Esta dissertação tem como objetivo problematizar como o coletivo Colaí, Movimento de Cultura tem construído territórios subjetivos a partir das experiências promovidas na Ilha da Pintada, em Porto Alegre. Acompanhamos atividades do Colaí, coletivo de jovens, criado a partir da iniciativa de um grupo de amigos, que buscou ocupar uma praça da comunidade de maneira distinta, promovendo atividades de lazer, esporte e cultura. Apesar de ter uma posição central na comunidade, localizada ao lado de uma escola, a praça escolhida pelos jovens estava em processo de abandono, referenciada por moradores como espaço de “tráfico de drogas” e de circulação de “pessoas suspeitas”. Assim, ao organizar ações como o Colaí na Praça, o Colaí no Cinema, o Colaí na Pelada, entre outras, o Colaí passa a se constituir um coletivo, recriando espaços de convivência comunitária. Trabalhamos com a noção de território subjetivo, tendo como referência textos de Félix Guattari e Sueli Rolnik, entendendo tanto como o espaço vivido, quanto o modo como os sujeitos circulam, se inserem e criam estratégias de relações e de vida nos tempos e espaços sociais, culturais, estéticos e afetivos. Perguntamos sobre os modos como os jovens organizam e participam das atividades propostas, sobre as estratégias adotadas pelo coletivo, sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os jovens, as relações destes com os espaços da ilha, com o poder público, com a comunidade. Metodologicamente, seguimos princípios etnográficos aliados a uma ética cartográfica. Nesta perspectiva, priorizamos uma postura de observar-participar, de modo ativo, a fim de acompanhar os processos e habitar territórios, desenvolvendo um olhar sobre os encontros e as relações estabelecidas nas experiências deste coletivo de jovens Com a elaboração de diários de campo e registros de conversas digitais, desenvolvemos um texto polifônico e dialógico, usando na apresentação da análise a imagem de um quebra-cabeça, em que cada peça, quando montada, nos apresentava novas possibilidades de compreender um pouco mais os processos associados à construção de territórios subjetivos. No puzzle, a pesquisadora dialoga com o Colaí, que passa a ser um personagem metodológico, construído a partir das falas dos participantes da pesquisa. Sentimentos de pertencimento ao Colaí e de busca de reconhecimento pela comunidade são fortes junto aos participantes da pesquisa. O Colaí, como movimento de cultura, é marcado por uma lógica neoliberal e empreendedora, ao mesmo tempo em que é regido por princípios democráticos em suas ações. O plano econômico tensiona forças, entre ser projeto social e organização independente, atravessadas por relações do coletivo com o poder público, com a comunidade, relações entre os jovens e destes com o próprio lugar que ocupam no processo construído. / This dissertation aims to problematize how the collective Colaí, Movimento de Cultura has built subjective territories from the experiences promoted in Ilha da Pintada, Porto Alegre. I followed the activities of Colaí, a collective of young people that was created from the initiative of a group of friends who sought to occupy the community square in a different way, promoting leisure, sports and cultural activities. Referenced by locals as a place of "drug trafficking" and with "suspicious persons" moving around, Dr. Salomão Pires Abraão Square was in the process of abandonment process, despite its central position in the community, next to the Almirante Barroso State School. So, when they organize actions such as Colaí na Praça, Colaí no Cinema, Colaí na Pelada, among others, Colaí becomes constituted as a collective, recreating the community’s life areas. When looking at the construction of subjective territories (GUATTARI; ROLNIK, 1986) – here understood both as the living space, and as the way the subjects circulate, insert themselves and create relations and life strategies in the social, cultural, aesthetic and affective times and spaces – it was asked about the ways in which young people organize and participate in the proposed activities, the strategies adopted by the collective, the relations among young people, their relations with the island areas, with the government, and with the community Methodologically, it is aimed to build a puzzle in which each piece, when assembled, presents new possibilities to understand a little more about the processes associated with the construction of subjective territories. For this, we follow ethnographic principles combined with a cartographic ethics. In this perspective, we propose to observe and to participate in actively, in order to follow the processes and inhabit territories, looking at the meetings and the established relations in the experiences of this group of young people. With elaboration of field diaries and recording of digital conversations, we developed a polyphonic and dialogic text to seek to promote a dialogue in this text between the researcher and the methodological character Colaí, built from the research participants’ speeches. The feeling of belonging to Colaí and the seeking for community recognition are noticeable among the participants of the research, and Colaí is marked by a neoliberal and entrepreneurial logic, while regulated by democratic principles in its actions. Its relationship with the community and geographical territory of the Ilha da Pintada are also points that deserve to be highlighted when looking for the subjective processes of young participants of the Colaí. These are clues and pieces that help us thinking about the building of subjective territories.

Parce que la préservation et la valorisation des héritages culturels et l’aménagement du territoire font partie de leurs missions, les Parcs naturels régionaux sont des acteurs du patrimoine depuis leur création à la fin des années 1960. Le territoire du Pilat, labellisé parmi les premiers, en 1974, représente un terrain pertinent pour poser la question de la prise en compte de cet enjeu au sein du projet de territoire. En outre, un PNR doit faire face à la nécessité que les habitants s’approprient le territoire, ce dernier étant une production collective.Au regard des différentes chartes du Syndicat mixte, ce travail se propose ainsi de décortiquer la construction progressive d’une politique patrimoniale et d’identifier les évolutions du rapport entretenu entre le Parc naturel régional et les associations locales, acteurs au cœur des processus de patrimonialisation et d’appropriation de l’espace avec un double objectif : à la fois historique et géographique.Cette étude envisage, premièrement, de présenter les acteurs en présence : le Syndicat mixte du PNR du Pilat et le tissu associatif pilatois. La démonstration s’articule ensuite autour des quatre projets successifs du territoire.La méthodologie employée s’appuie sur l’analyse d’archives écrites et orales, des observations de terrain, notamment grâce au dispositif de Convention Industrielle de Formation de Recherche (CIFRE) et la réalisation d’une enquête sociologique.Nos résultats montrent que, à chaque temporalité, correspond une thématique plus particulièrement prise en compte dans le projet de territoire. La politique patrimoniale s’est construite en saisissant des opportunités. L’association locale de patrimoine, relais en direction des habitants, représente l’acteur local privilégié pour participer à la mise en œuvre de ces politiques. Ceci fait directement écho à la volonté actuelle du PNR de faire participer les habitants du Pilat. / Because the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage and territory Development are part of their missions, the Regional Parks are heritage stakeholders since their inception in the late 1960s. The Pilat territory, labeled among the first in 1974, represents a relevant field to ask for the inclusion of this key issue within the territory project. In addition, a regional park is facing the need that residents appropriate the territory, the latter being a collective output.Under the Syndicat mixte various charters, this work proposes thus to dissect the heritage policy progressive construction and identify changes in the maintained ratio between the Regional Park and local associations, actors at the heart of the heritage process and space appropriation with a dual purpose : both historical and geographical.This study intends, first, to introduce the involved stakeholder: the regional park of Pilat and its community. Then, the demonstration is hinging on the four successive projects of the territory.The methodology is based on written and oral archives’ analysis, field observations, especially thanks to the Search Convention Industrial Training (CIFRE) device and the sociological survey realization.

Varumärkesutvidgning är i dag en trend inom affärsutveckling, då metoden underlättaringången på nya marknader. Utvidgningar är dock ingen genväg till en garanteradpublikframgång. Om utvidgningen ska fungera måste den struktureras så att den framstår somsjälvklar i konsumentens huvud, förutsatt att man vill att utvidgningsprodukterna ska köpas.Många är företagen som lyckats med sin utvidgning men många är även de som misslyckats,och som med det fått betala ett högt pris för lärdomen. I takt med att utvidgningsstrategiernahar ökat bland företag, är det också många som glider in på närbesläktade marknader, eller påhelt andra branscher. Varumärket får då fungera som en garant för den nya produkten. Utifråndet har företagsnamnet fått en huvudroll att spela, både för företag såväl som förkonsumenter. Eftersom det vi köper indirekt får en betydelse för oss själva, och för andragenom det varumärket symboliserar. Produkten är således så mycket mer i dag än en fysiskvara. Det är en känsla, och en visualisering av köparens livsstil. Det transcendenta varumärketanvänds därför som en plattform när företaget branschglider.Syftet med studien är att undersöka och beskriva branschglidningens spelregler. Samtanalysera om livsstil kan komma att påverka branschutvidgningar inom mode- ochmöbelbranschen. Ralph Lauren och Lexington är båda aktörer på livsstilsmarknaden.Företaget Chilli karakteriseras som en diversehandel, men gemensamt för de tre företagen äratt de alla har branschglidit. Därför känns det intressant att ta reda på om livsstil kan påverkakundens acceptans av en ny kategori.Uppsatsen består av en kvalitativ studie med en deduktiv metodansats. Vilket innebär attutgångspunkten varit från teoristudier, även fast empirin och den teoretiska referensramen ipraktiken bearbetats sida vid sida. Studiens teoridel behandlar varumärkets territorium ochvarumärkets betydelse för varumärkesutvidgningar. Medan empiridelen undersökeracceptansen för utvidgningsprodukter i korrelation med vanligt varumärke vs. livsstilsföretag.Det är först efter en introduktion på marknaden som det syns om varumärkesutvidgningenkommer att lyckas. Företag kan emellertid ändå i förväg pröva branschglidningens chanser,genom att analysera de basfaktorer som avgör hur kunden kommer att ta emotvarumärkesutvidgningen. Studien visar att identiteten måste föregå imagen eftersom det ärföretagets varumärke som bestämmer vad som faktiskt är en möjlig branschglidning.

La compétitivité est aujourd’hui un concept central dans le discours public. Les nations doivent être compétitives au même titre que des entreprises. Pourtant, l’utilisation incessante de la notion de compétitivité à propos de territoires n’a suscité aucun ouvrage spécifique de la part de la géographie. En dépit d’une documentation pléthorique sur ce thème (rapports officiels, rankings, débats entre économistes), l’approche géographique est restée tout à fait marginale. Il convient donc de combler ce vide en procédant à une étude spatialisée du concept de compétitivité : c’est l’objet de cette thèse de doctorat, qui s’inscrit dans les champs de la géographie économique (étude des flux de richesses, formes spatiales de la mondialisation) et de l’aménagement (politiques publiques et discours officiels liés aux territoires). Ce travail de recherche suit trois axes principaux : Quels enseignements peut-on tirer des innombrables travaux consacrés à ce thème depuis 30 ans ? L’étude critique des documents les plus importants permet de comprendre les fondements théoriques et les limites du concept de compétitivité appliqué à des nations. Une telle synthèse souligne que cette notion, souvent mal définie, est éminemment politique. Comment mesurer et cartographier la compétitivité nationale dans l’espace mondial ? Construites à partir d’indices préexistants (comme celui du Forum économique mondial) et d’outils nouveaux, les cartes démontrent la complexité d’une évaluation de la performance dans un contexte concurrentiel. La compétitivité comporte plusieurs facettes qui entraînent des représentations variées. Enfin, ce travail de recherche est une relecture critique et territorialisée des politiques de compétitivité. Il constitue un document d’aide à la décision en matière de développement, en replaçant la territorialité au coeur de la réflexion. Cette contribution originale tente de clarifier certains aspects du processus de mondialisation, dans une époque marquée par l’instabilité. / Competitiveness is now a central concept in public discourse. Nations must be competitive as well as businesses. However, constant use of the concept of competitiveness about territories has not to date elicited any specific geographical analysis. Despite a plethora of literature on this topic (official reports, rankings and debates among economists), geographical studies remain quite limited. It is therefore necessary to bridge this gap by conducting a spatial study about the concept of competitiveness : this is the subject of this thesis, which fits in the fields of economic geography (the study offlows of wealth, spatial forms of globalization) and territorial planning (public policies and official statements relating to the territories). This research follows three main lines : First, what lessons can be learned from the existing literature on this subject which has amassed over the past 30 years ? A critical study of the most important documents is thus undertaken to facilitate an understanding of the theoretical foundations and limitations of the competitiveness concept applied to nations. Such a review highlights that the notion of territorial competitiveness, often poorly defined, is highly political. Second, how can national competitiveness be measured and mapped ? Constructed from existing indexes (such as that of the World Economic Forum) and new tools, the maps demonstrate the complexity of performance evaluation in a competitive environment. Competitiveness has many facets that bring about various representations. Finally, This research is a critical and territorialised review of the competitiveness policies. It is a document intended to support development decisions and to place issues of territory at the heart of discussions. This original contribution attempts to clarify some aspects of the globalization process, in an era marked by instability.

Depuis une trentaine d'années, en même temps que l'accélération de la mondialisation, on assiste au Sud comme au Nord à l'affirmation de l'espace local comme espace de référence pertinent pour l'action et la réflexion économiques. Et cette affirmation s'accompagne de l'émergence d'une autre approche du développement, approche territorialisée aux termes de laquelle le développement est le fait d'une multiplicité d'acteurs organisés en réseaux - formels et informels - et entretenant entre eux des relations intenses et économiquement fécondes. La question que nous aborderons dans ce rapport porte sur la relation entre PME et territoire - au sens .local du mot - et les implications de cette relation en matière de développement des régions. / Since around thirty years, at the same time as the acceleration of the globalization, we are witnessing in the South as in the North to the affirmation of the local space as the relevant reference space for the economic action and reflection. And this assertion is accompanied by the emergence of another approach of the development: territorialized approach under which development is the fact a multiplicity of actors organized in networks - formal and informal- and maintaining between the them intense and economically fertile relationships. The question we address in this report focuses on the relationship between SMEs and territory - at the local sense of the word - and the implications of this relationship in terms of regional development

Les transitions agroécologiques impliquent une transformation radicale des modes de production, mais également des modes de transformation, de distribution et de consommation, du conseil agricole, des politiques publiques et de la recherche - en d’autres termes : une reconfiguration du système agri-alimentaire. Dans la vallée de la Drôme, la forte proportion d’acteurs plaçant l’agriculture biologique au coeur de leur stratégie de développement et leur collaboration dans le projet Biovallée semblent indiquer qu’une transition agroécologique est en cours et que l’échelle territoriale offre des leviers permettant de la déclencher. Cette thèse propose une analyse historique des dynamiques à l’oeuvre sur ce territoire, afin de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes de transition et à leur conceptualisation. En mobilisant la théorie des transitions sociotechniques et à travers une approche pragmatique et ethnographique, nous montrons qu’une reconfiguration du système agri-alimentaire territorial est en cours, et qu’elle résulte des interactions entre une configuration sociotechnique dominante et deux configurations alternatives qu’ont construites les acteurs au fil du temps, autour de deux paradigmes alternatifs à la modernisation agricole. Nous montrons comment, à travers ces interactions, les acteurs parviennent à modifier les rapports de force régissant le système agri-alimentaire, et que l’échelle territoriale leur offre des marges de manoeuvre inexistantes à une échelle plus large. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle essentiel d’une diversité d’initiatives, au sein desquelles les acteurs ont progressivement construit de nouvelles formes de coordination. Dès lors, la question est non plus de penser les transitions à partir du développement d’une innovation technique, mais de créer les conditions pour favoriser la coexistence d’une diversité d’initiatives, porteuses d’innovations sociales, et leurs interactions avec le système dominant. / Agriculture’s transition towards agrocology requires a radical transformation of production practices based on ecological principles, but it also requires radical changes within transformation, distribution and consumption practices and within advisory systems, public policies and research. In other words, it requires a profound reconfiguration of the whole agrifood system. In the Drome Valley (France), the high proportion of actors who consider organic agriculture as central in their development strategy and their involvement within the “Biovallée” project, suggest that an agroecological transition is in process and that the territorial scale might facilitate it. This thesis analyses the agricultural dynamics at the scale of this territory since the 1970s, in order to understand the transition mechanisms and to conceptualize them. Based on a framework inspired from the sustainable transition theories and on an ethnographic and pragmatic approach, it shows that a reconfiguration of the whole local agrifood system is indeed in process, and that it results from the interactions between a dominant sociotechnical configuration and two alternative ones which local actors have set up over time around two alternative paradigms. We analyze how actors succeed in changing the balance of power within the local agri-food system and how the territorial scale offers them some levers which do not exist on a larger scale. In this case, certain traditional actors and a diversity of initiatives allowed actors to progressively set up new forms of coordination, that is social or organizational innovations (rather than technological ones). Therefore the main issue shifts from thinking transitions based on the development of atechnological innovation, towards creating conditions in order to favour the coexistence of a diversity of initiatives that develop social innovations and to favour their interactions with the dominant system.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera och beskriva hur ett företag kan arbeta med varumärkesutvidgning samt identifiera framgångsfaktorer, motgångar och bakomliggande orsaker som kan förekomma vid en varumärkesutvidgning.Metod: Vår studie utgår främst från den kvalitativa metoden. Inledningsvis presenteras ett ramverk för lämplig teori för att vidare kompletteras med intervjuer. Den empiriska delen består av kvalitativa intervjuer med företagen King Salming AB, Salming Sport, Peak Performance, Björn Borg och L`Homme Rouge.Slutsats: Vi har funnit stöd i, att teorin som avser varumärkesutvidgning kan användas i verkligheten. Samtliga bolag följer en varumärkesstrategi där kärnvärden och territorium utgör basen för en varumärkesutvidgning. I de fall där varumärkesutvidgningen inte fungerat som tänkt är det också avståndet till kärnvärdet och territoriet, som är ett av det återkommande problemet. Med ovanstående analyser och slutsatser redogör vi för att en varumärkesutvidgning kan följa två vägar. Den goda cirkeln där utvidgningen ligger i linje med varumärkets kärnvärden och territoriet. En ökad försäljning ger ökad exponering och varumärket stärks och fortsatt utvidgning blir lättare etc. Den andra vägen, den onda cirkeln, utgör att fel kärnvärden exponeras och försäljningen går ner på sikt samtidigt som varumärket försvagas. Det finns därför anledning till att ha en formell process för varumärkesutvidgning där företaget säkrar att man kommer in i den goda cirkeln.Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyze how companies can work with bran extensions and to describe the factors of success, setbacks, and underlying causes that can occur in a brand extension.Methodology: Our study is mainly based on a qualitative method. The empirical part is based on qualitative interviews with the companies King Salming AB, Salming Indoor Sports, Peak Performance, Björn Borg and L`Homme Rouge.Conclusion: We have found support in that the theory concerning brand extension may be used in real life. All companies apply a brand strategy by which core values and territory serves as the base for a brand extension. Where brand extension has not worked as intended, one of the recurring problems is the distance to the core value and the territory. On basis of the above analysis and conclusions, we report that a brand extension follows two paths. The virtuous circle where the extension is consistent with the brand's core values and the territory. Increased sales give increased exposure and the brand becomes stronger and further extension is easier, etc. The other way, the vicious circle, is that the wrong core values is exposed and sales will decrease over time, whilst the brand is weakens. Therefore, there is reason to formalize the process for brand extension by which the company is ensured to enter into the virtuous circle. / Program: Textil produktutveckling med entreprenörs- och affärsinriktning

Esta tese analisa as transformações territoriais ocorridas na produção camponesa nas áreas de várzea, nas últimas décadas, decorrentes da expansão capitalista na Amazônia. A área da pesquisa compreende um trecho do baixo rio Solimões, no município de Manacapuru, no estado do Amazonas, onde foram selecionadas três localidades: Costa do Pesqueiro, Costa do Arapapá e Lago São Lourenço. Para compreender os camponeses-ribeirinhos na várzea amazônica, partese do pressuposto de que é necessário observá-los no interior do desenvolvimento capitalista no campo, fundamentado no processo de monopolização do território, na qual o capital contraditoriamente monopoliza o território sem, contudo, territorializar-se. Isto significa que o capitalismo se expande de forma contraditória, ou seja, não expropria os camponeses, porém, os transforma e efetua a metamorfose da renda da terra em capital. Este estudo procura entender como a expansão do capitalismo gerou profundas transformações nas relações dos camponeses-ribeirinhos com as diferentes territorialidades que configuram seu modo de vida. Essas territorialidades foram definidas em agropastoris, aquáticas e florestais. A primeira se refere ao uso da terra na várzea amazônica, na qual são discutidas as diferentes formas de ocupação familiar da terra, tanto as existentes quanto as acrescidas. Outra preocupação é discutir as formas de uso comum da terra. A segunda trata do uso da água no que se refere às atividades haliêuticas e está dividida no uso do ambiente lago, utilizado de forma comum e no uso do ambiente rio, no caso o rio Solimões, onde as águas são de aceso livre e de uso comum. A terceira está pautada no uso da floresta, em que são analisadas as diferentes formas de territorialidades florestais. / This thesis analyses the territorial changes in the campestral production in the holm area, in the cast decades, resulting from the capitalist expansion in Amazonia. The research area includes a stretch of the low-river Solimões, in Manacapuru town in Amazonas state, where selected: Costa do Pesqueiro, Costa do Arapapá and São Lourenço Lake. To understand the \"camponeses-ribeirinhos\" in amazonian holm, we begin with the presupposition that is necessary to observ them inside the capitalist development in the countryside, grounded in the process of territory monopolization in which the money contradictorily monopolizes the territory without territorializine it. It means that the capitalism increases in a contradictory way; it does not expropriate the peasants, but changes them and stimulates the transformation of the land gains into money. This study tries to understand how the expansion of the capitalism created deep changes in the relations of the \"camponeses-ribeirinhos\" with different territorialities that configures their way of life. These territorialities were defined in \"agropastoris\", aquatic forestal. The first one refers to the use of the land in the amazonian holms, where different forms of familiar occupation are treated. Concerning as the existing ones as the new ones. Another preoccupation is to discuss the forms of common use of the land. The second one is associated to the use of the water related to the halieutic activities and it is divided into the use of the lake environment used as common way and the use of the river environment, as in the Solimões case, where the waters are of free access and of common use. The third one is associated with the use of the forest, in which the different forms of the forestall territorialities are analysed.

O presente trabalho buscou analisar as contradições existentes entre a expansão e apropriação do capital no território do Centro-Sul de Sergipe e Litoral Norte da Bahia, por meio da difusão de cultivos voltados ao agronegócio, com destaque para cultivo da laranja pêra para a produção de suco concentrado e congelado de modo a atender o mercado externo, sobretudo europeu, e suas repercussões nas relações de trabalho praticadas até então, bem como de que maneira esse processo vai promover a subjugação da renda camponesa ao capital, na medida em que os camponeses tornam-se grande parte da força de trabalho explorada. Considera-se que o capital tanto se territorializa na região mediante à implantação desse tipo de indústria, não raro estabelecendo alianças com os latifundiários locais, como busca monopolizar o cultivo da laranja realizado nas unidades de produção familiar, promovendo a submissão dessa renda camponesa aos seus interesses imediatos. Assim, a expansão capitalista vem favorecendo o processo de valorização das terras e a concentração das mesmas nas mãos de poucos grupos econômicos, como também a degradação das condições de trabalho dos camponeses, mediante o processo de expropriação de suas terras, bem como a existência de um significativo contingente de força de trabalho na região. Por um lado, também se verifica a exploração do trabalho familiar camponês pelo capital, que se apropria, a baixo custo, de grande parte dessa produção sem ter que remunerar o trabalhador. Alem disso, o trabalho feminino e infantil acaba por complementar as possibilidades da reprodução ampliada do capital na região. Dessa forma, o capital vai promovendo, de várias maneiras, suas investidas sobre o trabalho. Por outro, esses trabalhadores expropriados dos meios de produção e mesmo aqueles, que se mantêm com dificuldades em suas terras, buscam formas de resistirem ou permanecerem nelas, já que a experiência da luta pela terra via movimentos sociais tem ganhado visibilidade. Assim sendo, o território do Centro-sul de Sergipe e do Litoral Norte da Bahia, enquanto singularidade na totalidade, pode ser compreendido como a materialidade concreta das investidas do capital sobre o trabalho e das diversas experiências desenvolvidas no âmbito da classe proletária para continuar sobrevivendo do trabalho, portanto expressão da luta travada, historicamente, entre classes sociais com interesses antagônicos. / This work aimed at analyzing the existing contradictions between the expansion and appropriation of capital in the territory of central southern Sergipe and northern coastal area of Bahia, by means of the diffusion of cultivations devoted to agribusiness, especially Pêra orange farming for the production of concentrated and frozen juice in order to attend the foreign markets, above all European market, and its repercussions in the work relationships practiced until then, as well as how this process is going to promote the subjugation of farmer income to capital, as the peasants become great part of explored labor-force. It is considered that as the capital territorializes in the region through the implantation of this kind of industry, often establishing alliances with the local landowners, as it searches to monopolize the orange farming accomplished in the unit of familiar production, promoting the submission of this farmer income to its immediate interests. Thus, the capitalist expansion has furthered the process of valorization of lands and the concentration of the same ones in the hands of few economic groups, as well as the degradation of the work conditions of the peasants, through the process of expropriation of their lands, just as the existence of a significant contingent of labor force in the region. On the one hand, it is also verified the exploration of familiar peasant labor through the capital, which largely appropriates, at a low cost, of this production without having to remunerate the worker. Moreover, the feminine and child labor ends by complementing the possibilities of increased reproduction of the capital in the region. Thus, the capital comes promoting, in several ways, its onrushes on the labor. On the other hand, these laborers expropriated of the means of production, and even those that stay at their lands with difficulties seek means to resist or stay at them, since the experience of the fight for the land through social movements has acquired visibility. In this case, the territory of central southern Sergipe and northern coastal area of Bahia, while singularity in the totality, may be understood as the concrete materiality of onrushes of capital on the labor and of several experiences developed in the scope of the working class to continue surviving of the labor, therefore expression of struggle occurred, historically, between social classes with antagonistic interests.

Debruçado sobre o presente espacial da cidade de Petrópolis, localizada ao norte da metrópole do Rio de Janeiro, entre as coordenadas de 43º 00 43º15W e 22º 15 22º 30S, este trabalho também investiga o passado espacial petropolitano. Desse complexo de formas do presente e do passado decorre a realidade sócio-espacial de Petrópolis. Esta tese se constitui como uma história territorial, pois, à sombra dessas formas, melhor dizendo, desse método, o espaço não pode ser compreendido sem uma investigação de sua origem e desenvolvimento, e nem o território deve ser avistado despregado do histórico relacionamento entre a sociedade e esse mesmo espaço. A urbanização de Petrópolis ocorre hoje nucleada pelo turismo; fez-se necessário, então, uma investigação sobre a urbanização passada determinada pela vilegiatura, sem esquecer a atividade industrial. A vilegiatura, aqui, foi conceituada como gênero diverso do turismo. Por conseguinte, Petrópolis foi planeada e construída como capital suburbana do Segundo Império, sendo, adiante, absorvida pela República. Petrópolis foi demarcada como certa espécie de campo de poder um espaço urbano constituído como território, i.é, espaço determinado por relações de poder historicamente delimitadas: um espaço conquistado, distinguido e nomeado por grupamento da elite brasileira que buscou estremar a forma da regência do espaço urbano de Petrópolis. A história desse território parece demonstrar uma linha continuada de territorialidade focalizada em determinações exteriores. Se a vilegiatura e a indústria deram no passado o viés forâneo da ordem urbana de Petrópolis, hoje, com o turismo, o fator exterior continua através de uma reconquista territorial levada a cabo por uma coalizão local gerenciada pelo poder público. / Bent forward the spacial present of Petrópolis city, localized at the north of Rio de Janeiro metropolis, between the co-ordination of 43º 00 43º15W e 22º 15 22º 30S, this work also investigates the spatial past of Petrópolis people. From this compound with present and the past shapes, occur the social and spatial reality of Petrópolis. This proposition constitutes as a territorial history as by this way the space cannot be understood without an investigation of its origin and development, and neither the territory must be seen without a link of the historical relationship between the society and this same space. The urbanization of Petrópolis nowadays is based in the tourism; so it has been necessary an investigation about the past urbanization determinated by the summer resort without forgiven the industrial activity. Here the summer resort has been judjed as a class different from tourism. By the way, Petrópolis was planned and built as a suburban capital of the Second Monarchy, and before it was absorbed by the Republic. Petrópolis was demarcated as kind of power field an urban space built as a territory, a space determinated by power relations delimitated by history: a conquested space, distinguished and denominated by the brazilian elite group that tried to demarcarcate the way of the urban space regency of Petrópolis. The history of this territory seems demonstrate a continual line of territoriality focalized exterior determinations. If the summer resorts and the industry have given in the past the outside look of the urban order of Petrópolis, today, with tourism, the exterior fact remains through the reconquer of land done by the local coalition managed by the public power.