Esta dissertação apresenta o Percurso de uma Oficina realizada na Lomba do Pinheiro, em Porto Alegre. Com a participação de trabalhadores e usuários do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) Vila Viçosa constituiu-se como um desdobramento do Projeto de Pesquisa “Oficinando em Rede”, tendo como proposta a expansão de uma Oficina tecnológica a outros espaços da cidade. Atravessada pelas ações de pesquisa e extensão que constituem este Projeto, realizando Oficinas tecnológicas no Centro Integrado de Atenção Psicossocial (CIAPS) com a participação de jovens e trabalhadores, o interesse deste estudo foi despertado nas primeiras visitas da pesquisadora ao CIAPS quando de sua distinção a inscrições pelo corredor da instituição. Inscrições que, compreendidas neste estudo como marcas encarnadas em um espaço e tempo, constituem modos de viver/conviver. Interessada em analisar como a produção de inscrições pode explicitar redes de conversações e modular o conversar configurando novas distinções e emoções, tal questionamento resultou no objetivo desta pesquisa. Delineada como um estudo de natureza qualitativa, na perspectiva de uma pesquisa-intervenção, foi desenvolvida na realização de trajetos com o uso das TIC (tecnologias da informação e comunicação) por áreas de abrangência do PSF. Apresentando o Percurso como método indispensável à consolidação do trabalho possibilitou um operar performático no encontro com as inscrições naquele conversar que, em momentos de problematização coletiva, foram reconfiguradas nas inscrições de fotografia e vídeo. Constituída com o interesse dos participantes em conversarem com outras redes, a Oficina do Percurso possibilitou ações compartilhadas que em momentos de breakdowns abriu caminhos à cognição inventiva. / This dissertation presents the course of a workshop carried out in the Lomba do Pinheiro neighbourhood, in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Personnel and users of the Vila Viçosa Family‘s Health Programme participated in the workshop, which is part of the research project ‗Oficinando em rede‘ (Workshop on line). The main objective of such project is to expand technological workshops to other areas of the city. In addition, the workshop concept consists of ideas and actions originated during research and extension projects. As a result, a series of technological workshops were accomplished with the participation of young adults and workers at the Integrated Psychosocial Attention Centre (CIAPS) — where the interest of the present study originated. During my first visits to CIAPS, I was impressed with the considerable number of subjects willing to leave a mark in the workshops and in the hallways of the institution. The main objective of this research project is, therefore, to (i) analyse how inscription production can make conversation networks explicit and (ii) modulate the act of talking, setting new distinctions and emotions. This study is a qualitative intervention research which originated from the accomplishment of paths using TICs (information and communication technologies) by scope areas of PSF. Presenting the path as an indispensable method in consolidating work, this project has enabled a performative operation when meeting the inscriptions of that talking, which, during moments of collective problematisation, were reconfigured in the forms of photography and video. Aimed at a conversation between the participants and other networks, the Path Workshop resulted in shared actions which, at moments of breakdowns, opened new pathways into inventive cognition.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as estruturas de participação encontradas na falaem- interação de sala de aula de uma escola pública de Porto Alegre. A fundamentação teórico-metodológica adotada nesta pesquisa está ancorada na Microetnografia Escolar. O conceito de estruturas de participação apresentado também conta com contribuições teóricometodológicas advindas da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica e Sociolingüística Interacional. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um trabalho de campo que envolveu a geração de dados etnográficos e microetnográficos, com observação participante e geração de dados audiovisuais. As gravações realizadas foram de interações de sala de aula e do Conselho de Classe Participativo, que acontece na escola alvo da pesquisa. Na análise dos dados, foi observado que a construção de participação que é realizada na fala-em-interação de sala de aula e no conselho de classe está relacionada com a história da escola e com as ações cotidianas dos educadores que possibilitam a manutenção diária do projeto políticopedagógico da escola, que prima pela inclusão social. O espaço de participação construído no conselho de classe, em que todos podem participar e ter a palavra para dizer o que estão aprendendo e o que está difícil de aprender, possibilita também com que os alunos dessa escola passem a ser protagonistas de seus processos de aprendizagem. A análise mais de detida das atividades realizadas no pré-conselho revela diferentes práticas como prestações de contas, orquestração das falas dos participantes, possibilidades de escolhas e a construção conjunta de autoria, que constituem o evento como um espaço em que se dá voz e se ratifica a participação de todos. Além disso, a relação entre participação e aprendizagem construída por meio das ações dos educadores evidencia que, para que se possa transformar a escola em um espaço de aprendizagem para todos, é fundamental ter a participação de cada um, fazendo com que o aprendizado seja parte do engajamento, protagonismo e autoria de todos. / This master thesis is aimed at analyzing participation structures observed in classroom talk-ininteraction in a public school in Porto Alegre from a microethnographic perspective. The concept of participation structures adopted has also benefited from theoretical and methodological contributions of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics. Fieldwork research included generation of ethnographic and microethnographic data, participant observation and audiovisual recordings of classroom interactions and of the Conselho de Classe Participativo (Participative Class Meeting), which takes place at the researched school. It was observed that the pupils’ constant participation, fostered during both classroom talk-in-interaction and the class meetings, was related to the history of the school and to recurrent actions taken by teachers and educators, which allowed the socially inclusive political-pedagogical project of the school to be put into practice daily. The arena of participation constructed in the class meetings, during which anyone could participate and take the turn to say what s/he was learning and what difficulties s/he was facing, allowed pupils at this school to be protagonists in their own learning processes. A more detailed analysis of the activities during a preparatory assembly for the class meetings revealed the emergence of several practices (such as accounts, orchestration of participants’ turns, management of the pupils’ choices and construction of collective authorship), characterizing the class meeting as an event in which opportunity to participate was given to all and constantly ratified. Furthermore, the observed relationship between participation and learning promoted by the actions of teachers and educators revealed that, in order to transform the school into an arena of learning to all, it is crucial that each and every pupil participate, so that the learning process results from the commitment, participation and authorship of everyone.

La présente recherche porte sur les contextes construits dans les interactions verbales en classe de langue. Ces contextes sont envisagés comme des représentations de la situation mises en discours. Nous proposons une typologie des contextes construits que nous formulons à partir de la notion de « monde discursif ». L’analyse de transcriptions d’enregistrements de cours nous permet de distinguer un ensemble des moyens discursifs que les locuteurs mettent en oeuvre dans la production de tel ou tel type de contexte. En outre, à travers l’analyse des interactions verbales nous mettons en lumière le caractère dynamique de ces constructions discursives. Sur le plan didactique, nous nous intéressons à l’usage des contextes dans l’action réalisée en classe. Dans cette perspective, notre étude est focalisée sur la manière dont les contextes construits par les participants sont intégrés dans la transmission des connaissances, dans la sollicitation professorale et les réponses d’apprenants, ou encore dans l’évaluation. En outre, en nous basant sur l’analyse des commentaires professoraux sur les pratiques d’enseignement, nous formulons quelques réflexions sur la place des contextes – en tant qu’outils didactiques – dans la « cognition professorale ». L’objectif principal de la recherche est la mise en lumière de différentes facettes de l’objet d’étude dans une perspective discursive [approche interactionnelle] et didactique. Notre réflexion théorique s’appuie principalement sur les apports de la pragmatique, de la linguistique interactionnelle, de la microsociologie et de l’analyse du discours. / This research looks at the contexts that are produced in language classroom interactions. These contexts are here considered as verbalized representations of the situation. Typology of such contexts is proposed and founded on the notion of "discourse world." The analysis of transcripts of lesson recordings distinguishes a set of verbal means that speakers use while producing a particular type of context. In addition, the analysis of verbal interactions shows the dynamic nature of these constructions. The uses of contexts in the classroom practice are explored from an educational point of view. In this perspective, this study focuses on how the contexts produced by participants are included in the transmission of knowledge, in teacher solicitations and learners answers, or in the teacher’s feedback. Moreover, the analysis of teacher comments on teaching practices allows a reflection on the role of contexts as teaching tools in the "teacher cognition". The main purpose of the research is to outline different features of this object from interactional and educational perspectives. The study also includes theoretical considerations developed with reference to pragmatics, interactional linguistics, microsociology and discourse analysis.

This study focuses on all-male dialogues in the popular television series Supernatural. The purpose is to determine if and to what extent some linguistic features that are said to be characteristic of competitive talk among men occur in these dialogues. Do modern, scripted dialogues correspond to the impression given in the literature? Can the principal male characters‟ spoken interaction in Supernatural be considered competitive and thus stereotypically male?The material for this quantitative and qualitative study consists of the entire third season of the series, which comprises 16 episodes that were originally broadcast in 2007-2008. The quantitative analysis consists in counting the occurrences of the linguistic features investigated in the dialogues between two or all three of the main characters. The qualitative aspect was about identifying and interpreting the linguistic features in relation to the contexts in which they occur.The results show that the dialogues between the three main characters in Supernatural do contain some features said to be characteristic of competitive speech among men. While there are no occurrences of verbal sparring, the other phenomena investigated (questions, impersonal topics, monologues and playing the expert) are common. However, the results also show interesting aspects of these features that do not correspond with competitive speech style.

Human realities are formed in particular contexts, and can be understood through telling the story of experiences related with these realities. Homelessness is a reality for many in various parts of the world. The condition of homelessness involves various discourses, each of which can be dominant in different people. Dominant discourses bring with them inherent understandings which in the case of the reality of homelessness can negatively influence the daily activities and future prospects of homeless people. These dominant discourses define the experiences of the homeless people and cause them to assess themselves negatively. This study is in the field of Practical Theology, based on a social constructionist paradigm which holds that meanings are socially constructed and there is no single “Truth”. The processes of telling stories, listening to these stories and constructing new meanings make up a narrative approach to counselling, which I use in the context of interactions with homeless youth at the Street Centre run by Pretoria Community Ministries. My approach is qualitative, and the data are evolved from narrative interventions and unstructured interviews with homeless youth. As this process is a journey into the experiences and stories of these young people, empirical sampling is irrelevant. Listening to the stories of the young people from the streets filled me with enthusiasm to take this narrative journey with them through their stories. Examining the impact of economic factors in their discourses and narrations gave me new understanding of their meanings and challenged me, because many of these were unpredictable. The epistemological approach of postfoundationalism used on this journey allowed a wide range of knowledge types and interactions, which I elucidate through interdisciplinary investigation and identification of the traditions that inform the dominant discourses. The seven-movement methodology used for this work is relevant in the context of the homeless youth, because it allows me as researcher to continue the full length of the journey with the homeless youth, leading eventually to new possibilities. On the way certain themes evolved and their meanings constructed. Listening for the discourses and identifying their economic factors helped me to deconstruct these discourses, and so guide the stories into more hopeful channels. Of course, constructing alternate stories and acknowledging the importance of economic factors will not alone change the future of these young homeless people. Economic restructuring of society is needed. This possibility challenges jobless, homeless individuals not to acquiesce in the negative patterns of society, but rather to work with conviction to create new possibilities. In this project I listened to the stories of ten homeless young people, for each of which two sessions are presented in this report. These stories show that the story tellers are the real researchers, who create new alternate stories of hope in the course of this project. “God-talk” and the discussion of “God-experiences” throws light on the role of God in their lives and in their stories. The research journey charted in this report describes first the theological context and research model, and then the particular context of these young people’s lives. This is followed by descriptions of the discourses. Description of the context of the stories and interpretation of the stories themselves moves into assessment of the stories in their individual context. Interdisciplinary investigation and identification of the traditions that inform the discourses thicken our understanding of the realities experienced by these young people, and deeper interpretations arise which are applicable beyond the local context. Each petal of this flower blooms with new colours of understanding and new fragrances of possibility. The findings of this project are not the final end of this journey, but rather lights for future journeys into the experiences of homeless youth. / Thesis (PhD (Pastoral Family Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Practical Theology / PhD / unrestricted

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and adipose tissue hypoxia have been shown to independently affect adipocyte functions. The goals of this study were to (1) determine the effect of PCB-77, PCB-153, and DDE on the differentiation of human preadipocytes, and (2) investigate the cross-talk between PCB-77 and hypoxia in differentiated human adipocytes. First, human preadipocytes were exposed to PCB-77, PCB-153, or DDE during the entire 14-day differentiation period. We found no effect of low POP levels on lipid accumulation. Second, differentiated human adipocytes were exposed to a combination of PCB-77 and hypoxia. We demonstrated gene-specific cross-talk between PCB-77 and hypoxia, showing an additive effect of PCB-77 on VEGF, MCP-1, and adiponectin, as well as an inhibition of PCB-77-induced expression of CYP1A1 by hypoxia. This work has expanded our understanding of the role of POPs and hypoxia in differentiated human adipocytes.

This essay analyses Lionel Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin (2003) from a feminist perspective. The objective of the essay is to demonstrate that a feminist reading of We Need to Talk about Kevin sheds light on the concept of shame and generates a discussion on the implications of the expectations that are placed upon a woman when she becomes a mother. The essay draws on the work of cultural feminists, such as Elspeth Probyn and Adrienne Rich, to demonstrate how shame and motherhood are entwined in the novel. This approach illuminates how patriarchal patterns in today’s society can restrict women’s abilities to lead a full life by blaming and by making them feel ashamed of not only their own actions but also of those of their children. The concept of shame is outlined as a gendered emotion, and the essay then examines the novel’s description of a mother’s responsibilities. These are then contrasted with the way in which shame functions for the community. The conclusion of the essay is that patriarchal structures are ever present in the novel and in society as a whole, and the location of shame in the mother, brought on by other members of the community as well as by the protagonist herself, results in the community being unable to heal itself.

Föräldrar pratar olika med sina barn och ett sätt att prata på är med mental-state-talk vilket har visats främja barns utveckling på olika sätt. Föreliggande studie syftade till att beskriva föräldrars mental-state-talk och analysera sambandet med barns språkutveckling samt mängden tid ägnad åt läsning för barnet i hemmet. För att undersöka detta transkriberades inspelade filmer där föräldrar (N=78) narrativt berättade en saga från en bilderbok för sina barn i tvåårsåldern. Utifrån transkriptionerna räknades totalt antal ord och föräldrarnas mental-state-talk kodades och analyserades. Det korrelerades sedan med barnens språkutveckling utifrån ordförråd, pragmatik och grammatik mätt med The Swedish Early Communicative Development Inventory - Words and Sentences (SECDI-w&s). Resultatet visade att föräldrarna pratade mest om kognitiva mentala tillstånd och riktade flest ord om mentala tillstånd till karaktärer i boken. Inga signifikanta skillnader hittades mellan mammor och pappor. Resultaten visade positiva signifikanta samband mellan föräldrarnas mental-state-talk och barnens ordförråd och grammatik, men ingen signifikant korrelation med barnens pragmatik. Föräldrarnas totala mängd ord hade endast ett positivt samband med barnens grammatik. Föräldrarnas mental-state-talk korrelerade inte signifikant med mängden tid som ägnades åt läsning för barnet i hemmet. Resultaten tyder på att det är sättet som föräldrar pratar på, om de pratar mycket om mentala tillstånd, snarare än hur mycket de pratarsom har samband med barns språkutveckling.

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Läsförståelse är en komplex färdighet beroende av flera samspelande förmågor. Lärares uppfattningar om hur läsförståelseundervisning kan utformas i praktiken i relation till elevers olika utvecklingsstadier är en avgörande faktor för elevers läsförståelseutveckling (Jönsson, 2007). I tidigare forskning framgår vilka förmågor som krävs för fullständig läsförståelse, och hur förmågorna kan undervisas i praktiken. Däremot saknas forskning om lärares uppfattningar av arbete med läsförståelse i klassrumskontext. Inte minst saknas lärares uppfattningar av arbete med läsförståelse ur ett helhetsperspektiv och hur lärarna går tillväga för att forma läsförståelsearbetet likvärdigt i relation till elevers skilda utvecklingsstadier. Syftet med föreliggande studie är därför att beskriva verksamma lågstadielärares uppfattningar om läsförståelseoch den undervisningspraktik som bedrivs för att utveckla elevers läsförståelse. Studiens syfte uppnås genom frågeställningarna: ·      Hur uppfattar verksamma lågstadielärare begreppet läsförståelse i F-3?  ·     Vilka arbetssätt beskriver och motiverar lågstadielärare att de använder för att utveckla elevers läsförståelse i F-3? ·     Vilka aspekter beskriver lågstadielärare som särskilt viktiga i samband med arbetssätt för läsförståelse i F-3?  Materialinsamlingen genomfördes genom tre semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer med sex verksamma lågstadielärare. Denna kvalitativa studie utgår från ett fokus på lärares uppfattningar. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. I resultatet framgår att läsförståelse uppfattas som samspelande förmågor som inkluderar bland annat avkodning och inferensskapanden av textinnehållet. Resultatet visar lärarnas uppfattningar av arbetssätt för att utveckla läsförståelse, vilka motiveras och beskrivs i form av bland annat variationen av högläsning, textsamtal, en läsande klass, parläsning, och textkort. Arbetssätten beskrivs möjliggöra utveckling utifrån varierade kunskapsnivåer och utvecklingsstadier. I samband med arbetssätten har läraren en avgörande roll, där textval i relation till elevgrupp i samband med arbetssätten är en betydande faktor. / Reading comprehension is a complex skill depending on several interacting abilities. Teachers' perceptions of how reading comprehension teaching can be designed in practice relative to students' different developmental stages are a decisive factor for students' reading comprehension development (Jönsson, 2007). Previous research emphasizes which abilities are required for fully developed reading comprehension, and to some extent how these separate abilities can be taught in practice. However, there is a lack of research on teachers' perceptions regarding reading comprehension teaching in the classroom context. There is also a lack of research on teachers' perceptions of reading comprehension from a holistic perspective and how teachers create equitable reading comprehension teaching relative to students' different stages of development. The purpose of the present study is therefore to describe primary school teachers' perceptions of reading comprehension and the teaching practice that is conducted to develop students' reading comprehension. The purpose of the study is achieved through the questions:      ·      How does primary school teachers perceive the concept of reading comprehension in grades F-3? ·      What working methods do the primary school teachers describe and motivate that they use to develop students' reading comprehension in grades F-3? ·      What aspects do primary school teachers describe as particularly important in conjunction with working methods for reading comprehension in grades F-3? The data collection was carried out through three semi-structured focus group interviews with six primary school teachers. This qualitative study is focusing on teachers' perceptions. The theoretical framework of the study is based on a sociocultural perspective. The results show that reading comprehension is perceived as interacting abilities that include decoding and inference creation. The results show the teachers’ perceptions of working methods for developing reading comprehension, which are motivated and described by the variation of reading aloud, text talks, a reading class,reading in pairs, and text cards.The teachers describe that the working methods enable development based on varied levels of knowledge and stages of development. In connection with the working methods, the teacher has a decisive role, where text choice relative to the student group in connection with the working methods is a significant factor.