Francisella tularensis, agent étiologique de la tularémie, est un pathogène intracellulaire facultatif capable d’infecter de nombreuses cellules de mammifères. Pour se multiplier activement dans le cytoplasme des cellules hôtes, la bactérie doit être en mesure de capter dans cet environnement tous les composés nécessaires à son métabolisme, et notamment des acides aminés qui représentent ses principales sources de carbone et d’azote. Les pathogènes à multiplication intracellulaire ont mis en place un ensemble de mécanismes, visant i) la manipulation des voies métaboliques de l’hôte, pour accroître le pool de nutriments disponibles, et ii) l’expression de transporteurs dédiés, pour la captation optimale de ces nutriments. Cet ensemble de mécanismes est regroupé sous le terme de « virulence nutritionnelle ». Chez Legionella pneumophila, plusieurs membres d’une sous-famille de transporteurs actifs secondaires (désignés Pht, ou transporteurs phagosomaux), responsables de la captation des acides aminés lors de la phase intracellulaire de la bactérie, ont été caractérisés. Dans ce travail, nous avons établi le rôle de deux membres de la sous-famille des transporteurs Pht (désignés AnsP et IleP), dans le transport d’acides aminés et la virulence de Francisella. La protéine AnsP est un transporteur d’asparagine. La délétion du gène codant pour ce transporteur n’a pas d’effet sur la croissance de Francisella en milieu synthétique, mais entraîne une diminution drastique de sa multiplication intracellulaire dans tous les types cellulaires testés, ainsi qu’une atténuation importante de la virulence chez la souris. La perte de virulence du mutant asnP est réversible aussi bien in vivo qu’in vitro par ajout d’asparagine en excès. F. tularensis, qui est prototrophe pour l’asparagine en milieu minimum, devient donc auxotrophe dans le cadre de sa croissance intracellulaire, et nécessite un transport de cet acide aminé via AnsP. Ce changement de besoins en asparagine entre le milieu extérieur et le milieu intracellulaire illustre bien le phénomène d’adaptation nutritionnel que réalise la bactérie dans le cadre d’une infection. La délétion du second transporteur, IleP, entraine un défaut de croissance en milieu minimum, réversible par ajout de thréonine, un précurseur métabolique de l’isoleucine chez F. tularensis subsp. novicida. Des expériences d’incorporation d’isoleucine marquée ont permis de mettre en évidence la fonction de transporteur d’isoleucine de la protéine IleP. La délétion du gène codant pour IleP entraine également un défaut de multiplication in vitro, associé à un léger retard de sortie du phagosome ainsi qu’une atténuation importante de la virulence chez la souris. Ce transporteur assure donc la captation de l’isoleucine dans des conditions où l’utilisation de la thréonine, ne permet pas d’assouvir les besoins de la bactérie. De façon remarquable, la voie de biosynthèse de l’isoleucine via la thréonine est interrompue chez les sous-espèces tularensis et holarctica. La croissance de ces sous espèces, plus virulentes que novicida, dans la cellule infectée devient donc strictement dépendante du transport de l’isoleucine par IleP. Cet exemple constitue une parfaite illustration de la spécialisation des souches pathogènes aux conditions nutritionnelles de leur hôte. En conclusion, l’ensemble des travaux présentés dans cette thèse a permis de démontrer la participation de deux transporteurs d’acides aminés à la virulence nutritionnelle de la bactérie Francisella. / Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia. This facultative intracellular pathogen can infect a broad variety of mammalian cells. To multiply actively in the cytoplasm of host cells, the bacteria must be able to capture in this environment all necessary nutrients, including amino acids, that constitute its principal carbon and nitrogen sources. Intracellular pathogens have established a set of mechanisms aimed at: i) hijacking the metabolic pathways of the host, to increase the pool of nutrients available, and ii) expressing transporters dedicated to the optimal transport of these nutrients. These mechanisms are grouped under the term "nutritional virulence." In Legionella pneumophila, several members of a sub-family of secondary active transporters (designated Pht for phagosomal transporter), responsible for the uptake of amino acids in the intracellular phase of the bacteria, have been characterized. In this work, we have established the role of two Pht members (designated AnsP and IleP) in amino acid transport and virulence of Francisella. The AnsP protein is an asparagine transporter. Deletion of the gene encoding the transporter has no effect on the growth of Francisella in synthetic medium, but lead to a drastic decrease in intracellular multiplication in all cell types tested, and significant attenuation of virulence in mouse. The loss of virulence of the ansP mutant was reversible in vivo and in vitro by addition of excess asparagine. F. tularensis, which is prototrophic for asparagine in minimum medium, becomes auxotrophic under its intracellular growth and requires transport of the amino acid via AnsP. This change of asparagine requirement between an environmental and an intracellular lifestyle illustrates the nutritional adaptation achieved by bacteria during infection. The deletion of the second transporter, IleP, causes a growth defect in minimum medium, reversible by adding threonine, a metabolic precursor of isoleucine in F. tularensis subsp. novicida. Transport asays with radiolabelled isoleucine have highlighted the role of IleP protein in isoleucine uptake. Deletion of the ileP gene caused a severe defect in intracellular multiplication, combined with a slight delay exit the phagosome and a significant attenuation of virulence in mice. Notably, the biosynthesis pathway of isoleucine via the threonine is interrupted in holarctica and tularensis subspecies. The growth of these subspecies, more virulent than novicida, in the infected cell becomes strictly dependent on the transport of isoleucine by IleP. This example is a perfect illustration of the specialization of pathogenic strains to nutritional condition of their host. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis has demonstrated the participation of two amino acid transporters to the nutritional virulence of the Francisella.

Handel via internet har vuxit i rekordfart vilket har lett till fler hemleveranser och därmed fler transporter. Samtidigt ökar behovet av att minska konsumtionens klimatpåverkan. Symboler har varit ett frekvent använt verktyg för att förmedla produkters miljöpåverkan. Hur konsumenter anser att transportens miljöpåverkan sak kommuniceras är ännu ett outforskat område. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur e-handelskonsumenter anser att kommunikation av miljövänligare transport bör utformas för att det miljövänligare alternativet ska framstå som mer attraktivt. Vidare vill vi undersöka om det finns skillnader och likheter i frågan mellan konsumenter med olika karaktärsdrag och i sådana fall vilka skillnader och likheter. Denna kvantitativa studie antar en deduktiv ansats där undersökningen utformas med tidigare forskning som bakgrund. En tvärsnittsdesign ligger till grund för det empiriska materialet och urvalet är e-handelskonsumenter av dagligvaror. Studiens resultat visar att enligt konsumenterna ska kommunikationen av miljövänligare transport bestå av formatet symbol och informationen ska ta hänsyn till att de motiveras mest av att göra gott för omvärlden och miljön, att ta eget ansvar samt att förstå konsekvenserna av sina val. Det största hindret enligt konsumenterna är pris. Vidare upptäcktes vissa samband mellan konsumenternas karaktärsdrag och vilken kommunikation de anser gör den miljövänligare transporten mer attraktiv. / Introduction Online shopping has grown rapidly which has led to an increased home delivery transportation. At the same time, the importance of decreasing the climate impact from consumption is a fact. Symbols have been a popular tool to communicate the environmental impact of products. The consumers’ opinions regarding how the communication of environmentally friendly transports should be made, is still an unexplored area. Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate how e-commerce consumers consider that communication of environmentally friendly transportation should be designed to make that option more attractive. Furthermore, we want to investigate whether there may be differences and similarities between consumers with different characteristics and, in such cases, which those are. Method This quantitative study has a deductive approach and the survey was designed upon a foundation of previous research. The empirical material consists of a survey where the selection was ecommerce consumers of groceries. Conclusion This study’s results show that, according to the consumers, communication of environmentally friendly transportation should consist of the format symbol and the information should consider that they are mostly motivated by doing good for their surrounding world, acting responsibly and understanding the consequences of their action. The largest obstacle for the consumers is the price. Furthermore, some relationships were identified between consumer characteristics and what type of communication they consider makes more environmentally friendly transport attractive.

Notre projet vise à déterminer la structure 3D du transporteur BmrA de Bacillus subtilis. La protéine a été purifiée dans six détergents différents. L'utilisation de foscholine 12, a conduit à cristalliser OmpF, une porine de la membrane externe d'E. coli. Nous montrons que les conditions de cristallisation influencent directement l'empilement cristallin d'OmpF. Le protocole de purification de BmrA, optimisé en utilisant du triton X100 à l'extraction puis un mélange β-D-dodecyl maltoside-cholate pour les étapes chromatographiques nous a permis d'obtenir à 4°C des cristaux, pour lesquels nous avons vérifié qu'ils sont constitués de BmrA. Ces cristaux ont permis d'obtenir un jeu complet jusqu'à 7 Å. Ces données de diffraction constituent une avancée significative pour résoudre à court terme la structure 3D de BmrA. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de dosage des détergents qui est basée sur la détermination par spectrométrie de masse de type MALDI du ratio d'isotopes deutérés/ protonés. La méthode a été validée avec la FC12, le DDM, le β-OG, le LMNG, le CHAPS, le cholate et des détergents calix[4]aréniques, en mesurant la concentration de ces détergents dans différentes conditions d'extraction/purification, de concentration, dialyse et gel filtration, de différentes protéines membranaires. Cette méthode nous a permis (i) d'estimer la taille de la ceinture de détergent associée à BmrA et d'autres protéines membranaires (ii) de moduler cette taille en fonction de mélange de détergents et (iii) d'apporter des informations sur le comportement des complexes protéine-détergent / Our project aims to determine the 3D structure of BmrA from Bacillus subtilis. The protein was purified in six different detergents. Using foscholine 12, led to crystallize OmpF, an outer membrane porin of E. coli. We show that the crystallization conditions directly influence the crystal packing of OmpF. The BmrA purification protocol optimized by using Triton X100 at the extraction and a mixture β-D-dodecyl-maltoside cholate for chromatographic steps allowed us to get to 4°C crystals, for which we verified they consist of BmrA. These crystals have yielded full data to 7 Å. These diffraction data are a significant advance in the short term to resolve the 3D structure of BmrA. We have developed a new detergents dosage assay which is based on the determination by MALDI-type mass ratio of deuterated isotopes / protonated. The method was validated with the FC12, the DDM, the β-OG, the LMNG, CHAPS, cholate detergents and calix [4] aréniques by measuring the concentration of these detergents in different conditions of extraction/ purification, concentration, dialysis and gel filtration, of different membrane proteins. This method allowed us (i) to estimate the size of the detergent belt associated to BmrA and other membrane proteins (ii) to modulate this size in terms of the detergent mixture and (iii) to provide information on the behavior of complex protein-detergent

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of the SLC22A1 gene and to deduce its possible pharmacogenetic implications within the Cape Coloured population of South Africa; a uniquely admixed population of immigrant Europeans, Asians and the indigenous populations. Recent studies have reported an abundance of polymorphic variants within this solute carrier transporter gene encoding for the organic cation transporter 1, as well as evidence linking these variants to an effect on metformin uptake. This study included establishing baseline frequency distribution of previously reported alleles for 20 SNP variants within the SLC22A1 gene, as well as the development of SNaPshot® and Multiplex AS-PCR genotyping assays, and also exploring the possibility of using High-resolution melt (HRM) analysis as a costeffective alternative for SNP genotyping. Ethics clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of the Western Cape. Biological samples in the form of buccal (oral) swabs were collected from 132 unrelated voluntary donors from the Cape Coloured population residing in the Cape Metropolitan area. Two SNaPshot® Multiplex Systems were specifically designed for the study,successfully optimized and used for genotyping. Hundred genetic profiles were then generated for a total of 20 SNP variants on SLC22A1 gene, using this primer extension-based genotyping method that enables multiplexing up 10 SNPs. Population genetics data obtained for the investigated SNPs were analysed using various statistical analysis software. Important population genetic parameters were calculated, and possible pharmacogenetics implications were then discussed. Among others, allelic and genotypic frequencies, as well as linkage disequilibrium were determined and compared with world populations. Minor deviation from Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the Cape Coloured population. No significantLinkage Disequilibrium between the investigated SNPs was observed in this population. A Multiplex allele specific – PCR (MAS-PCR) genotyping system was successfully designed and optimized for the genotyping of 10 SNPs from the SLC22A1. This system, also developed specifically for this study, was made of 2 multiplexes each covering 5 SNPs. It is an inexpensive genotyping assay that allows for efficient discrimination of SNP polymorphisms in one reaction tube with standard PCR conditions. A pilot study was conducted to explore the possibility of using High-resolution melt (HRM) analysis as a cost-effective alternative for SNP genotyping. In addition to genotyping, HRM analysis can be used to scan large numbers of samples for novel genetic variations. / South Africa

Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder. The etiology of autism still remains unclear due to the heterogeneous and complex nature of the disorder, however synergistic actions between genetic components and environmental factors have been suggested. Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most popular over-the-counter drugs that possess antipyretic and analgesic effects. It is considered a relatively safe and effective within therapeutic doses. Recently, early exposure to APAP has been suggested to be one of the underlying cause of autism. Children are often prescribed APAP to lessen fever or irritability after vaccination during the first year, and APAP may adversely affect the normal brain development. In order to better understand the association with APAP and autism, we used an inbred mouse strain BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR). BTBR exhibits behavioral deficits that mimic the core behavioral deficits of human autism. In the study, investigated 1) if BTBR mice showed differences in thiol biochemistry and EAAT3 levels in brain compared with C57BL/6J (C57) mice, 2) if early exposure to APAP induced behavioral changes worsening the autistic phenotypes of BTBR in adolescence, and 3) if APAP exposure in neonatal mice induced possible toxicity at various doses. As a result, we observed that BTBR mice have significantly lower plasma sulfate levels and EAAT expression levels in the frontal cortex compared to C57 mice. Surprisingly, neonatal therapeutic dose of APAP administration did not induce behavioral changes in both C57 and BTBR in adolescence. However, we showed that a supratheraputic dose of APAP significantly elevated levels of oxidative stress marker in the brain. Overall, the results suggested that BTBR mice would be a useful mouse model to investigate effects of various environmental factors that have been associated with autism. In addition, early exposure to APAP at supratherapeutic doses may negatively affect normal brain development.

Les acides aminés ont de nombreuses fonctions dans l’organisme en plus de leur rôle comme constituants élémentaires des protéines. Ils peuvent par exemple servir de neurotransmetteur ou de signal pour l’activation de voies de signalisation intracellulaires. Leur passage à travers la membrane plasmique est facilité par des transporteurs de la famille des protéines SLC. Les transporteurs hétérodimériques d’acides aminés HAT appartiennent aux SLC. Les HAT sont constitués d’une chaîne légère SLC7 assurant la spécificité de transport et d’une chaîne lourde SLC3 impliquée dans l’adressage du complexe protéique à la membrane. Ma thèse a porté sur l’étude du rôle d’un homologue de SLC7 chez la drosophile, Minidiscs (Mnd), dans le fonctionnement du système nerveux. Mnd appartiendrait aux transporteurs du système L, principalement connus pour leur rôle dans la prolifération cellulaire. Mes travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence la localisation de Mnd dans le cerveau de drosophile dans certains neurones (corps pédonculés, neurones dopaminergiques) et dans certaines cellules gliales (glie corticale). La présence de Mnd dans le cerveau semble intervenir dans la modulation de certains comportements, tels que le réflexe de géotaxie négative. Ces travaux ont aussi montré que, comme les HAT de mammifères, Mnd s’associe de façon covalente à un partenaire protéique. Les expériences de transport semblent par ailleurs confirmer l’appartenance de Mnd au système L.Ces résultats suggèrent que Mnd est probablement impliqué dans la régulation de l’activité neuronale et donc dans le fonctionnement du système nerveux, ce qui n’avait encore jamais été décrit pour un transporteur du système L. / Amino acids have many functions in the body in addition to their role as basic constituents of proteins. They can for example serve as a neurotransmitter or signal for the activation of intracellular pathways. Carriers of the SLC protein family facilitate their path through the plasma membrane. The heterodimeric amino acid transporters HAT belong to SLC proteins. HAT are composed of a light chain SLC7 ensuring the specificity of transport and a heavy chain SLC3 involved in the addressing of the protein complex to the plasma membrane. My thesis focused on studying the role of a SLC7 homologue in drosophila, Minidiscs (Mnd), in the functioning of the nervous system. Mnd might belong to system L carriers, mainly known for their role in cell proliferation. My thesis work led to highlight the location of Mnd in the drosophila brain in some neurons (mushroom bodies, dopaminergic neurons) and some glial cells (cortical glia). The presence of Mnd in the brain seems to be involved in the modulation of some behaviors such as negative geotaxis reflex. This work also showed that, as for mammal HAT, Mnd is associated covalently to a protein partner. Transport experiments seem also to confirm the belonging of Mnd to the system L. These results suggest that Mnd is probably involved in the regulation of neuronal activity and thus in the functioning of the nervous system, which had never been described for a system L carrier.

This thesis focuses on the structural and functional characterization of two integral membrane proteins; CfrA, an outer membrane TonB-dependent transporter (TBDT) from Campylobacter jejuni, and ELIC, a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) from Erwinia Chrysanthemi. The spectroscopic characterization of CfrA revealed a fold consistent with the structural and biophysical properties observed for other TBDT. Both a homology model of CfrA and sequence alignments of CfrA with other ferric-enterobactin transporters suggested a unique mode of ligand binding, thus raising the possibility that C. jejuni can be specifically inhibited. To investigate the molecular determinates of binding to CfrA, I set out to crystallize CfrA. Hundreds of crystal trials led to crystals diffracting to 3.6 Å resolution, with a complete data set acquired at 5 Å resolution that led to a structural model of the CfrA β-barrel. In the second part of this thesis, I reconstituted ELIC into model membranes in order to test the role of intramembrane aromatic interactions in ELIC gating and lipid sensing. ELIC was reconstituted into both asolectin (aso-ELIC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-ELIC), membranes that stabilize the homologous nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in functional coupled versus non-functional uncoupled conformations, respectively. In both membrane environments, ELIC exhibits a mixed α-helical and β-sheet secondary structure, with a thermal denaturation intermediate between those of the nAChR and the close prokaryotic homolog, GLIC, in similar membranes. The data suggest that although ELIC has a decreased propensity to adopt an uncoupled conformation relative to the nAChR, its ability to undergo cysteamine-induced channel gating is sensitive to its lipid environment. The decreased propensity to uncouple may reflect an increased level of aromatics at the interface between the transmembrane α-helices, M1, M3, and M4. To test this hypothesis further, the level or aromatic residues at the M1, M3, and M4 interface in both GLIC and ELIC were varied, and in both cases the levels of intramembrane aromatic interactions correlated with the efficiency of coupling binding to gating. The data provide further evidence for a role of intramembrane aromatics in channel gating and in dictating the propensity of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels to adopt an uncoupled conformation.

This thesis deals with a truck transport and with influence economic crisis on truck transport. The theoretical part is specialized in the truck transport in general, in the highways and toll in the Czech Republic, in the transporters' association, in international contracts and in the characteristic of truck transport management. The practical part deals with a choosen transport firm and with influence economic crisis on this choosen firm.

Avant sa libération, le glutamate est accumulé dans des vésicules synaptiques par trois transporteurs vésiculaires (VGLUT1-3). Les cellules ciliées internes (CCI) de la cochlée n'expriment que VGLUT3. Pour étudier son rôle dans la physiologie cochléaire, nous avons utilisé une lignée de souris dont le gène Slc17a8, qui code pour VGLUT3, a été invalidé par recombinaison homologue. Les mutants ne présentaient pas de réponse nerveuse à une stimulation sonore. Les mécanismes d'exocytose des CCI étaient normaux et leurs synapses normales en microscopie électronique. Des immunoblots montraient que le transporteur membranaire du glutamate GLAST, ainsi que les sous-unités GLUR2 et NR1 des récepteurs AMPA et NMDA étaient toujours exprimées. Enfin, des potentiels auditifs du tronc cérébral étaient enregistrés après une stimulation électrique au niveau de la fenêtre ronde. Toutefois, nos résultats indiquent des diminutions de ~50% des synapses afférentes et de ~40% des neurones auditifs primaires ainsi qu'une réduction importante des terminaisons efférentes latérales sous les CCI.SLC17A8 est responsable de la surdité de perception non syndromique dominante DFNA25. Nous avons identifié une mutation dans l'exon 5 conduisant au remplacement de l'Alanine211 en Valine. Cette Alanine est conservée dans les VGLUT3 de différentes espèces ainsi que dans les VGLUT1-3 humains, suggérant un rôle fonctionnel important pour cet acide aminé. Nous avons caractérisé les propriétés biochimiques de la mutation A211V en culture de cellules. Le transporteur muté était correctement adressé aux boutons présynaptiques. Cependant, la mutation pA211V entraîne un défaut d'expression important en partie expliqué par le fait que le codon codant la valine est un codon rare. De plus, les études du transport de glutamate ont montré que la forme mutée est hyperactive par rapport à la forme native. L'ensemble de ces résultats montre que la mutation entraine un phénotype cellulaire complexe. / Before its release, glutamate is accumulated into synaptic vesicles by three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-3). Only VGLUT3 is expressed in the inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlea. To study its role in the hearing physiology, we used a mouse in which the Slc17a8 gene, which encodes VGLUT3, has been null-mutated. In this VGLUT3-/- mouse, no auditory nerve response to acoustic stimuli could be recorded. All the others cochlear potentials were normal. The genetic deletion of Slc17a8 in mice resulted in a profound deafness, without altering the IHCs synapse morphology and the synaptic vesicles turnover. Using western blot, we then observed that the glutamate-aspartate transporter GLAST and the GLUR2 and NR1 subunits of AMPA and NMDA receptors were always expressed. Finally, auditory brainstem responses could be elicited by electrical stimuli on the round window. However, VGLUT3-/- IHCs presented a ~50% loss of IHCs synapses and a ~40% loss of primary auditory neurons. The number of lateral olivocochlear synapses with primary auditory neurons dendrites was strongly reduced.The SLC17A8 gene is responsible for DFNA25, an autosomal dominant progressive, high-frequency nonsyndromic deafness. We identified a heterozygous non-synonymous missense mutation in exon 5, leading to the amino acid change p.A211V. The A211 residue is conserved in VGLUT3 across species and in all the human VGLUT subtypes (VGLUT1-3), suggesting an important functional role. We characterized the biochemical properties of the A211V mutation in cell culture. Our results suggest that the mutated VGLUT3 was correctly addressed at the presynaptic boutons. However, the pA211V mutation induced an expression decrease because the valine codon is a rare codon. Moreover, the glutamate uptake is increased with the mutated VGLUT3. All these results shows that this mutation involves a complex cellular phenotype.

Skanska har identifierat ett problem med att Örebro kommun har hårda restriktioner kring deponier och mängden massor som får lossas där. Då byggtakten under lång tid varit hög i Örebro ser Skanska att många deponier kring Örebro börjar bli fulla. I de fall då närmsta deponi inte har möjlighet att ta emot schaktmassor, orsakar det längre transportsträckor av schaktmassorna till andra deponier. Syftet med denna studie är därför att skapa en beräkningsmodell som jämför olika transportalternativs inverkan på miljön och ekonomin.Beräkningsmodellen i denna rapport har framställts genom litteraturstudier samt intervjuer. En tillämpning av beräkningsmodellen appliceras på två exempel för att illustrera utsläpp och kostnader.Beräkningsmodellen avgränsas till att beräkna utsläpp och kostnader som genereras från transporter av schaktmassor mellan projekt, deponi och täkt.Med hjälp av den framtagna beräkningsmodellen har kostnader och utsläpp illustreras för projektet Marieberg Törsjö 3:14. Två exempel beräknas vilka båda utgår från Marieberg Törsjö 3:14. Antagna föroreningar i marken medför att klassningen av massorna skiljer sig i de två exemplen. Detta medför att regler kring omhändertagning av massorna, arbetssätt och de olika geografiska platserna för deponier och täkter skiljer sig mellan de olika exemplen.I rapporten har en fungerande beräkningsmodell utvecklats, den illustrerar utsläpp och kostnader kopplade till transporten av massorna. Beräkningsmodellen kan användas av företag för att illustrera miljöpåverkan som transporter mellan två olika deponier eller täkter ger upphov till, samt prisskillnaden som de olika alternativen genererar. / Skanska has identified a problem that Örebro municipality having severe restrictions on landfills and what masses may be unloaded there. Since the construction rate has been high in Örebro for a long time, Skanska sees that many landfills around Örebro are getting full. In some cases when the nearest landfill is no longer able to receive excavation masses, the company is forced to transport the excavation masses unnecessary distances to other landfills. The purpose of this study is therefore to create a calculation model that compares the impact of different transport alternatives on both the environment and the economy.The calculation model is developed through literature studies and interviews. The calculation tool will be applied to two examples to illustrate emissions and costs.The calculation model is limited to calculating emissions and costs generated from transport of excavation masses between projects, landfills and quarries.Using the theoretical model developed, costs and emissions have been illustrated for the project Marieberg Törsjö 3:14. The two examples based on Marieberg Törsjö 3:14 differ in the classification of the masses. This means that rules regarding the handling of the masses, working methods and the different geographical locations for landfills and quarries differ between the different examples.A conclusion from this study is a working calculation model has been developed that illustrates emissions and costs associated with the transport of the masses. The calculation model can be used by companies to illustrate the environmental impact that transport between two different landfills or quarries generates, as well as the price difference generated by the different alternatives.