Materiel acquisition for The Swedish Armed Forces (Försvarsmakten) is made by The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (Försvarets materielverk) and is a rigorous and expensive process. The incentives to produce adequate material for the users are high, but how is the process of producing adequate material for the users best achieved? Theoutcome of these processes is to some extent judged by the satisfaction of the users. So wouldn't it be advantageous toinclude them in the process? By using theories of USCE (User centred systems engineering) and PD (Participatory Design) the purpose of this thesis is to examine future users expressed needs of technical sensors, for a high-speed artillery vessel with an integrated grenade launcher. The thesis also examines how theories and methods of USCEand PD can be applied to find out user needs in specific defined contexts. The study does so by using a series of scenarios presented in text and graphically. The interviewed users were asked to express their needs in relation to specific situations and threats in the scenario. The users’ expressed needs are later translated into a set of possible technical sensors for self-defence of the high-speed artillery vessel. The core idea of USCE is designing with the user in consideration. The core idea of PD is to design with the user, enabling for more valid information to be extractedand put into design. In this case it was done by presenting nine scenarios, where the respondents were asked what they wanted to know and what they wanted to do. In addition to answering questions, they were also encouragedto draw graphic information on the illustrations of the scenario material. This was done to enable transfer of additional knowledge and information from the respondents. The analysis suggests a combination of technical sensors that was found to correspond to the expressed user needs. It was also found that USCE and PD can be used to better identify user needs. However, the methods and activities for doing so can benefit from further studies. The presented combination of technical sensors for self-defence might reflect the expressed needs of users, it is however not necessarily the best solution for this high-speed artillery vessel. The best solution also needs to account for factors like budget and the role of the high-speed artillery vessel in a larger context. The presented sensor solution could be further validated if tested together with potential users. The result of this study might however contribute to more substantiated decisions for the final design of the artillery platform, as well as showing the importance of involving users and carefully chosen activities for doing so.

This thesis investigates the public transport system in the city of Uppsala in Sweden. This thesis bases itself on the fact that the development of a new ticketing and payment system is about to start. The purpose of the thesis is to help increase the number of journeys travelled with public transport. To achieve this, the goal of the thesis is to present a vision for UL’s new payment and ticketing system with concepts of interaction design in mind whilst investigating whether a simplified system might increase travel with public transport. The thesis uses surveys, interviews and usability testing of the present-day system. The opinions can be summarised such that people in general find difficulties in grasping the different fare zones of the public transport system and do therefore experience difficulties in buying the correct ticket for their specific journey.  The new ticketing system should consist of a redesigned fare structure, where a complete removal of the fare zones would create perhaps the most intuitive ticketing system. The new ticketing system should also be able to handle contactless payments, easing the burden on bus drivers who will not need to issue tickets to passengers. In general, a downscaling of the current ticketing system is preferable to avoid confusing travellers. It is of the essence to consider the ticketing and payment system as a sociotechnical system since investigating neither technology nor people alone will lead to a successfully implemented system. They need to be investigated jointly.

CML Data AB is a small IT-company that offers complete IT-solutions adjusted to the needs of the customers. It is hard for the employees to bring all necessary papers, files and software when visiting a customer. They also have difficulties planning their daily work and to keep track of each other, because of the lack of a shared calendar. The purpose of this report is to answer the following questions: - How do you develop a centralized information system for CML Data AB where it is possible for the employees to gain access to files, plan their days and where the customers can get access to relevant information? - How do you develop an information system that is easy to manage? - How do you make it easier for the employees at CML Data AB to update their homepage? We discussed the problems and the future information system with the employees and were able to establish a set of needs and requirements which we then used as a foundation during the software development. We used user centered system design during the whole process and focused a lot on usability and interaction design. The project resulted in a stylistically pure and user friendly portal. The portal can be used to access and upload files and plan the daily work. It can also be used for administration of the homepage and the portal users. / CML Data AB är ett teknikintensivt och renodlat IT-företag som skräddarsyr helhetslösningar anpassade efter kundens behov. CML Data AB kan sägas fungera som en extern IT-avdelning för företag. Mycket av arbetet sköts ute hos kunder och man får ofta åka ut på uppdrag med kort varsel. Det är då svårt att få med sig de nödvändiga filer, dokument och programvaror som krävs. Företaget saknar även en gemensam kalender där det dagliga arbetet kan planeras. För att få en bättre inblick i företagets verksamhet och för att få fram de förändringsbehov som fanns gjordes en FA/SIMM-analys. Denna analys visade att CML Data AB var i behov av ett centraliserat informationssystem med möjlighet att ladda upp och hämta filer, samt en kalender för att underlätta planeringen av det dagliga arbetet. Det kunde också konstateras att företagets hemsida behövde förnyas och göras lättare att uppdatera och förändra. Examensarbetets frågeställningar fastställdes till följande: - Hur utvecklar man ett centraliserat informationssystem åt CML Data AB där det går att planera sitt arbete, få åtkomst till filer och där kunder kan komma åt relevant information? - Hur utvecklar man ett centraliserat informationssystem åt CML Data AB som är enkelt och smidigt att administrera? - Hur gör man det lättare och mindre tidskrävande för de anställda på CML Data AB att uppdatera hemsidan? Tillsammans med de anställda på företaget togs de krav och behov fram som fanns på informationssystemet. Utvecklingsarbetet skedde med stöd av användarcentrerad systemdesign och fokuserade mycket på användarvänlighet och interaktionsdesign. Innan programmeringen tog vid framställdes ett antal prototyper som de anställda fick ha synpunkter på. Ett par av dessa prototyper godkändes och låg som grund för det fortsatta utvecklingsarbetet. En accessdatabas ligger till grunden för informationssystemet som utvecklats i Visual Studio .NET med hjälp av programmeringsspråket Visual Basic .NET och serverspråket ASP .NET. Arbetet resulterade i en portal med ett stilrent och användarvänligt gränssnitt. Från portalen går det att hämta och ladda upp filer, det går även att planera arbetsveckan och få information om vart de anställda befinner sig genom den gemensamma kalendern. Portalen har även en enkel och lättnavigerad administrationsdel där det går att uppdatera, ta bort och förändra den information som finns i portalen. Från administrationsdelen kan man också uppdatera och förändra den nydesignade hemsidan. Genom ett enkelt WYSIWYG-gränssnitt kan man lätt uppdatera och lägga till bilder och texter på hemsidan. Det finns också funktioner för att lägga till helt nya sidor och för att lägga till nyheter på hemsidan.

Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) based on Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) are increasingly being used in various fields of optics and enable novel functionalities. The technology features frame rates from a few kHz to the MHz range as well as resolutions in the megapixel range. The field continues to make rapid progress, but technological advancements are always associated with high expenditure. Against this background, this dissertation addresses the question: What contribution can optical system design make to the further development of MOEMS-SLM-based modulation? A lens is a simple example of an optical system. This dissertation deals with system design based on Fourier optics in which the wave properties of light are exploited. On this basis, arrays of micromirrors can modulate light properties in a spatially resolved manner. For example, tilt-mirrors can control the intensity distribution in an image plane. In this dissertation variations of the aperture required for this are investigated. In addition to known absorbing apertures, phase filters in particular are investigated, which apply a spatially distributed delay effect to the light wave. This dissertation proposes the combination of MOEMS-SLMs with static, pixelated elements in the same system. These may be pixelated phase masks, also known as diffractive optical elements (DOEs). Analogously, pixelated polarizer arrays and absorbing photomasks exist. The combination of SLMs and static elements allows new degrees of freedom in system design. This thesis proposes new modulation systems based on MOEMS tilt-mirror SLMs. These systems use analog tilt-mirror arrays for the simultaneous modulation of intensity and phase as well as intensity and polarization. The proposed systems thus open up new possibilities for MOEMS-based spatial light modulation. Their properties are validated and investigated by numerical simulations. System properties and limitations are derived from these near and far field simulations. This dissertation shows that the modulation of different MOEMS-SLM types can be fundamentally changed by system design. Piston mirror arrays are classically used for phase modulation and tilt-mirror arrays for intensity modulation. This thesis proposes the use of subpixel phase structures. Their use approximately provides tilt-mirrors with the phase-modulating effect of piston-mirrors. In order to achieve this, a new optimization method is presented. Piston-mirror arrays are available only to a limited extent. By contrast, tilt-mirror arrays are well established. In combination with subpixel phase features, tilt-mirrors may replace piston-mirrors in some applications. These and other challenges of MOEMS-SLM technology can be adequately addressed on the basis of system design. / Räumliche Lichtmodulatoren (Spatial Light Modulators, SLMs) auf Basis von Mikro-Opto-Elektro-Mechanischen Systemen (MOEMS) finden zunehmend Anwendung in verschiedensten Teilgebieten der Optik und ermöglichen neuartige Funktionalitäten. Die Technik ermöglicht Frameraten von einigen kHz bis in den MHz-Bereich sowie Auflösungen bis in den Megapixelbereich. Der Fachbereich macht nach wie vor rasche Fortschritte, technologische Weiterentwicklungen sind aber stets mit hohem Aufwand verbunden. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich diese Arbeit der Frage: Welchen Beitrag kann optisches Systemdesign zur Weiterentwicklung der MOEMS-SLM-basierten Modulation leisten? Bereits eine Linse stellt ein Beispiel für ein optisches System dar. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit Systemdesign auf Basis der Fourier-Optik, bei der die Welleneigenschaften des Lichts genutzt werden. Auf dieser Basis können Arrays von Mikrospiegeln die flächige Verteilung von Licht einstellen. Beispielsweise können Kippspiegel die Intensitätsverteilung in einer Bildebene steuern. In dieser Dissertation werden Variationen der dafür nötigen Apertur untersucht. Neben bekannten absorbierenden Blenden werden insbesondere Phasenfilter untersucht, welche eine flächig verteilte Verzögerungswirkung auf die Lichtwelle aufbringen. Diese Dissertation schlägt die Kombination von MOEMS-SLMs mit statischen, pixelierten Elementen im selben System vor. Hierbei kann es sich um pixelierte Phasenmasken handeln, auch bekannt als diffraktive optische Elemente (DOEs). Analog existieren pixelierte Polarisatorarrays und absorbierende Fotomasken. Die Kombination von SLMs und statischen Elementen ermöglicht neue Freiheiten im Systemdesign. Diese Arbeit schlägt neue Modulationssysteme auf Basis von MOEMS-Kippspiegel-SLMs vor. Diese Systeme nutzen analoge Kippspiegelarrays für die simultane Modulation von Intensität und Phase sowie von Intensität und Polarisation. Die vorgeschlagenen Systeme eröffnen damit neue Möglichkeiten für die MOEMS-basierte Flächenlichtmodulation. Ihre Eigenschaften werden mithilfe von numerischen Simulationen validiert und untersucht. Aus diesen Nah- und Fernfeldsimulationen werden Systemeigenschaften und Limitierungen abgeleitet. Es wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass die Modulation verschiedener MOEMS-SLM-Typen auf Basis des Systementwurfs fundamental verändert werden kann. Senkspiegelarrays werden klassischerweise zur Modulation der Phase eingesetzt und Kippspiegelarrays zur Modulation der Intensität. Diese Arbeit schlägt die Nutzung von Subpixel-Phasenstrukturen vor. Diese verleihen Kippspiegeln näherungsweise die phasenmodulierende Wirkung von Senkspiegeln. Um dies zu erreichen, wird ein neuartiges Optimierungsverfahren vorgestellt. Senkspiegelarrays sind nur in geringem Umfang verfügbar. Im Gegensatz dazu sind Kippspiegelarrays gut etabliert. In Kombination mit Subpixel-Phasenstrukturen könnten Kippspiegel in einigen Anwendungen Senkspiegel ersetzen. Diese und andere Herausforderungen der MOEMS-SLM-Technologie lassen sich auf der Grundlage des Systemdesigns adäquat adressieren.

This bachelor’s thesis’s purpose was to determine how the complexity of economic systems invideo games affect the gameplay of said video games, Victoria II (Paradox Interactive AB,2010) and Civilization V (Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc, 2010). This was done by askingthe research question: “How does the complexity of economic systems in grand strategygames affect gameplay?“. The method was rooted in Game Research Methods (Lankoski &Björk, 2015) guidelines and the results were interpreted using Game Mechanics: AdvancedGame Design (Adams & Dormans, 2012). A formal analysis was performed for each game.The key findings of these analyses are extensive descriptions for the functioning of eachgame’s economic system as well as recommendations regarding important aspects of thesesystems and how to design them. / Denna kandidatuppsats mål var att undersöka komplexitet av ekonomiska system inomstrategiska datorspel genom att genomföra en analys för spelen Victoria II (ParadoxInteractive AB, 2010) och Civilization V (Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc, 2010) ochjämföra respektive spel. Detta med forskningsfrågan “Hur påverkar komplexiteten inomekonomiska system gameplay?”. Metoden utfördes utifrån Game Research Methods(Lankoski & Björk, 2015) riktlinjer och tolkades med hjälp av Game Mechanics: AdvancedGame Design (Adams & Dormans, 2012). Forskningen utfördes genom formell analys. Deviktigaste fynden var omfattande nedbrytningar av de ekonomiska systemen för varje spel ochrekommendationer för hur dessa system kan designas.

This report explores the design of a system for remotely switching electronics on and off within a range of at least 15 km, to be used with battery driven radio nodes for outdoor Wi-Fi network bridging. The application of the network bridges are connecting to remote networks, should Internet infrastructure fail during an emergency.The problem statement for the report was “What is a suitable radio link technology for use in a remote controlled electrical switch system and how should it best be put to use?” To answer the question, delimitation was done to exploring Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) link technologies, due to their prior use within power constrained devices.Long Range-radio, abbreviated LoRa, is a LPWAN radio modulation technique and was determined to be a good candidate as a suitable link technology for the remote electrical switch system. The range of LoRa is achieved by drastically lowering the data rate of the transmission, and is suitable for battery-powered or energy harvesting devices such as those found in the field of Internet of Things.A LoRa-based transmitter and receiver pair was implemented, and measured to have a packet delivery ratio of over 95% at a distance of 2 km, measured between two bridges. Data at further distances could not be accurately determined, because of the LoRa transceiver giving faulty readings.No conclusion could be made about the suitability for using a LoRa based system to solve the problem, partially due to an improper method for testing the radio performance was used, and partially due to an inconclusive measurement result. / Denna rapport utforskar designen av ett system för att fjärrstyrt slå på eller av elektronik över ett avstånd på minst 15 km, för att användas med batteridrivna radionoder för nätverksbryggning utomhus med Wi-Fi. Tillämpningsområdet för nätverksbryggorna är att koppla samman avlägsna nätverk, om Internetinfrastruktur skulle sluta fungera vid en nödsituation.Problemställningen för rapporten var ”Vad är en lämplig radiolänksteknik att använda i ett fjärrstyrt elektriskt strömbrytarsystem, och hur ska det bäst brukas?”. För att svara på frågan gjordes en avgränsning att utforska Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)-länktekniker, på grund av deras tidigare användning inom effektbegränsade enheter.Long Range-radio, förkortat LoRa, är en radiomodulationsteknik som används för att skicka data över långa avstånd med energibegränsade enheter. LoRa:s räckvidd uppnås genom att drastiskt sänka datatakten, och lämpar sig för bruk i batteridrivna eller energiskördande enheter, likt de som återfinns inom fältet Internet of Things.Ett LoRa-baserat sändaroch mottagarpar implementerades, och uppmättes till att ha en paketlevereringsmängd på över 95% vid ett avstånd på 2 km, mätt mellan två broar. Data vid större avstånd kunde inte bli bestämt noggrant, eftersom LoRa transceivern gav felaktiga avläsningar. Ingen slutsats kunde göras för lämpligheten för att använda ett LoRa-baserat system för att lösa problemet, delvist för att en olämplig metod för att testa radions prestanda använts, och delvist på grund av ett ofullständigt mätresultat.

<p>Scania InfoMate develops web applications that support truck distributors and workshops with the necessary tools for an effective maintenance process. However, the end-users of these applications are faced with as many different graphical interfaces as there are applications. As a consequence, important effects of recognition are lost, developers spend unnecessary time designing new solutions for each application and Scania InfoMate does not present a homogeneous brand image towards its customers.</p><p>Therefore the aim of this study is to give a suggestion of how a standardized graphical interface for web applications at Scania InfoMate should be designed. The given suggestion should come from thorough investigation of both end-user needs and recent research within the area of usability. In addition to a standardized interface this study also aims to deliver guidelines that support future web application development at Scania InfoMate.</p><p>Through a combination of methods, mainly heuristic evaluation and user interviews, an elaborate description of usability and consistency problems in a defined web application portfolio is produced. This served as a basis for developing an interface design suggestion and helped pinpoint crucial areas in need of usability and consistency guidelines.</p><p>The main findings are a graphical interface design suggestion that specify positioning and visualization of common interface elements and guidelines ensuring that future web application development at Scania InfoMate is kept at a high standard regarding usability and consistency. This study also points out areas for further development at Scania InfoMate and suggests that additional studies should take place to establish a common view on consistency issues.</p>

Scania InfoMate develops web applications that support truck distributors and workshops with the necessary tools for an effective maintenance process. However, the end-users of these applications are faced with as many different graphical interfaces as there are applications. As a consequence, important effects of recognition are lost, developers spend unnecessary time designing new solutions for each application and Scania InfoMate does not present a homogeneous brand image towards its customers. Therefore the aim of this study is to give a suggestion of how a standardized graphical interface for web applications at Scania InfoMate should be designed. The given suggestion should come from thorough investigation of both end-user needs and recent research within the area of usability. In addition to a standardized interface this study also aims to deliver guidelines that support future web application development at Scania InfoMate. Through a combination of methods, mainly heuristic evaluation and user interviews, an elaborate description of usability and consistency problems in a defined web application portfolio is produced. This served as a basis for developing an interface design suggestion and helped pinpoint crucial areas in need of usability and consistency guidelines. The main findings are a graphical interface design suggestion that specify positioning and visualization of common interface elements and guidelines ensuring that future web application development at Scania InfoMate is kept at a high standard regarding usability and consistency. This study also points out areas for further development at Scania InfoMate and suggests that additional studies should take place to establish a common view on consistency issues.

This master thesis is carried out in the field of “Human-Computer interaction”, more specifically the area “User-centered system design”. The focus has been on “usability” and useful graphical user interfaces. Current theories and definitions in the field have been considered. Literature studies contain well known authors and organisations in domains mentioned above; Jakob Nielsen, Donald A Norman and International Organization for Standardization ISO to mention some.  Another source for this work from which the theories and way of working have been used is the book “User-Centered System Design” written by Jan Gulliksen and Bengt Göransson.  The work started with a literature study followed by looking at methods to use. The next step was to do task and user analysis which followed by the development phase. The user has been given a central role in this project and, just as recommended, also been involved through the whole cycle. A useful method to get feedback from users, in addition to interviews and workshops, has been the “Heuristic Evaluation”.  The final result and conclusion shows that the user-centered system design is a powerful tool to adapt when designing and developing interactive user interface. / Detta examensarbete har utförts inom området för ”Människa-Datorinteraktion” mer specifikt ”Användarcentrerad Systemdesign”. Fokus har varit på ”användbarhet” och användbart grafiskt användargränssnitt. Aktuella teorier och definitioner har iakttagits. Litteraturstudien har omfattat välkända författare och organisationer i ovannämnda domäner; Jakob Nielsen, Donald A Norman och Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen ISO för att nämna några.  En annan källa vars teorier och arbetssätt har tillämpats i detta arbete är boken ”Användarcentrerad Systemdesign” av författarna Jan Gulliksen och Bengt Göransson.  Arbetet började med en litteraturstudie följd av val av lämplig metod. Nästa steg innebar att utföra uppgifts- och användaranalyser och därefter var det dags för utvecklingsfasen. Användaren har  haft en  central  roll  i  detta  projekt  och har,  precis  som  rekommenderat, involverats i samtliga  moment. En lämplig och nyttig metod för att få återkoppling från användarna, förutom intervjuer och workshop, har varit ”Heuristisk Utvärdering”.  Det slutliga resultatet och slutsatsen visar att användarcentrerad systemdesign är ett kraftfullt verktyg att nyttja när det kommer till design och utveckling av interaktivt användargränssnitt.

Insbesondere die frühen Phasen in Prozessen der Mechatroniksystementwicklung sind durch ein hohes Maß an Unsicherheit gekennzeichnet. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt des Produktentstehungsprozesses liegen lediglich vage und unscharfe Anforderungen an das Produkt vor, welche es zu konkretisieren gilt. Aktuelle Herausforderungen der Produktentwicklung haben einen verstärkenden Effekt auf die Unsicherheiten in frühen Entwicklungsphasen. Diesen begegnen Unternehmen aus dem Bereich der Mechatroniksystementwicklung zunehmend mit der Implementierung agiler Entwicklungsansätze in ihre etablierten Prozesse. Neben der frühen und kontinuierlichen Kundeneinbindung, der klare Ausrichtung der Prozesse auf die Wertsteigerung der Produkte aus Kundensicht, flachen und offenen Hierarchien und dem stetigen Aufbau und Weiterentwicklung von Prototypen verleihen meist geplante Iterationen den jeweiligen Projekten das Adjektiv „agil“. Die Vielfalt der in der Literatur beschriebenen und meist generisch formulierten Arten von Iterationen (geplant oder ungeplant, korrekturbezogen oder progressiv) ist jedoch sehr groß. Zudem werden Iterationen in der Praxis meist intuitiv und unbewusst durchgeführt, was zum einen dazu führt, dass das jeweilige Entwicklungsvorgehen nicht situationsoptimal ausgeführt wird oder gar hinsichtlich der Ergebnissynthese und –Analyse redundante Tätigkeiten erfolgen. Aus diesem Grund verfolgt das vorliegenden Forschungsvorhaben die Zielsetzung, einen Beitrag zur Unterstützung der Produktentwickler in frühen Entwicklungsphasen bei der Identifikation notwendiger Iterationen zu leisten. Durch eine Berücksichtigung dieser in der kurz- und mittelfristigen Projektplanung kann somit die Prozessunsicherheit reduziert werden.