A experiência profissional em uma empresa de tecnologia centrada na mobilidade urbana permitiu a identificação de três ganhos principais da aplicação de sistemas de informação na operação de ônibus urbanos: econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Porém, no desenvolvimento de novos modelos de negócios foram identificadas dificuldades em posicionar o ganho ambiental como uma proposta de valor para os principais clientes da empresa: empresas operadoras de ônibus urbanos. Baseado nessa problemática, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa, norteada pela busca por uma proposta de valor que possa ser apresentada por empresas de tecnologia focadas na mobilidade urbana para tornar tangível ganhos ambientais aos seus clientes. Para tanto, foi levantado o histórico de atuação que delineia o modelo de negócio das empresas de ônibus, seu contexto de atuação frente ao movimento de cidades inteligentes, com aumento de atenção às questões ambientais e a aderência da tecnologia a seus processos operacionais. Esse panorama sustentou a identificação de proposta de valor inicial de um sistema de informação para apoio a processos de gestão ambiental em empresas de ônibus. Esse produto foi então exposto aos profissionais de tecnologia e de transporte, para verificação de sua proposta de valor e construção. Os retornos desses profissionais permitiram definir uma proposta de valor alinhada ao interesse de empresários de ônibus em computar indicadores de sustentabilidade de suas operações, especialmente no que tange a gestão ambiental. O produto que entrega essa proposta de valor teve então sua viabilidade de implantação verificada, mediante a valoração junto aos clientes, precificação e custos de desenvolvimento e manutenção / The professional experience in a technology company focused on urban mobility allowed the identification of three main advantages to information systems application in the urban buses operation: economic, social and environmental. However, in the development of new business models, difficulties were identified in positioning the environmental gain as a value proposition for the company\'s main customers: urban bus operators. Based on this problem, this research was developed, guided by the search for a value proposition that can be presented by technology companies focused on urban mobility to achieve environmental gains to their clients. In order to do so, the company\'s history of action was drawn up, outlining the business model of bus companies, their context of action in relation to the movement of smart cities, increasing attention to environmental issues and the adherence of technology to their operational processes. This set supported the identification of initial value proposition of an information system to support environmental management processes in bus companies. This product was then exposed to technology and transportation professionals to verify their value and construction proposal. The feedbacks of these professionals allowed us to define a value proposition according with the interest of bus operators in computing sustainability indicators of their operations, especially regarding environmental management. The product that pack this value proposition had its viability of implementation verified, through customers\' valuation, pricing and development and maintenance costs.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / A falta de mobilidade urbana é uma grande preocupação da gestão pública em todo o mundo. Algumas políticas têm sido adotadas a fim de minimizar seus efeitos nas grandes cidades. Construção de rotas alternativas, melhorias e incentivo ao uso de transportes públicos, construção de ciclovias e estímulo ao uso de bicicletas são algumas dessas políticas. Uma prática que pode contribuir para a solução do problema é a carona. Carona consiste no ato de transportar gratuitamente num veículo pessoas que possuem trajetórias semelhantes. Embora existam algumas aplicações que se propõem a facilitar a prática de caronas, nenhuma dessas aplicações possuem funcionalidades de busca por usuários que possuem similaridades de trajetória e de perfil demográfico e social. Neste trabalho, propomos uma abordagem inovadora, considerando peculiaridades do contexto do uso de caronas, que visa a descoberta de agrupamentos de usuários que possuem trajetórias semelhantes, usuários que possuem perfis semelhantes e agrupamentos de usuários que são similares considerando suas trajetórias e seus perfis. Elementos intrínsecos ao problema são formalmente definidos e uma primeira análise de complexidade para tempo de processamento foi realizada. Uma rede social de propósito específico para o compartilhamento de caronas foi modelada e implementada com respeito à abordagem proposta. O método para experimentação e avaliação da abordagem consistiu (i) na confecção de base de dados alimentada periodicamente em tempo real por dados de trânsito obtidos a partir de aparelhos de smartphone com GPS de voluntários em trânsito com seus automóveis, (ii) aplicação da abordagem proposta para geração dos agrupamentos de usuários a partir da base estabelecida e (iii) aplicação da métrica Davies-Boulding Index, que indica o quão factível os agrupamentos são. Resultados mostraram a efetividade da abordagem para solução do problema se comparada a formas bem estabelecidas da literatura relacionada, como o K-means, por exemplo. Resultados da análise da base de dados também mostraram que algumas informações de trânsito podem ser inferidas a partir de ações de mineração. Por fim, a aceitabilidade de potenciais usuários da rede social foi medida a partir de questionário. / Problems related to urban mobility is a big concern to public administration. Some policies have been adopted in order to soften those problems in large cities. Building new routes, encouraging the use of public transportation, building new bike paths and encouraging the use of bicycle are some of them. A common practice which is closely related to cultural habits in some nations and which can contribute to soften the problem is ridesharing. Ridesharing is defined as a grouping of travellers into common trip by car or van. Though there exist some applications that aim to facilitate the practice of ridesharing, none of them have the functionality to search automatically for users with similar trajectories or demographic and social profile. In this work, we proposed an innovative approach, considering ridesharing context, that aims to discover clusters of users that have similar trajectories, clusters of users that have similar profile and clusters of users with similar trajectory and similar profile. Furthermore, we define a formalization of ridesharing terms and an initial time complexity analysis is done. A social network for ridesharing has been also modeled and developed according to proposed approach. Experimentation and evaluation method consist of: (i) Building a dataset from volunteers in transit with GPS-equipped smartphones, (ii) Using proposed approach to generate clusters of users and application of Davies-Boulding index metrics which reflects how similar the elements of the same cluster are, as well as the dissimilarity among distinct clusters. Results show the feasibility of the approach to problem solution if compared with some approach established in literature such as, K-means. Results of dataset analysis show that some traffic information should undergo data mining. Finally, social network mobile app acceptance was measured by questionnaire.

The urban study is related to the notion of continuity of the different threatening conditions to physical, biological and socio wellness of the built space. The occupational dimension was observed with advanced techniques in Geographic Information System (GIS) and evaluated from the degree of accessibility and mobility directly guided by the patterns and processes of constructed space in which mobile and immobile elements are ordered. Both the environment people live in a state of continuous and profound environmental changes and the dynamic urban conditions. The urban space continues with a negative balance in the set of network that has been modernized in the current metropolitan system, the dynamics of urban structure is compromised by mobility circularity and municipal boundaries that the road network and its vectored patterns are actively oriented to the ecological conditions of the current state of the critical socio-organization. The city of Aracaju and its metropolitan area are the main determinants as complementary arrangements of roads and require a reorganization to improve their access and mobility implying its broadest extension. A solution to the urbanized space can be suggested starting from necessary and urgent reform of the metropolitan road network aiming fluidity and distribution of space and movement. / O estudo urbano está relacionado à continuidade das diferentes condições ameaçadoras ao bem estar físico, biológico e socioambiental do espaço construído. Neste sentido, a dimensão ocupacional foi observada com técnica avançada em Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), avaliada a partir do grau de acessibilidade e mobilidade pautada nos padrões e processos do espaço construído, no qual elementos moveis e imóveis estão ordenados. O espaço urbano continua com um saldo negativo no conjunto de rede que foi modernizado no atual sistema metropolitano, em que a dinâmica da estruturação urbana está comprometida na mobilidade, circularidade e principalmente pelos limites municipais que desempenham um papel ativamente linear pela complexidade da expansão urbana a partir do litoral. Conclui-se que a rede viária e seus padrões vetorizados são continuamente orientados para as condições ecológicas da atual organização socioestrutural. A cidade de Aracaju e sua Região Metropolitana são complementares em principais condicionantes do arranjo das vias urbanas e necessitam de uma (re) organização para o melhoramento do seu acesso e mobilidade implicando na sua extensão mais abrangente. Sugerem-se algumas soluções para o espaço urbanizado a partir de reformas necessárias e urgentes da rede viária metropolitana, visando fluidez e (re) distribuição de espaço e circulação.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a demanda potencial para um sistema de compartilhamento de bicicletas pedelecs no campus da USP de São Carlos, com foco nos deslocamentos de estudantes entre as duas áreas do campus. Para tanto, foi elaborado um conjunto de procedimentos, que constituem duas etapas: caracterização do público-alvo e análise da demanda potencial pelas bicicletas pedelecs compartilhadas. Na primeira etapa foi aplicado um questionário, elaborado com a técnica de preferência declarada, para verificar as preferências dos usuários em relação às pedelecs compartilhadas e ao ônibus operado pela USP. Os resultados desta consulta, que envolveu variáveis de condições meteorológicas, situação de ciclovias/ciclofaixas entre as áreas do campus e lotação do ponto de ônibus USP, foram posteriormente utilizados para calibrar um modelo logit e treinar uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA). Na segunda etapa foi elaborada uma planilha eletrônica com os dados obtidos na coleta, a fim de analisar as probabilidades de escolha da pedelec (ao invés do ônibus USP). Nesta planilha também foram utilizados dados do histórico meteorológico de São Carlos no período entre 2011 e 2015. Alguns dos resultados obtidos são destacados na sequência. A probabilidade de escolha das pedelecs é, em média, três vezes maior quando existem ciclovias/ciclofaixas (em relação à ausência da referida infraestrutura cicloviária). A ocupação do ponto de ônibus USP também é impactante, pois as probabilidades de uso da bicicleta pedelec praticamente dobram quando o ponto está cheio. No caso da meteorologia, foi constatado que as maiores probabilidades ocorrem no Outono e no Inverno, ou seja, nas épocas em que se concentram os dias mais secos e com menores temperaturas. Para o período letivo de 2011 a 2015, considerando a situação atual (isto é, sem ciclovias/ciclofaixas entre as áreas), os valores de probabilidade de uso da pedelec correspondem a 9% com o ponto vazio e 19% com o ponto cheio. Se houvesse ciclovias/ciclofaixas, a probabilidade seria de até 54%. Desse modo, a estratégia de análise desenvolvida conceitualmente, bem como implantada em planilha eletrônica, se constitui em importante ferramenta de auxílio para a condução da política de transportes que a Prefeitura do campus irá adotar para os anos futuros. Além disso, evidencia uma possível demanda potencial para um sistema com pedelecs compartilhadas. / The objective of this study was to analyze the potential demand for a pedelec sharing system at the São Carlos campus of the University of São Paulo (USP), aiming at the displacements of students between the two campus Areas. The set of procedures developed to reach the objective has involved two steps: characterization of the target audience and analysis of the potential demand for shared pedelecs. The first step was accomplished with a questionnaire designed with a stated preference approach for identifying users\' preferences regarding shared pedelecs and the bus system operated by the university. The survey results, which involved variables of weather conditions, existence of bike paths/bike lanes between the campus Areas, and occupancy rates at the USP bus stop, were subsequently used to calibrate a logit model and to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The survey data were also used in the second step of the process, in which an electronic spreadsheet was created to analyze the probabilities of choosing the pedelec alternative (instead of the bus route operated by university). The spreadsheet was also fed with meteorological data of São Carlos in the period between 2011 and 2015. Some of the obtained outcomes are highlighted in the sequence. The probability of a pedelec being chosen is almost three times higher if bike paths/bike lanes do exist than if they do not exist. The occupancy rates of the bus stop are also particularly relevant. The probability of someone choosing a pedelec nearly doubles when the bus stop is crowded. Regarding the weather conditions, the highest probabilities are observed in the Fall and Winter seasons, i. e. in the driest and coldest days. For the entire academic period comprised between 2011 and 2015, the probabilities range from 9% (empty bus stop) to 19% (full bus stop), considering the current situation (i. e. no cycleways connect the two campus Areas). In the presence of this cycling infrastructure, however, the probability goes up to 54%. Thus, the strategy of analysis conceptually developed, and made available through an electronic spreadsheet, may be an important support tool for the implementation of transport policies by the campus administration. In addition, it highlights a likely potential demand for a system of shared pedelecs.

A Lei nº 12.587, de 3 de janeiro de 2012, obriga a todos os municípios brasileiros com população superior a 20 mil habitantes a elaborarem um plano de mobilidade urbana integrado e compatível com seus respectivos planos diretores ou neles inseridos, priorizando os modos de transporte não motorizados. Apesar da exigência legal, muitos municípios brasileiros, principalmente os de pequeno porte, não dispõem de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de sistemas cicloviários. O objetivo deste trabalho é elaborar um método para definição de rede de rotas cicláveis em áreas urbanas de cidades de pequeno porte, cuja ideia central é avaliar segmentos viários com relação a fatores que influenciam no uso da bicicleta como modo de transporte urbano, tais como declividade, disponibilidade de espaço e influência exercida pelos veículos motorizados. O método proposto é subdividido em cinco etapas: (1) caracterização da área de estudo; (2) análise dos polos geradores de tráfego por bicicletas; (3) avaliação da compatibilidade das vias com o transporte cicloviário; (4) identificação das rotas cicláveis; e (5) definição da rede. Os modelos escolhidos para a verificação do perfil topográfico e para a avaliação da qualidade de serviço das vias de tráfego para o transporte cicloviário são, respectivamente, o modelo da AASHTO (1999) e o modelo de Sorton e Walsh (1994). Foi realizado um estudo de caso na cidade de Bariri-SP. Os resultados mostram que as rotas cicláveis identificadas priorizam segmentos com infraestrutura cicloviária pré-existente, assim como locais que necessitam de facilidades para ciclistas, como ciclofaixas e ciclovias, e dispõem de espaço para sua inserção. Quanto aos espaços compartilhados, nota-se uma tendência de que as rotas cicláveis sejam compostas por segmentos com boas avaliações globais de nível de estresse. A rede de rotas cicláveis definida para a cidade de Bariri-SP é formada por 19 eixos viários distribuídos de maneira a atender toda a área delimitada para estudo. / The law 12.587 of January 3rd, 2012, enforces every Brazilian city over 20,000 inhabitants to elaborate an urban mobility plan integrated and compatible with their respective master plans, giving priority to non-motorized transportation modes. Despite legal enforcement, many Brazilian cities, mainly the small ones, are not given proper guidelines to develop cycling systems. This research\'s goal is to elaborate a method to define a cycling routes network in urban areas of small-sized cities, whose main point is to assess road segments according to factors that influence the bicycle use as an urban transportation mode, such as slope, space availability to stand cycling transportation as well as motorized vehicles influence on bicycle traffic. The proposed method splits into five steps: (1) study area characterization; (2) analysis of bicycle traffic generator poles; (3) evaluation of the streets compatibility with bicycle transportation; (4) cycling routes identification; (5) network definition. The chosen models for topographic verification and service quality ratings of the roads for cycling transportation are, respectively, the AASHTO\'s (1999) model and the Sorton and Walsh\'s (1994) model. A case study was carried out in the city of Bariri-SP. The results of the proposed method\'s application show that the identified cycling routes prioritize road segments with cycling infrastructure already existent, as well as places in need of cycling facilities, such as cycle lanes and cycle paths, that have available space to accommodate them. Concerning shared spaces, there\'s a trend that cycling routes are composed of segments with good global stress level evaluations. The cycling routes network defined in the city of Bariri-SP is made up by 19 road axes widespread to serve the whole area delimited for study.

L’accueil de la coupe du Monde 2014 et des JO 2016 à Rio de Janeiro représente la consécration d’une stratégie de construction de ville attractive qui se base sur l’organisation de méga-événements, un contexte économique favorable et une entente conjoncturelle entre les différents niveaux de gouvernement brésiliens. Cette politique néolibérale de fabrique et de gouvernance de l’espace urbain – impliquant une nouvelle reconfiguration des coalitions d’acteurs historiquement présents dans le circuit de l’accumulation urbain – se fonde sur la rénovation de la ville de Rio dans le but de l’insérer dans la compétition internationale des villes, mais aussi pour échapper, sur le plan national, à sa trajectoire de décadence sur fond de crise économique et politique (qui débuta dans les années 1970-1980). Dans les discours officiels, les transformations urbaines à l’œuvre répondent aux besoins de la « ville olympique » tout en provoquant des impacts positifs pour les habitants de la ville (et par conséquent pour ceux de la région métropolitaine). Dans ce contexte, les investissements en infrastructures de mobilité sont les plus importants, en termes de montants investis et d’impacts sur l’espace urbain, amenant les pouvoirs publics à parler d’une « révolution des transports » capable de résoudre la crise de la mobilité qui aggrave les processus de ségrégation et d’exclusion urbaine. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer, à travers une analyse multi-scalaire, c’est-à-dire les échelles métropolitaine, municipale et intra-municipales), les impacts différenciés des projets de transport sur la justice socio-spatiale à Rio de Janeiro. Outre une mise en perspective des différents projets et composantes de la « révolution des transports » et de leurs effets sur les dynamiques urbaines, il s’agit d’appliquer différents critères de justice à l’analyse géographique pour proposer une évaluation complexe des impacts des projets de transport, qu’ils portent sur la satisfaction de la demande en termes de capacité et de qualité, ou sur des externalités dépassant ceux de la mobilité (expropriations d’habitants, spéculation immobilière, etc.). La méthodologie qualitative (observation de terrain et entretiens semi-directifs) combinée à cette grille de lecture multicritère de la justice permet de d’appréhender les effets à différentes échelles, de repérer les divers groupes d’acteurs en conflit dans ce contexte de ville attractive et d’identifier quels sont les gagnants et les perdants de cette stratégie urbaine. Finalement, les impacts de la « révolution des transports » provoquent des changements qui n’impliquent pas de rupture réelle, ni avec le modèle routier de mobilité ni avec les logiques de ségrégation de la ville néolibérale. Tout changer pour que rien ne change ? / Rio de Janeiro’s hosting of the World Cup 2014 and the Olympics Games 2016, is the consecration of the "attractive city" strategy, which is based on the triplet organization of mega-events, dynamic economic context and circumstantial alignment between the three levels of Government. This neoliberal policy and governance related to the construction of the urban space implies a reconfiguration of coalitions of historical actors present in the circuit of urban accumulation. Rio’s urban renewal aims to link this city to the global circuit of cities competition, but also to evade from its path of economic and political decay, which began in the 1980s. In official statements, the ongoing urban transformations meet the requirements of the "Olympic city" and generate positive impacts for local and metropolitan inhabitants. In this context, investments in mobility infrastructure are the most meaningful, both in financial and impacts on urban space terms. This leads the government rhetoric of a "transport revolution", able to solve the urban mobility city crisis, clearly attached to processes of urban segregation and exclusion. The object of this thesis is to evaluate, through a multiscale analysis, which includes metropolitan, municipal and intra-urban dimensions, the various impacts of transportation projects on social and spatial justice in Rio de Janeiro. Then, based on justice theories applied to Geography, a multicriteria analytic model of justice is constructed, to assess the impact of transportation projects on terms of demand satisfaction and the effects on other processes such as expropriations and land speculation. The qualitative methodology (semi-structured interviews and field observation), along with the multicriteria framework of justice, allowed the identification of the various groups of conflicting actors in the constitution of the "attractive city" and, among them, those who "win" and those who "lose". The results indicate that the impact of the "transport revolution" in Rio de Janeiro, for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games, causes shifts that tear down neither the Brazilian road mobility model, nor the neoliberal’s city segregation rationale. Change everything in order to nothing change?

This master thesis ”Urban Mobility in the 21st Century” gives an insight into the challenges that come with car usage in today’s society. Even though decision makers are trying to encourage people to use other means of transport, the car is still the predominant choice of transport for many people. With this thesis I have tried to answer the question of why people generally prefer to commute and travel by car instead of using public commuting systems. The answers to this question are many. Different scientists have given their view of why people generally prefer to travel by car. One of the explanations is given by Zygmunt Bauman. He argues that we live in a society that demands consumption of both travel and merchandise as well as experiences. In this the car becomes the ultimate choice of transport, due to its apparent sense of speed, flexibility and safety. This appealing sense of speed, flexibility and safety also partly explains why people prefer to use the car, instead of public commuting systems. The society we live in today is complex with many activities spanning a wide geographical area, giving the car many advantages both in flexibility and speed. The decision makers in the European Commission, the Swedish government and the British government have tried to handle this usage of the car in different ways, sometimes by encouragement in using other means of transport, and other times by hard measures like road pricing or increased tax on petroleum. When analyzing these different methods and comparing with the dominating theories on urban mobility, I found that some methods are more successful than others and also that certain methods can have side effects that are less desirable.

Background Bikesharing is a versatile intervention, that enables cheap and convenient cycling for urban populations, and according to recent literature, has a positive impact on health, safety and the economy. Many of these impacts are based on the assumption of a modal shift induced by bikesharing, i.e. implementing a Bicycle Sharing System (BSS) will increase population cycling. However, the evidence is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the intervention of implementing a BSS increases cycling. The study was conducted using bicycle count data from Helsinki between 2014 to 2018. Methods A controlled interrupted time series design was used in combination with segmented regression as the method. An intervention series and a control series were analysed separately. The slopes (trend) and intercepts (level) of pre-intervention (2014&2015) segments were compared with post-intervention segments (2016-2018). The same analysis was performed in both intervention series and control series.  ResultsThe results from the intervention series showed an increase of 105% in the level of the outcome after the implementation of the intervention. Simultaneously, the control series showed that the underlying trend of cycling remained largely unchanged during the whole study period (level increased by 3%). Stratified analysis supported these results in both intervention and control series.   Conclusion The analysis of the intervention series revealed, that the level of the outcome increased sharply after the intervention, implying that the intervention had an immediate effect. However, the lack of statistical significance in the analysis of the slopes made it impossible to determine if the effect was sustained.

This diploma thesis focuses on the development of modal split, as a fundamental indicator determining travel behavior for traffic model forecasting. Firstly, approaches to traffic forecasting in the Czech Republic are described, and an emphasis is put on non-uniform definitions and factors influencing modal split. The body of the thesis describes methods of establishing, as well as the development and objective of the modal split in Brno, Zurich, Dresden, Nurnberg, and Vienna. For each city, the effects of traffic network changes on modal split and travel behavior are evaluated. Finally, the observed trends are compared with each other.

<div>The growth in online goods delivery is causing a dramatic surge in urban vehicle traffic from last-mile deliveries. On the other hand, ride-sharing has been on the rise with the success of ride-sharing platforms and increased research on using autonomous vehicle technologies for routing and matching. The future of urban mobility for passengers and goods relies on leveraging new methods that minimize operational costs and environmental footprints of transportation systems. </div><div><br></div><div>This paper considers combining passenger transportation with goods delivery to improve vehicle-based transportation. Even though the problem has been studied with model-based approaches where the dynamic model of the transportation system environment is defined, model-free approaches where the dynamics of the environment are learned by interaction have been demonstrated to be adaptable to new or erratic environment dynamics. </div><div><br></div><div>FlexPool is a distributed model-free deep reinforcement learning algorithm that jointly serves passengers \& goods workloads by learning optimal dispatch policies from its interaction with the environment. The model-free algorithm (as opposed to a model-based one) is an algorithm which does not use the transition probability distribution (and the reward function) associated with the Markov decision process (MDP).</div><div> The proposed algorithm pools passengers for a ride-sharing service and delivers goods using a multi-hop routing method. These flexibilities decrease the fleet's operational cost and environmental footprint while maintaining service levels for passengers and goods. The dispatching algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning is integrated with an efficient matching algorithm for passengers and goods. Through simulations on a realistic urban mobility platform, we demonstrate that FlexPool outperforms other model-free settings in serving the demands from passengers \& goods. FlexPool achieves 30\% higher fleet utilization and 35\% higher fuel efficiency in comparison to (i) model-free approaches where vehicles transport a combination of passengers \& goods without the use of multi-hop transit, and (ii) model-free approaches where vehicles exclusively transport either passengers or goods. </div>