a chamada desapropriação judicial. Além disso, esta mesma legislação afeta diretamente a prática da ação de desapropriação indireta, especialmente no que se refere ao prazo prescricional. Desta maneira, concluímos nosso trabalho com a caracterização da desapropriação como um instituto que adquiriu sua feição atual por meio de um processo contínuo de modificações originadas não somente por questões jurídicas, mas também por aspectos políticos e sociais, que fazem com que a desapropriação se encontre em constante desenvolvimento e demande profundos estudos por parte da doutrina. / The expropriation (or compulsory purchase), a public Law institution, throughout time, has been passing through extreme modifications, that are discussed in this essay, analyzed from the subjects historic evolution in foreign and Brazilian law. After the study of the expropriation concept, its elements and characteristics, as well as the commentary of the expropriations diverse species, we pass to the study of three recent laws that had relevant impact over the outline of the institution: Fiscal Responsibility Law (LC 101/00), that demands a financial and administrative planning before the expropriation process beginning; City Statute (L. 10.257/2001), that created two new expropriation models; and, finally, 2002 Civil Code, that with indubitably social purpose, regulate another expropriation form, called judiciary expropriation. Besides that, this same legislation affects directly the taking, or injurious affection, action practice, especially in which concerns to the prescription deadline. In this matter, we conclude our essay with the expropriations characterization as an institution that acquired its current feature by the means of a continuous process originated not only by juridical questions, but also by political and social aspects, that caused a constant developing expropriation, demanding deep doctrinaire studies.

A pesquisa: \"Conselhos Tutelares e Escolas Públicas de São Paulo: O diálogo preciso teve por objetivo ampliar o debate entre as escolas públicas e os 35 Conselhos Tutelares implantados na cidade da São Paulo, conforme os preceitos do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente - ECA (Lei Federal 8069/90). Ao investigar as requisições que as escolas demandaram aos CTs de suas regiões, entre 2001 e 2006, procuramos analisar a resistência das escolas à legislação do ECA. Por que as escolas teriam somente uma relação burocrática com o CT e não seriam instituições parceiras na garantia dos direitos infanto-juvenis? Entre os nossos pressupostos e convicções, a construção histórica da escola pública brasileira concebida no ideário liberal traduziria em parte a resistência à universalização do ECA, pois o discurso liberal meritocrático defende direitos apenas para os que se esforçam e que cumprem com os seus deveres, portanto, merecedores dos direitos. Outro fator preponderante à recusa da vivência do ECA no cotidiano escolar seria a perpetuação de um modelo autoritário da gestão escolar, no qual, o exercício do poder ainda está centralizado na figura do diretor(a) da escola, o que dificulta a participação da comunidade no interior da escola, bem como, a possibilidade de ação de um agente externo, como o conselheiro tutelar. Nossa pesquisa tem por referencial teórico o pesquisador Antonio Gramsci, o que significa compreender os conselheiros tutelares enquanto intelectuais orgânicos da classe trabalhadora que pressionam o Estado à universalização dos direitos sociais, bem como compreender os Conselhos Tutelares e as escolas públicas enquanto espaços públicos com potencial transformador mediante o fortalecimento da democracia participativa no interior de tais órgãos. O diálogo preciso entre os organismos que compõe da Rede de Proteção Integral dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes significa consensuar o ECA como orientação mestra para a construção de uma sociedade mais justa e democrática. / The research: \"Protective Councils and Public Schools of São Paulo: The precise dialogue! Had as its goal objective the analysis of the correspondences dynamics between public schools and the thirty-five Protective Councils inserted in São Paulo City, according to the rules of \"ECA - Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente\"[Infant and Juvenile Statute - Federal Law no. 8069/90]. The project emphasis lies over the contradiction between the new law\'s radicalism and the total complete protection Doctrine, besides the scholastic quotidian which still shares on the irregular situation Doctrine. The present study comprehended the investigation of the performance of the protective councils on the scope of requirements made by schools from 2001 to 2006. As well, the vision of teachers of 10 public schools in São Paulo City concerning to the performance of the protective counselors. Through the protective councils\' documents analysis questionnaires and interviews, we shall point questions that either make easy or make difficult the relations between public schools and the protective councils. This research has as its theorical system of references the researcher Antonio Gramsci; this, both protective councils and public schools were defended considered as public spaces of transforming potential over the strengthening of participative democracy inside these entities.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit Geschädigte von völkerstrafrechtlichen Verbrechen sich am Verfahren vor dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) beteiligen können. Im Jahr 1998 wurde das Rom Statut des IStGH errichtet, welches erstmalig im Völkerstrafrecht die Möglichkeit für Geschädigte vorsieht, über die „Beteiligung“ als Zeuge hinaus aktiv am Verfahren vor dem IStGH teilzunehmen. Die Arbeit setzt die Normen des Rom Statuts zunächst in einen historischen Kontext. Sodann wird die Auslegung der Normen in den unterschiedlichen Verfahrensabschnitten umfassend anhand der gängigen Interpretationsmechanismen sowie der bisherigen Rechtsprechung erläutert. Da die Auslegung der Normen aufgrund der teilweise sehr weiten Fassung der Normen und der fehlenden Rechtsprechung weitestgehend ungeklärt war und zum großen Teil immernoch ist, stellt die Erläuterung der Auslegungsmöglichkeiten einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit dar. Es erfolgt sodann eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, inwieweit die bestehenden Regeln auf der einen Seite den Wünschen und Erwartungen der Geschädigten entsprechen, und inwieweit sie auf der anderen Seite mit den Rechten der Angeklagten und übergeordneten Interessen in Übereinstimmung zu bringen sind. Es werden Alternativen zum Internationalen Strafgerichtshof untersucht. Die Arbeit zeigt im Ergebnis Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der sogenannten Opferbeteiligung auf und erarbeitet Verbesserungsvorschläge zu dem derzeit bestehenden Modell. / When the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court was adopted in 1998, one of its innovations was that victims were granted an active role in the proceedings. This thesis is among the first to focus on the International Criminal Court’s power to enable victims to take part in the proceedings. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework of the participation system, taking into account relevant Court decisions. The study examines the position of victims in international criminal law, especially their rights to participate in all stages of the proceedings. It further explores to which extent the rules of the International Criminal Court correspond to the victims’ needs and wishes and on the other hand how the rules can be reconciled with the rights of the accused and other interests. The extent to which the ICC, as a criminal court, can and will at all help victims to overcome the consequences of war crimes. It will finally be reflected on some possible alternatives.

[pt] O objetivo central dessa dissertação é analisar as concepções dos assistentes sociais acerca dos direitos humanos a partir dos princípios que os fundamentam no Código de Ética do Serviço Social e no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. No intuito de alcançar este objetivo, realizei uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica acerca das categorias de estudo e analisei alguns documentos normativos da profissão e dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. Utilizei ainda, como método de abordagem, a pesquisa qualitativa e a técnica de entrevista semi-estruturada, orientada por um roteiro contendo perguntas abertas, direcionadas aos assistentes sociais, que atuam em instituições na área da criança e do adolescente no Espírito Santo. O referencial teórico adotado foi o método crítico-dialético, o que possibilitou analisar os direitos humanos enquanto um processo contraditório e de luta entre as classes que compõem a sociedade. Através do embate entre as classes, em vários momentos históricos, a classe trabalhadora avançou no sentido de inserir nas leis os direitos coletivos; porém, o controle do Estado está nas mãos dos que precisam expandir o capital. Assim, os direitos não são materializados em sua plenitude. A partir deste estudo, indico a necessidade de os profissionais terem clareza crítica dos fundamentos e funcionalidades da realidade posta, permitindo, assim, observar de forma mais nítida a não- efetivação dos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes, e ainda avançar, juntamente com a luta geral dos trabalhadores, na materialização do Código de Ética em prol de uma sociedade mais justa. / [en] This study aims mainly at analyzing the conceptions of social workers about human rights based on the principles on which they are founded in the Social Work Code of Ethics and the Brazilian Statute for Children and Adolescents. Intending to achieve this objective, I carried out and extensive bibliographical research about the categories of study and analyzed some normative documents about the profession and about the children and adolescents` rights. As approach method, I also used qualitative research and semi-structured interview technique, which was guided by a script containing open ended questions, addressed to social professionals working in children and adolescents institutions in Espírito Santo. The theoretical basis adopted was the critical-dialectic method, which allowed analyzing human rights and as a contradict and social class struggle process. Through class struggle in several historical moments, the working class advanced towards inserting collective rights into the law. However, the control of the State is in the hands of those who need to expand capital therefore, rights are not fully materialized. From this study, I point out that these professional should be clearly critical about the fundaments and functionality of the posed reality, allowing thus, observing more clearly the non exercise of children and adolescents` rights, and also advance, together with the working class general struggle, towards the materialization of the Code of Ethics, for a fairer society.

Os emolumentos são a remuneração devida em forma de pecúnia aos tabeliães e oficiais de registro em contraprestação aos seus serviços. Tais profissionais do Direito, muito embora prestem serviço público, não são detentores de cargo público, não sendo considerados servidores públicos, mas sim agentes públicos. Neste contexto, estão amoldados sob o manto do Direito Púbico, tendo em vista a delegação sui generis a eles outorgada por meio de concurso público. O trabalho tratará da possibilidade de incidência do imposto sobre serviços de qualquer natureza (ISS) nos emolumentos, visando a identificar primeiramente a natureza jurídica dos serviços prestados pelos cartórios, bem como da sua remuneração. Posteriormente se questionará a constitucionalidade da referida cobrança e a metodologia de seu recolhimento. / The emoluments are the remuneration payable in the form of pecuniary to notaries and registers in consideration of their services. These legal professionals, although they serve the public, are not holders of public office, are not considered public servants, but agents public. In this context, are characterized under the mantle of public law, in view of the sui generis delegation granted to them by public tender. The article will focus the possibility of incidence of the services rendered tax (ISS tax ) in emoluments, aiming identify first the nature of the legal services provided by notary’s office, as well as of their remuneration. Subsequently will be questioned the constitutionality of that levy and the methodology of their charging.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar os elementos e debates para uma Teoria da Internação Monitorada de Adolescentes em Conflito com a Lei no Estado do Tocantins, como via alternativa da segregação, inspirando uma nova concepção da ressocialização dos jovens envolvidos com a criminalidade infantojuvenil. Na proposta amealhada foram revisitados os marcos históricos, os princípios aplicáveis ao Direito da Criança e do Adolescente, esboçando parâmetros relacionados ao Direito Penal juvenil e à Responsabilização Penal de adolescentes pela prática do ato infracional. O ponto de partida do estudo é a escassez de locais apropriados no Estado do Tocantins para a aplicação da medida socioeducativa de internação, denotando a ausência de políticas públicas de ressocialização de adolescentes em conflito com a lei, aspecto que norteou o objeto de investigação do trabalho. Para atingir os objetivos fundamentais da pesquisa, tais como a análise do perfil do adolescente em conflito com a lei, a construção do fortalecimento de pilares da mínima intervenção e a apresentação de proposta de mecanismos alternativos à internação, foi definida a metodologia pautada no tipo bibliográfico com a complementação da análise documental. Adotando-se essas perspectivas, ambicionou-se o desenvolvimento de algumas premissas em torno da Teoria da Internação Monitorada de Adolescentes Infratores, apesar da imaturidade do tema frente à teoria jurídica referente ao Direito da Criança e do Adolescente. Por conseguinte, foram apresentados, à luz da intersecção de um conjunto complexo de fatores que norteiam os atos infracionais, aspectos em torno de propostas de ressocialização do adolescente, como o encaminhamento a uma equipe multidisciplinar, o acompanhamento assistencial e pedagógico, permitindo contribuir com o fortalecimento de pilares da mínima intervenção e do garantismo no Direito penal juvenil, sem perder de vista a necessidade de concretização de direitos fundamentais do adolescente enquanto sujeito de direitos. / The present study aims to present the elements and debates for a Theory of Monitored Admission of Adolescents in Conflict with the Law in the State of Tocantins, as an alternative way of segregation, inspiring a new conception of the resocialization of young people involved with child and juvenile criminality. The milestone proposal revisited the historical frameworks, the principles applicable to the Law of Children and Adolescents, outlining parameters related to juvenile criminal law and to the criminal responsibility of adolescents for the practice of the infraction. The starting point of the study is the scarcity of appropriate places in the State of Tocantins for the application of the socio-educational measure of hospitalization, denoting the absence of public policies for resocialization of adolescents in conflict with the law, aspect that guided the object of investigation of work . In order to reach the fundamental objectives of the research, such as the analysis of the profile of the adolescent in conflict with the law, the construction of the pillars of the minimum intervention and the presentation of a proposal of alternative mechanisms to the hospitalization, the methodology was defined according to the bibliographic type With the complementation of documentary analysis. Adopting these perspectives, the aim was to develop some premises around the Theory of Monitored Admission of Adolescent Offenders, in spite of the immaturity of the subject in front of the legal theory regarding the Law of the Child and the Adolescent. Therefore, in the light of the intersection of a complex set of factors guiding the infractions, aspects were presented around adolescent resocialization proposals, such as referral to a multidisciplinary team, assistance and pedagogical accompaniment, allowing to contribute to the Strengthening pillars of minimal intervention and guaranteeing juvenile criminal law, without losing sight of the need to realize fundamental rights of the adolescent as a subject of rights.

This thesis argues that the International Criminal Court (ICC) brings a new more deontological paradigm to international interventions, founded upon the universal application of legal principle, and displacing consequentialist notions of justice linked to human rights. Based upon the Court’s Statute and mode of operations, it is argued that this is associated with assumptions concerning the ICC’s primacy, military enforcement, and theory of change. The consequences of this development in volatile contexts are demonstrated. The case study, founded upon analysis from the war-affected community, examines the impact of the International Criminal Court in the Lord’s Resistance Army war, and reveals the relationship between criminal justice enforcement, and community priorities for peace and human rights. On the basis of evidence, and contrary to narratives repeated but unsubstantiated in the literature, it demonstrates that in this case these two imperatives were in opposition to one another. The Court’s pursuit of retributive legal principle was detrimental to the community’s interests in peace and human rights. The subsequent failure of the ICC’s review process to interrogate this important issue is also established. The research establishes that statutory and operational assumptions upon which Court interventions are based do not hold in volatile contexts. For the case study community and elsewhere, this has had adverse impacts, with significant implications for the ICC. The findings indicate that if these issues are not fundamentally addressed, principled international criminal justice enforcement in volatile environments will continue to have profoundly negative human rights consequences.