Rökning är en av de vanligaste riskfaktorerna för hjärtkärlsjukdom i Sverige. Det finns ett flertal vetenskapligt underbyggda metoder för att sluta röka. Rådgivning och motiverande samtal kring rökavvänjning, samt nikotinersättningsmedel är väl utarbetade metoder. Syftet är att undersöka vilket stöd till rökfrihet som rökande patienter får på avdelning 10 på UMAS. Metoden är en enkätstudie och resultatet presenteras genom kvantitativ data. Urvalet består av de patienter som befann sig på avdelningen (n = 75) de två veckor som studien genomfördes. Urvalet är ett icke slumpmässigt, ett konsekutivt, urval. Resultatet av studien visar att ett stort antal patienter inte tillfrågas i fall de är rökare. Det är också vanligare att män tillfrågas i fall de röker än kvinnor. Bland rökande patienter var nikotinersättningsmedel den vanligaste metoden som erbjudits för att vara rökfri. Vidare visar resultatet att flera av de patienter som svarat att de inte är rökare, tidigare har rökt. Då materialet som ligger till underlag för studiens resultat är litet bör slutsatserna av studien betraktas med försiktighet. Av samma anledning kan inte heller resultatet av studien anses vara generaliserbart för populationen och bör därför inte överföras på annan verksamhet. / Smoking is one of the most common risk factors for heart and vascular diseases in Sweden. There are many scientifically proven methods to quit smoking. Among the well established ones are counselling and Motivational Interviewing together with different nicotine replacement therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the support smoking patients are given not to smoke at ward 10 at UMAS. The chosen method is a survey study and the result is presented as quantitative data. The respondents are patients who were present at the ward (n = 75) during the two weeks when data was collected. It is a non-probability sample, a consecutive selection. The result shows that a large number of patients are not asked if they smoke. It is also more common to ask men than women if they smoke. Among the smoking patients nicotine replacement therapy is the most frequent method offered to stay off smoking. Further on the result shows that several of the patients who answered that they did not smoke were previous smokers. Considering the size of data collected the conclusions made in the study should be looked upon tentatively. For the same reason there is no possibility to generalize the result and convert it on to other areas.

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The importance of cyber security is rapidly increasing. At the same time, too few cyber security professionals are educated in order to fulfill industrial needs. Women are a minority within information technology and account for an even smaller number of people within cyber security itself. A skewed gender disparity can lead to reduced productivity and missing out on wider perspectives. This project intends to investigate what different factors and reasons could be behind why women are a minority within cyber security. This study examines possible reasons for the gender disparity, using a survey study, directed towards university students, mostly within information technology and similar subjects. The study also included a ‘cyber security exercise’ where interviewees through a mixed- method qualitative study tested a practical example of a cyber security task, in this case an artificial website, with predetermined security flaws, programmed by the authors. None of the factors that were examined could be proven to cause the gender disparity, since this would have required more detailed experimentation. Support was found for there being a lack of female role models within cyber security, that women to a greater degree feel that they are treated differently on account of their gender, and that the environment in the workplace generally is more important to women than to men. There were also derivatives from some hypotheses that correlated with the low number of women in cyber security, but were not supported to the same extent: women’s lesser interest in working with software development or programming, that the popular image of cyber security may be highly focused on hacking, that there are so few women, and that women may have lower self- confidence than men when it comes to information technology. The results of this study shed a light on factors influencing women’s underrepresentation in cyber security, and can serve as a foundation for aspects that may be relevant to investigate further. Some cyber security programmes in Sweden have a more even gender distribution than the norm, but no clear reasons for this could be determined with certainty, meaning that they too can serve as a clear foundation for future research in this area. / Datasäkerhet är ett ämne som snabbt blir allt viktigare. Samtidigt så utbildas inte tillräckligt många datasäkerhetstekniker för att kunna uppfylla industrins behov. Inom området informationsteknologi utgör kvinnor en minoritet och inom datasäkerhet specifikt utgör de en ännu mindre andel. En skev könsfördelning kan leda till reducerad produktivitet och att bredare perspektiv missas. Detta arbete avser att undersöka vilka olika faktorer och anledningar som skulle kunna ligga bakom varför kvinnor utgör en minoritet inom datasäkerhet. Den här studien undersöker möjliga orsaker till könsfördelningen med hjälp av en enkätstudie, riktad till universitetsstudenter, främst inom informationsteknologi och liknande ämnen. Studien inkluderade även en “datasäkerhetsövning” där personer genom en ’mixed- method’ kvalitativ studie fick prova på ett konkret exempel på en datasäkerhetsuppgift, i form av en artificiell hemsida med förbestämda säkerhetsbrister, som programmerats av författarna. Ingen faktor av de som undersöktes kunde bevisas orsaka könsfördelningen, eftersom det skulle krävt mer detaljerad experimentering. Stöd hittades för att det finns en brist på kvinnliga förebilder inom datasäkerhet, att kvinnor i större grad upplever att de blir särbehandlade på grund av sitt kön, samt att miljön på en arbetsplats generellt är viktigare för kvinnor än för män. Det fanns även derivat från hypoteser som visades korrelera med det låga antalet kvinnor i datasäkerhet, men som inte fick stöd i samma utsträckning: kvinnors lägre intresse för att studera mjukvaruutveckling eller jobba som programmerare, att den allmänna bilden av att datasäkerhet kan vara mycket fokuserad på hacking, att det är en låg andel kvinnor samt att kvinnor kan ha lägre självförtroende än män när det kommer till informationsteknik. Resultaten av denna studie kan bidra till att belysa faktorer som påverkar kvinnors underrepresentation inom datasäkerhet och kan verka som en grund till aspekter som kan vara relevanta att undersöka vidare. Ett fåtal datasäkerhetsutbildningar i Sverige hade en betydligt jämnare könsfördelningen än normen, men inga tydliga anledningar för detta kunde bestämmas med säkerhet, vilket innebär att de utgör ett tydlig grund för ytterligare forskning inom området.

Social justice within education increasingly has been emphasized over the past decade (Kraft, 2007; Oakes et al., 2000; Riester et al., 2002). Little is known about the demographic trends and the advocacy experiences of school-based social justice advocates such as Gay/Straight Alliance (GSA) advisors despite the established importance of teachers engaging in social justice advocacy within schools. Data were collected from a national sample (N = 262) of GSA advisors to further the understanding of the demographic characteristics and the experiences of these social justice advocates and to investigate the relationships between these variables. An ethnographic survey (Schensul, Schensul, & LeCompte, 1999) was utilized for data collection in which the language and experiences reported by GSA advisors (Graybill et al., 2009; Watson et al., 2010) were incorporated. Using an ecological model established in a previous study with GSA advisors (Watson et al., 2010), the individual-, school-, and sociocultural-level characteristics that affect advisors were examined. The results suggested that this sample of GSA advisors was a demographically homogenous group with 67.3% female, 85.7% White, 72.2% who voted Democrat, and 77.1% who were educated at the Master‟s level or higher. Exploratory factor analysis identified two dimensions (i.e., Barriers, Facilitators) by which the advisors appeared to define their experiences when advocating for LGBT youth. Hierarchical regression analyses suggested that at the individual level, experiencing negative personal and professional consequences to advocating and thelevel of self-perceived preparedness to advocate based on prior training contributed to the variability in the advisors‟ experiences with social justice advocacy. At the sociocultural level, advisors in rural schools reported more barriers and fewer facilitators to advocating. Overall, all seven predictors entered, including those at the individual (i.e., experiencing negative personal or professional consequences to advocating, level of self-perceived preparedness to advocate), school (i.e., school resources, school size), and sociocultural levels (i.e., region of the country, community type), accounted for 33.0% (p < .05) of the variance in the Barriers and 10.6% (p < .05) of the variance in the Facilitators to advocating for LGBT youth in schools.

Att motivera människor att volontärarbeta är en växande utmaning för många ideella organisationer. För att på längre sikt kunna behålla volontärer i en organisation är det fundamentalt att förstå vad som motiverar dem. I denna kvantitativa studie var syftet att undersöka vad som motiverar individer att arbeta som volontärer i en secondhand-verksamhet. Ett strategiskt urval resulterade i sju butiker där 181 enkätsvar samlades in, en svarsfrekvens på 91 procent. Resultatet visade bland annat att volontärerna motiverades av både altruistiska och egoistiska orsaker. De positiva sociala aspekterna i volontärarbetet nämndes frekvent som viktigaste motivation. Vidare återfanns flera samband mellan att känna sig respekterad som volontär och att känna stolthet över att vara en del av organisationen. Dessa båda fungerade som motiverande anledningar. En av slutsatserna var att volontärarbete bidrar till förbättrade sociala förhållanden och en känsla av meningsfullhet för volontärerna själva. / Motivating people for volunteer work is a growing challenge for many nonprofit organizations. In order to be able to retain volunteers in an organization in the longer term, it is fundamental to understand what motivates them. In this quantitative study, the purpose was to investigate what motivates individuals to work as volunteers in a second-hand business. A strategic selection resulted in seven stores in which 181 questionnaires were collected, a response rate of 91 percent. The results showed, among other things, that volunteers were motivated by both altruistic and selfish reasons. The positive social aspects of volunteering were frequently mentioned as the main motivation. Furthermore, there were several connections between feeling respected as a volunteer and feeling proud of being part of the organization. These both served as motivating reasons. One of the conclusions was that volunteering contributes to improved social conditions and a sense of meaningfulness for the volunteers themselves.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to examine how the reader perceived the media's reporting during #metoo, and if the reader’s trust in Swedish journalism was affected after publishing the names of suspected offenders.  The research questions examined were: How did readers perceive the Swedish media coverage of #metoo? Has the general confidence in Swedish journalism been affected after #metoo? How do the readers perceive Martin Timell today, after he was acquitted of crime? Do the readers think that the name publication of suspected offenders during #metoo was justified?  We used a survey study to investigate our selected research questions. 214 participators took the survey and responded to 9 questions. The image of Martin Timell that was framed in the media in autumn 2017 generally remains, and despite Timell's acquittal of accusations, the reader perceives him as guilty.

Bakgrund: Den 11 mars 2020 tillkännagav världshälsoorganisationen covid-19 som en pandemi. Röntgenavdelningen är en central del i patientflödet på ett sjukhus inte minst under pandemin. Till röntgenavdelningen kommer misstänkta eller bekräftade covid-19 patienter. Detta gör att röntgensjuksköterskor utsätts för en stor risk att bli smittade på sitt arbete. Syfte: Syftet med enkätstudien var att undersöka röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelser av sin arbetsmiljö under covid-19 pandemin. Metod: Kvantitativ enkätstudie med 197 deltagande röntgensjuksköterskor från Sverige. Resultat: Över hälften av de svarande kände oro för att smittas av covid-19 på arbetsplatsen. Majoriteten ansåg att deras kollegor tog covid-19 på allvar samtidigt som över hälften svarade att deras kollegor inte tog emot covid-19 patienter, den vanligaste orsaken var att de tillhörde en riskgrupp. Mer än tre fjärdedelar uppgav att patienter med misstänkt covid-19 hade anlänt till röntgenavdelningen utan förvarning. Gällande skyddsutrustning ansåg nästan alla att det fanns helt eller delvis tillgång till på arbetsplatsen och endast en bråkdel valde att själva införskaffa egen. Mer än hälften upplevde att det fanns klara rutiner för omhändertagande av covid-19 patienter och en tiondel upplevde att det inte fanns några klara hygienrutiner för covid-19 patienter. Slutsats: Enkätstudien visar på betydelsen av tydliga riktlinjer för hur arbetet ska bedrivas under en pandemi. Det visar även på betydelsen av att det finns adekvat skyddsutrustning vilket de allra flesta uppgav att det fanns. Vanligt förekommande var att patienter med misstänkt covid-19 anlände till röntgenavdelningen utan förvarning. Bristfälliga remisser var också förekommande, detta är något som måste förbättras. För att få mer kunskap om röntgensjuksköterskors upplevelse av att arbeta under covid-19 pandemin ser vi ett framtida behov av forskning i form av kvalitativa intervjustudier. / Background: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced covid-19 as a pandemic. The radiology department is a central part of the patient flow in a hospital, not least during the pandemic. Suspected or confirmed covid-19 patients arrive daily to the radiology department. This exposes radiographers for a great risk of becoming infected at work.Aim: The aim of the survey study was to investigate radiographers' experiences of their work environment during the covid-19 pandemic.Method: Quantitative survey study with 197 participating radiographers from Sweden.Results: More than half of the respondents felt anxious about being infected with covid-19 in their work. The majority considered that their colleagues took covid-19 seriously, while more than half answered that their colleagues did not receive covid-19 patients, mainly because they belonged to a risk group. More than three quarters stated that patients with suspected covid-19 had arrived in the radiology department without warning. Regarding personal protective equipment (PPE), almost everyone considered that there was full or partial access to PPE and only a fraction chose to acquire their own PPE. More than half felt that there were clear routines for the care of covid-19 patients and a tenth felt that there were no clear hygiene routines for covid-19 patients.Conclusion: The survey study shows the importance of clear guidelines for how the work should be conducted during a pandemic. It also shows the importance of having adequate PPE, which the vast majority stated was sufficient. It was common that patients with suspected covid-19 arrived in the radiology department without warning. Inadequate referrals were also common, which is something that needs to be improved. To gain more knowledge about radiographers' experience of working during the covid-19 pandemic, we see a future need to investigate this with qualitative interview studies.

Syftet med föreliggande kvantitativa studie har varit att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning musik- studerande elever och studenter upplever att de kan öva strukturerat och effektivt samt om sång- och instrumentallärare, inom ramen för sin undervisning, lär sina elever detta. Avsikten var också att ta reda på om det med anknytning till detta finns samband eller variationer bland respondenterna kopplat till någon av bakgrundsfaktorerna kön, instrument, genre eller skol- form. Med positivism och objektivism som vetenskaps- och kunskapsteoretiska utgångspunkter valdes enkät som forskningsmetod där två olika enkäter konstruerades, en till elever och stu- denter och en till lärare. Enkäterna distribuerades sedan till gymnasieskolor, folkhögskolor och musikhögskolor runt om i Sverige. Resultatet visar att lärarnas svar och eleverna och studen- ternas svar skiljer sig markant, där lärarna i högre utsträckning anger att de bistår sina elever med övningsmetoder och vägledning. Tidigare forskning pekar på att lärare tenderar att tro att de lär sina elever att öva i högre utsträckning än vad de faktiskt gör, vilket är något som disku- teras i förhållande till föreliggande studies resultat. Vidare visar resultatet att genre kan vara den mest avgörande faktorn för i vilken utsträckning elever och studenter får möjlighet att lära sig att öva inom ramen för sång- och instrumentalundervisningen. Elever och studenter inom den klassiska genren anger nämligen i signifikant högre utsträckning att de får vägledning i sin övning jämfört med elever och studenter inom genren jazz/pop/rock. Av resultatet framgår också att majoriteten av eleverna och studenterna önskar mer stöd och vägledning i sin övning. Avslutningsvis förs därför en diskussion om huruvida utlärning av övning är ett moment som tydligare bör framhävas i kursplaner och styrdokument. / The purpose of the present quantitative study has been to investigate the extent to which stu- dents feel that they can practice in a manner that is structured and effective. Additionally, the purpose was to examine whether song and instrumental teachers, within their regular teaching, also teach their students how to practice. The intention was furthermore to find out whether there are any connections or variations among the respondents linked to any of the background factors: gender, instrument, genre or school form. Based on positivism and objectivism as the- ories of science and knowledge, questionnaires were chosen as research method, in which one questionnaire was designed for students and one for teachers. The questionnaires were then distributed to upper secondary schools, folk high schools and music colleges around Sweden. The result shows that the teachers' answers and the students' answers differ markedly, where the teachers, to a greater extent, indicate that they assist their students with practice methods and guidance. Previous research indicates that teachers tend to think that they teach their stu- dents to practice to a greater extent than they actually do, which is something that is discussed in relation to the results of the present study. Furthermore, the results show that genre can be the most decisive factor for the extent to which students are given the opportunity to learn to practice within their lesson. Students in the classical genre indicate to a much greater extent that they receive guidance in their practice compared to students in the jazz/pop/rock genre. The result also shows that the majority of the students wants more support and guidance in their practice. Therefore, a final discussion is held about the aspect of teaching students how to prac- tice and whether this aspect maybe need to be clarified in syllabuses and steering documents.

Smart homes are based on connecting different parts and components of the household through sensors and the use of the internet. The interconnection of the household enables control and remote control of the home. The factors behind consumer adoption of the smart home have been studied but there are still questions regarding the value propositions of smart homes. This study presents material that can provide insights into what value propositions young adults demand in smart home products. The methods used to produce the study results were, a survey and a questionnaire. The results from the survey showed that smart voice assistants were appreciated by the participants. However, all the participants believed the functional value of the smart voice assistants was limited. After participating in the survey, they felt no real need for the smart voice assistant in their home. The results from the questionnaire’s 112 answers showed that a large majority of the respondents did not own a smart voice assistant. Many did however, express a positive opinion towards voice assistants and were open to the purchase of a smart voice assistant in the future. The small number of respondents that did own a smart voice assistant were all satisfied with their purchase of a smart voice assistant

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