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To operate in our modern society students’ education, need to contribute to lifelong learning by promoting desirable social interaction and improving the way in which people overcome difficulties and establishing relationships in different contexts. The present study sets out to examine the practice of cooperative learning for students' learning in the subject of English. Furthermore, the research questions address the benefits and challenges teachers describe using cooperative learning for students' language development and learning. The study is based on sociocultural theory, which means that learning takes place through interaction. In order to investigate the study's questions, qualitative semi-structured interviews are conducted with competent teachers in grades F-3, who use CL in their teaching. The thematic analysis of my study identified several benefits on how cooperative learning promotes students' learning. The results show that teachers express positive attitudes to CL’s structures and strategies as they believe that these constitute to increased participation, cooperation skills and also increases the prospects for developing students' language development and learning. Despite challenges for students with social difficulties and with different levels of knowledge, the interviewed teachers believe that CL can be adapted and reworked at the group and individual level to meet the needs in the different classrooms. Collaboration and student interaction are prominent factors in the curriculum. Through reciprocal dialogues with others, children can construct new knowledge free from the constraints of a larger class group.

Detta examensarbete är ett försök i att utföra ett estetiskt projekt i ett språkämne nämligen franska. Jag genomförde detta projektet för att uppleva hur elever arbetar estetiskt i ett teoretiskt ämne. Eleverna skulle gruppvis utföra en tecknad serie och ett rollspel på franska, med utgångspunkt från den tecknade serien. Från empirin av mitt estetiska projekt med eleverna har jag analyserat hur eleverna upplevde projektet och därmed sitt lärande i ett teoretiskt ämne. Elevernas engagemang och motivation i arbetet var stort. De uppfattade arbetet som intressant och upplevde arbetsprocessen som målet, inte resultatet. / This exam project is an experiment in aesthetic work with language teaching, namely French. I performed this project in order to investigate how pupils work aesthetically with a theoretical subject. The pupils were divided into groups and asked to create a cartoon and, based on the cartoon, a role-play in French. On the empirical background of my aesthetic project with the pupils I studied how the pupils experienced the project and their learning of theoretical subject. The pupils' involvement and motivation was big. They found the task interesting and experienced the work process, not the result, as the goal.

The present study examined five Korean elementary students' English learning experiences in the United States. By examining Korean students' experiences while they were living in the United States, the study aimed to explore what the students themselves thought about regarding what they had learned while living in an English-speaking community and the students' perceptions of how these experiences influenced their English learning. Specifically, the study investigated the linguistic, cultural, and attitudinal impact of living temporarily in the United States on Korean elementary students. Interviewing was the primary means of collecting data for the study. These data was supplemented by a short survey, classroom observation, and relevant documentation about the children's learning, such as samples of the children's schoolwork. The analysis of data for this study began with organizing a description of each case, then, analyses were constructed to construct themes that cut across the data, and these themes have been utilized to generalize about what significant experiences constituted the development of English as a second language. This document reports the findings concerning the nature of the processes of learning and development that five Korean children experienced in learning English in the United States; teacher and student interaction; student and student interaction; meaningful learning experience; and classroom activities. / Ph. D.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to focus on the cause and effect of what has been referred to as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation when it comes to second language learning through literature, where the novel To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee served as an example. The study started off by presenting a definition of the so called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively, as well as the three perspectives psychodynamic, cognitive and socio-cultural by which it was discussed, in order to cement the framework of it and problematize its boundaries accordingly. It later focused on where and how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively came into play, and what possible outcome the two different types might result in when discussing language learning. The applied method was to do a qualitative hermeneutic study by presenting earlier research and having it as a basis when hypothesizing in order to solve the research questions. This study was limited to discussing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively in order to ascertain how both phenomena manifest themselves and ultimately how they affect learning, and by presenting numerous examples in the analysis it was concluded that: a) extrinsic and intrinsic motivation tend to inescapably intertwine during the process of learning and thereby end up being in need of each other, and b) that the order to how one musters extrinsic motivation, when undertaking in the educational enterprise of reading a novel, was opposite from that of the intrinsic motivation as extrinsic motivation is based on an external source of reward and therefore merely in need of an external source rather than an intrinsic curiosity. Keywords Intrinsic motivation, Extrinsic motivation, Cognitive perspective, Psychodynamic perspective, Sociocultural perspective, Zone of proximal development, Efferent reading, Aesthetic reading.

Syftet med undersökningen är att studera förskollärares olika synsätt på handdockan i förskolan. För att undersöka detta använde jag metoden gruppintervju, vilket gav mig möjligheten att intervjua tre förskollärare samtidigt. Metoden bidrog till att respondenterna argumenterade för sina åsikter samt skapade diskussioner kring ämnet, då alla intervjuades samtidigt och på så vis kunde ta del av varandras åsikter. Det empiriska materialet analyserades genom ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där Lev S. Vygotskijs teorier är centrala (Kroksmark, 2011). Genom Vygotskijs teorier om språket, fantasi och verktyg identifierades tre temaområden som vidare visade sig vara olika synsätt på handdockan. Undersökningens resultat visar att handdockan kan användas som motivator, kommunikationsverktyg samt att den vuxna genom handdockan kan närma sig barnets värld. Resultatet påvisar hur viktigt det är att en vuxen deltar i barnets vardag, vilket jag relaterar till det som Vygotskij (Kroksmark, 2011) kallar för den proximala utvecklingszonen. Genom denna undersökning framkommer det att handdockan kan användas som ett framgångsrikt verktyg med flera synsätt och många möjligheter i förskolans verksamhet. / The purpose of this survey is to examine the teaching approaches among preschool teachers. In order to examine the purpose of the survey I held a group interview with three preschool teachers, a method which allowed the respondents to discuss the topics and argue for their opinions all together. The empiric data was analyzed through a sociocultural perspective in which the theories of Lev S. Vygotsky are central (Kroksmark, 2011). Through these theories concerning language, fantasy and tools, three themes, which eventually turned out to be various teaching approaches on the hand puppet, were identified. The result of the survey shows that the hand puppet can be utilized as a motivator, a tool for communication and to make its grown-up user come closer to the child’s world. The result of the survey emphasizes the importance of grown-up’s participation in children’s everyday life, which I relate to what Vygotsky (Kroksmark, 2011) identifies as the zone of proximal development. Furthermore the survey shows that the hand puppet may be used as a successful tool, with several teaching approaches and many possibilities in preschool.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om tolkning och tillämplig av barnkonventionen i förskolan, med bakgrund av att barnkonventionen blir svensk lag år 2020. Jag vill undersöka hur förskolechefer och förskollärare förhåller sig till barnkonventionen samt arbetar utefter den i verksamheten och få en ökad förståelse av vilka svårigheter det finns i arbetet med barnkonventionen. Mina frågeställningar som är grundläggande till arbetet är:• Hur beskriver förskollärare och förskolechefer de förberedelser som krävs inom förskoleverksamheten inför att barnkonventionen blir svensk lag 2020?• Hur beskriver förskollärare och förskolechefer arbetet med barnkonvention-en i barngruppen, såväl det nuvarande som det kommande? I min undersökning har jag använt mig av intervjuer med öppna frågor. Intervjuerna har genomförts på två olika förskolor i två olika kommuner, en förskolechef och förskollärare i vardera kommuner. Studien har visat att det finns förskollärare som arbetar med barnkonventionen på förskolorna i dagsläget, men att det arbetet behöver tydliggöras samt belysas för barnen men också vårdnadshavare. / The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge of interpretation and applicable of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in preschool, with the background that the Convention on the Rights of the Child becomes Swedish law in 2020. I want to investigate how preschool managers and preschool teachers relate to the children's convention, and work alongside it in the daily activities to gain a better understanding of the difficulties in-volved in the work of the child convention (UNICEF, 1989). My questions that are fundamental to the work are: • How do preschool teachers and preschool managers describe the prepara-tions that are required in pre-school activities for the Convention on the Rights of the Child to become Swedish law 2020?• How does preschool teachers and preschool managers describe the work on the children's convention in the children's group, both current and future?In my survey I have used relevant literature, previous research and open-ended interviews. The interviews have been conducted at two different preschools in two different municipality, one preschool manager and one preschool teacher in each municipality. The study has shown that they are working on the children's convention at preschools at the present time, but that the work needs to be clarified and highlighted for the children but also the guardian.

Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med tre sånglärare från två olika gymnasieskolor. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt används ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, vilket innebär att studien undersöker vilka sångtekniska kunskaper som används av sånglärarna och hur dessa medieras genom olika redskap. I resultatet framkommer att det finns skillnader angående vilka sångtekniska kunskaper sånglärarna utgår från, vilket följs av skillnader angående den terminologi som används i undervisningen. En variation finns också på andra sätt när det gäller medierande redskap. Slutligen belyser diskussionen resultatet i relation till den forskning som presenteras i bakgrundskapitlet, med de intressanta skillnader som kommit fram i resultatet angående sångtekniska aspekter och språkbruk, hur de anpassar undervisningen efter individen, vidare också sånglärarnas syn på möjligheterna att undervisa i olika genrer. Diskussionen avslutas med en reflektion över studiens genomförande och metod, och arbetets betydelse med tankar och idéer om eventuell framtida forskning. / This study is built upon three interviews with three singing teachers from two different schools. The theoretical foundation is a sociocultural perspective, which means that the study examines what knowledge in singing techniques the singing teachers use, and how they mediate that knowledge with different tools. The result shows that there are differences in the knowledge in singing techniques they use, as well as in terminology. They also vary in other ways in communicating their teaching. Finally, the result is related and compared in the discussion chapter to research in the background presented in chapter two, with the interesting differences revealed in the result when it comes to singing techniques and terminology. How the teaching is adjusted to the individual is also discussed, as well as the singing teachers views on teaching in different styles of music. The discussion ends with reflections on the method and way of performing this study, with thoughts and ideas on the significance of this study as well as possible future research.

Many studies on children's participation in the documentation process are car- ried out through observations. The purpose of this study has been, that by ask- ing the preschool teachers, through a survey, to give their perspective on the question of whether children's participation can contribute with the develop- ment activities. The answer to this question has been obtained by sending out a questionnaire to a number of preschools within a county in Sweden. By using questions that have been asked from a socio-cultural perspective and a child's perspective, the respondents have replied based on their situation. Another the- oretical concept that has gained focus in this study is pedagogical documenta- tion. By combining these two perspectives with pedagogical documentation, the answers have been interpreted in order to get a result of how the respond- ents believe that the children's participation in the documentation process can contribute to development activities. The result of the studies have shown that the preschool teachers have a great interest in pedagogical documentation, however the resources and knowledge of the subject are not sufficient, further education of the subject is needed. / Många undersökningar om barns deltagande i dokumentationsprocessen utförs genom observationer. Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att, genom att fråga förskollärarna genom en enkät, få deras perspektiv i frågan om barns del- tagande kan bidra med verksamhetsutveckling. Svaret på denna fråga har er- hållets genom att skicka ut en enkät till ett visst antal förskolor inom en kom- mun i Sverige. Genom att använda frågor som har ställts utifrån ett sociokul- turellt perspektiv och ett barns perspektiv har respondenterna svarat utifrån de- ras situation. Ett annat teoretiskt begrepp som fått fokus i denna undersökning är pedagogisk dokumentation. Genom att kombinera dessa två perspektiv med pedagogisk dokumentation har svaren tolkats för att få ett svar på hur respon- denterna anser att barnens deltagande i dokumentationsprocessen kan bidra till verksamhetsutveckling. Resultatet av studien har visat att förskollärarna har ett stort intresse för pedagogisk dokumentation, men att resurserna och kunskapen i ämnet är inte tillräckliga och vidare utveckling i ämnet krävs.

Syftet med det här arbetet är att upptäcka metoder och strategier för att på gehör planka musik. Genom studier har jag undersökt min lärandeprocess när jag plankar en rocklåt på gehör. Jag har fört loggbok och ljudupptagningarunder arbetsprocessen för att kunna dokumentera vad som har hänt och få vetskap om hur jag har gått tillväga. I bakgrunden har jag använt mig av det sociokulturella perspektivet som teori och denna teori har varit grunden till analysen av min lärandeprocess. Jag har då upptäckt vad jag använder för olika kulturella redskap när jag plankar och hur dessa används i min process. Dessa redskap presenteras i resultatdelen som röst och memorering, tidiga musikstudier, strukturlyssning och begränsning samt foten. Detta innebar att jag behövde memorera det jag hörde noggrant för att sedan kunna applicera det på mitt instrument. Rösten representerades som sång vilket innebär att jag sjöng det som hade memorerats och förtydligade för fingrarna vad som skulle spelas. För att kunna gå vidare och övervinna de svåra delarna i arbetet behövde jag begränsa mig till små delmål i låten och strukturera mitt arbetssätt. Mina tidiga studier och erfarenheter i musiken var grunden till att jag överhuvudtaget kunde börja plankningsprocessen och att utvecklas i den. Foten hjälpte mig att känna pulsen och förtydligade taktslaget för att kunna behålla det rätta notvärdet. I diskussionen jämför jag resultatet med tidigare forskning och litteratur som berör ämnena gehör, plankning och strategier för plankning. Jag avslutar arbetet med mina egna reflektioner kring arbetets betydelse och möjliga fortsatta studier. / The purpose of this study is to discover methods and strategies about how to transcribe[1]music by ear. Through studies, I have observed my learning process when I transcribe a rock song by ear. I have used a logbook and sound recordings during the work process to document what has happened and get knowledge of how I have been doing. In the background, I have used the sociocultural perspective as theory and this theory has been the basis for the analysis of my learning process. I have then discovered what I use for different cultural tools as I transcribe music and how these are used in my process. These tools are presented in the result section as voice and memorization, early music studies, limitation and structure listening as well as the foot as a tool. This means that I needed to memorize what I heard carefully to then apply it to my instrument. The voice was represented as song, for example, I sang what had been memorized and clarified for the fingers what would be played. In order to move on and overcome the difficult parts of the work, I had to limit myself to small sub-goals in the song and structure my way of working. My early studies and experiences in music were the reason why I could in general start the transcribing process and develop in it. The foot helped me feel the pulse and clarify the beat to keep the correct note value. In the discussion, I compare the result with previous research and literature related to topics hearing, transcribing and strategies for transcribing. I finish the work with my own reflections about the importance of work and possible further studies.