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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Um estudo designativo em fronteiras enunciativas: a corrupção pelo prisma da semântica histórica da enunciação / A designating study in enunciative boundaries: corruption through the prism of the historical semantic of the utterance

Machado, Julio Cesar 27 September 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3880.pdf: 1710229 bytes, checksum: 9e2fb7bfc063f6a8a2a324283936e2d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-27 / We propose to conduct a enuciative-semantic study on corruption in the brazilian enunciation space. Affiliated ourselves to Historical Semantic of Enunciation as a way to understand the meaning, and to the Semântica do Acontecimento as a way to investigate data. By scanning the functioning of corruption in ways atypical, our inquiries reveal corruption as a boundary object enunciation (of senses crime / non-crime) from a society composed of mixed social positions, no longer absolute, as the subject innocent-guilty or the responsible-irresponsible. However, to operate an adjacent region of oscillating directions from the inset of voices spoken by speakers mixed, would require a theoretical foundation capable of accessing thicknesses language between evident dimensions of the exact and apparent of the inexact. We propose, from the Russian language, an uplift device analysis unprecedented we call the teoria da agitação enunciativa. Through it, we can handle the corruption as built by a statement of evidence, while it is destroyed by an enunciation of appearance. We investigate documents that attempt to crystallize senses of corruption, the legal space of enunciation and the Final Report of the Work of CPMI "Postal" (mensalão case). These clippings sets up a scenario of agitation enunciative among mensalão X loan, mostly. We will see that by stating, Talker judge dilutes the political (issue) through legal, closing the senses of corruption. We'll also see that the law allows corruption. We will verify it works today: 1) a legal corruption, given by utterances of evidence, and guiding directions for corruption (crime), from places absolute (E-guilty), 2) and non-legal corruption, given by the utterances appearance, and guiding directions for pro-corruption (between crime and non-crime), from places inset (Efloating). Our work instigates a scientific practice more consistent with the present modern, overwhelming places an absolute mathematically regular society, which is still an imaginary but not working well, and develop mechanisms to deal with unusual thickness of the language. Making semantics along the lines we propose in this paper is to debunk the simplistic way of finding directions and be bothered by this mode at the same time. It examines breakdowns in utterances on corruption and bring about change in treaty relations. It destabilizes domestications of corruption in the canonical way of thinking of society. / Propomo-nos a realizar um estudo enunciativo-semântico sobre a corrupção no espaço enunciativo brasileiro. Filiamo-nos à Semântica Histórica da Enunciação como modo de entender os sentidos, e à Semântica do Acontecimento como forma de proceder à investigação dos dados. Ao esquadrinhar o funcionamento da corrupção por caminhos atípicos, nossos questionamentos revelarão a corrupção enquanto um objeto de fronteira enunciativa (de sentidos crime/não-crime) proveniente de uma sociedade composta de posições sociais mistas, não mais absolutas, como o sujeito inocente-culpado ou o responsável-irresponsável. Contudo, para operar uma região limítrofe de sentidos oscilantes oriundos de vozes de entremeio ditas por falantes mistos, seria necessário um alicerce teórico capaz de acessar espessuras linguísticas entre as dimensões evidentes do exato e aparentes do inexato. Propomos então, a partir da linguística russa, soerguer um dispositivo de análise inédito que chamamos teoria da agitação enunciativa. Por ele, poderemos manipular a corrupção enquanto construída por uma enunciação de evidência, ao mesmo tempo em que é destruída por uma enunciação de aparência. Investigamos documentos que tentam cristalizar sentidos da corrupção, o espaço enunciativo jurídico e o Relatório Final dos Trabalhos da CPMI dos Correios (caso mensalão). Nesses recortes configura-se um cenário de agitação enunciativa entre mensalão X empréstimo, principalmente. Veremos que ao enunciar, o Locutor-juiz dilui o político (litígio) por meio do jurídico, fechando os sentidos da corrupção. Também veremos que a Lei possibilita a corrupção. Verificaremos que funciona na atualidade: 1) a corrupção jurídica, dada por enunciações de evidência, e orientando para sentidos anticorrupção (crime), a partir de lugares absolutos (E-culpado); 2) e a corrupção não-jurídica, dada por enunciações de aparência, e orientando para sentidos pró-corrupção (entre crime e não-crime), a partir de lugares de entremeio (E-flutuante). Nosso trabalho instiga uma prática científica mais coerente com a atualidade moderna, sobrepujando os lugares absolutos de uma sociedade matematicamente regular, que ainda é um imaginário, mas não funciona assim, além de desenvolver mecanismos capazes de abordar espessuras atípicas da linguagem. Fazer semântica nos moldes em que propomos este trabalho é desmerecer o modo simplista de encontrar sentidos e ser incomodado por esse modo ao mesmo tempo. É averiguar desarranjos nas enunciações sobre a corrupção e provocar transformações de relações convencionais. É desestabilizar domesticações da corrupção na forma de pensar canônica da sociedade.
22

Relação entre línguas : diferentes modos de dizer o português brasileiro

Silva, Adriana da 31 August 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4033.pdf: 1541458 bytes, checksum: 9adaf73ebfaeb07181b1d58422eb5578 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-31 / Our work intitled Languages relationship: Brasilian Portuguese, several ways is based on the theory of the Semântica do Acontecimento(Semantics of the Events). Our corpus is formed by interviews maked by students linguistic graduate at the Federal University of São Carlos city , in 2009, during the Linguistic course taught by Prof. Dra. Soeli Maria Schreiber da Silva. In this research, we propose to study the functioning of the Portuguese language, so with the imaginary one language . Our objective was to observe it as the Portuguese -speaking establish a relationship with the colonization story at the utterance time. About our analysis, we observe speakers affected by the symbolic subjects that are located one at a time and place. In this sense, subjects are constituted in the Event enunciation, it is that we analyzed their positions, places that speak and the way they talk, how they speak and how their mean words. Thus the goal of this work is the language relationship where we consider, based on this theoretical foundation, that the senses are formed in the enunciative events, connected to the history, to the social as well as to the politics. / Nosso trabalho intitulado Relação ente Línguas: diferentes modos de dizer o português brasileiro tem como arcabouço teórico a Semântica do Acontecimento desenvolvida por Guimarães (2005b), a qual estabelece uma relação com a Análise do Discurso de filiação francesa, de modo específico, e, em geral, com as teorias do sujeito. Embasados nessa filiação teórica para constituir nosso corpus, destacamos entrevistas realizadas pelos alunos do curso de graduação em Linguística da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, datadas do ano de 2009, durante a disciplina de Políticas Linguísticas, ministrada pela Profª. Drª. Soeli Maria Schereiber da Silva, com o intuito de desenvolver reflexões sobre a língua portuguesa, em um determinado espaço de enunciação. Nesta pesquisa, propomo-nos a estudar como se dá o funcionamento da língua portuguesa, a partir de uma análise enunciativa da linguagem, abrindo uma reflexão sobre a distribuição política das línguas, assim com o imaginário de língua una no Brasil. Nessa perspectiva, nossa questão foi observarmos como os falantes enunciam sobre sua língua ao estabelecerem uma relação com a história de colonização que no acontecimento de linguagem, significa a partir do recorte de memorável e como a divisão que se estabelece entre o português do Brasil e do português de Portugal no espaço de enunciação brasileiro se faz presente por meio dos falantes ao predicarem a língua a qual afirmam seu pertencimento. A respeito das nossas análises, buscamos através das entrevistas fazer um estudo enunciativo da linguagem em que os falantes são sujeitos afetados pelo simbólico que se localizam em um tempo e um espaço. Nesse sentido, os sujeitos são constituídos no Acontecimento enunciativo, pois é nesse que analisamos suas posições, os lugares de que falam e o modo como falam, de que modo falam e como os seus dizeres os significam. Desse modo, esse trabalho objetiva-se, por tratar da relação entre línguas como relação político-histórica e social da linguagem em que observarmos como os falantes enunciam sobre sua língua após mais de meio século da definição do nome Língua portuguesa pelo congresso nacional e como esses falantes são tomados pelas suas divisões, distinguindo-se assim linguisticamente.
23

Efésios 5.21-33 como modelo de discurso de gênero

Simone Furquim Guimarães 01 July 2011 (has links)
A violência é tema recorrente na sociedade brasileira. Suas raízes remontam à antiguidade e seus efeitos permanecem, hoje, perceptíveis no cotidiano de muitas mulheres em todo o mundo. Sabe-se que, no Brasil, a cada 15 segundos uma mulher é agredida, e que a estatística perversa de mulheres mortas em seus lares é ainda motivo de tabu em muitos setores da sociedade. À luz dessa perspectiva de violência contra a mulher, a pesquisa bíblico-teológica de corte feminista vem produzindo análises relevantes a respeito do contexto sócio-religioso, e em diálogo com as pesquisas sociológicas vem possibilitando novos olhares sobre o problema. Dessa forma, a intenção neste trabalho é sondar o discurso presente na elaboração do texto de Efésios 5.21-33, o qual contém diretivas específicas para o comportamento da mulher cristã, e avaliar até que ponto tal diretiva se apóia em amplos movimentos culturais do contexto em que foi produzido e suas possíveis vinculações com a ulterior realidade religiosa. / Violence is a recurring theme in Brazilian society. Its roots go back to antiquity and its effects remain, today, noticeable in the daily life of many women around the world. It is known that in Brazil every 15 seconds and 1 woman is assaulted, and this perverse statistics of women dying in their homes is still a taboo subject in many sectors of society. As the prospect of violence against women, the study of biblical and theological feminist cutting has produced relevant analysis regarding the socioreligious, and in dialogue with the sociological research has fostered new perspectives on the problem. Thus, the aim here is to probe the discursive discourse in drafting the text of Ephesians 5. 21-33, which contains specific directives for the conduct of the Christian woman, and assess how far such a policy is based on broad cultural movements of the context in which it was produced and their possible links with the later religious reality.
24

A Composição musical como resposta : vivências e imaginário sonoro

Mendes, Daniel de Souza January 2015 (has links)
Esta tese consiste em um estudo da composição musical como resposta a estímulos e motivações, a partir de reflexões sobre um grupo de peças compostas durante o doutoramento. O intuito é compreender e exemplificar o modo como vivências do compositor motivam suas intenções composicionais e expressivas e como o percurso criativo é responsivo a elas. A reflexão sobre a produção artística e teórica de outros compositores, bem como de pesquisas na área de teoria e da performance musical, contribui com a construção argumentativa do estudo. A tese está organizada em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo aborda a composição musical como resposta, à luz do conceito de enunciado, segundo o entendimento de Mikhail Bakhtin, para quem a enunciação é delineada pela intenção do sujeito em um contexto específico, como parte de uma cadeia responsiva contínua. O segundo apresenta o conceito de intenção expressiva, o qual é compreendido como as primeiras conjecturas, reflexões e planejamentos do conteúdo sonoro da composição, a partir de escritos de Roger Reynolds. No terceiro capítulo, é focalizado o conceito de imaginário sonoro para abordar vivências e experiências musicais do compositor como motivação de suas intenções composicionais e expressivas. Neste capítulo, a concepção de imaginário sonoro apresentada por Fernando Cerqueira contribui para o entendimento do conceito. As conclusões traçam uma revisão sobre esta tese, evidenciam a realização dos objetivos e indicam possibilidades de desenvolvimentos futuros do estudo da composição musical como resposta. Constata-se que a composição musical como resposta ao imaginário sonoro do compositor é constituinte das diversas facetas que se desdobram do processo criativo do portfólio, colaborando para o entendimento da composição musical em âmbito mais abrangente. / This thesis consists in a study of musical composition as response to stimuli and motivations using a set of pieces composed during the doctorate as the starting point for the reflections. The purpose of this study is to understand and exemplify how the composer’s experiences motivate their compositional and expressive intentions, and how the creative process is responsive. The reflection on the artistic and theoretical production of other composers as well as researches in the music theory and performances field contributes to the argumentative construction of the study. The thesis is organized in three chapters. The first chapter approaches the musical composition as response in the light of the concept of utterance according to the understanding of Mikhail Bakhtin, for whom the utterance is delineated by the subject’s intents in a specific context as part of a continuous responsive chain. The second chapter introduces the concept of expressive intent which is understood as the first adumbration, reflections and planning of the content on the composition according to the writings of Roger Reynolds. The third chapter refers to the composer’s musical and affective experiences that motivate his compositional and expressive intent, by the concept of sound imagery. In this section Fernando Cerqueira’s ideas on sound imagery contributes to understanding the concept. The conclusions give a review of this thesis, demonstrate the accomplishment of the objectives and point to further developments in the study of musical composition as response. This reflection ascertains that the approach of musical composition as a response to the composer’s sound imagery is constitutive of various facets which make up the creative process of the portfolio, contributing to the understanding of musical composition on a broader scope.
25

A Composição musical como resposta : vivências e imaginário sonoro

Mendes, Daniel de Souza January 2015 (has links)
Esta tese consiste em um estudo da composição musical como resposta a estímulos e motivações, a partir de reflexões sobre um grupo de peças compostas durante o doutoramento. O intuito é compreender e exemplificar o modo como vivências do compositor motivam suas intenções composicionais e expressivas e como o percurso criativo é responsivo a elas. A reflexão sobre a produção artística e teórica de outros compositores, bem como de pesquisas na área de teoria e da performance musical, contribui com a construção argumentativa do estudo. A tese está organizada em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo aborda a composição musical como resposta, à luz do conceito de enunciado, segundo o entendimento de Mikhail Bakhtin, para quem a enunciação é delineada pela intenção do sujeito em um contexto específico, como parte de uma cadeia responsiva contínua. O segundo apresenta o conceito de intenção expressiva, o qual é compreendido como as primeiras conjecturas, reflexões e planejamentos do conteúdo sonoro da composição, a partir de escritos de Roger Reynolds. No terceiro capítulo, é focalizado o conceito de imaginário sonoro para abordar vivências e experiências musicais do compositor como motivação de suas intenções composicionais e expressivas. Neste capítulo, a concepção de imaginário sonoro apresentada por Fernando Cerqueira contribui para o entendimento do conceito. As conclusões traçam uma revisão sobre esta tese, evidenciam a realização dos objetivos e indicam possibilidades de desenvolvimentos futuros do estudo da composição musical como resposta. Constata-se que a composição musical como resposta ao imaginário sonoro do compositor é constituinte das diversas facetas que se desdobram do processo criativo do portfólio, colaborando para o entendimento da composição musical em âmbito mais abrangente. / This thesis consists in a study of musical composition as response to stimuli and motivations using a set of pieces composed during the doctorate as the starting point for the reflections. The purpose of this study is to understand and exemplify how the composer’s experiences motivate their compositional and expressive intentions, and how the creative process is responsive. The reflection on the artistic and theoretical production of other composers as well as researches in the music theory and performances field contributes to the argumentative construction of the study. The thesis is organized in three chapters. The first chapter approaches the musical composition as response in the light of the concept of utterance according to the understanding of Mikhail Bakhtin, for whom the utterance is delineated by the subject’s intents in a specific context as part of a continuous responsive chain. The second chapter introduces the concept of expressive intent which is understood as the first adumbration, reflections and planning of the content on the composition according to the writings of Roger Reynolds. The third chapter refers to the composer’s musical and affective experiences that motivate his compositional and expressive intent, by the concept of sound imagery. In this section Fernando Cerqueira’s ideas on sound imagery contributes to understanding the concept. The conclusions give a review of this thesis, demonstrate the accomplishment of the objectives and point to further developments in the study of musical composition as response. This reflection ascertains that the approach of musical composition as a response to the composer’s sound imagery is constitutive of various facets which make up the creative process of the portfolio, contributing to the understanding of musical composition on a broader scope.
26

Les énoncés averbaux en français et en anglais : conditions d’occurrence, interprétations, traductions et recherche d’un invariant / Verbless utterances in English and French : uses and interpretation, translation and core properties

Soulet, Valérie 28 November 2016 (has links)
Le but de cette thèse est d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur la prédication averbale en français et en anglais, essentiellement dans le cadre théorique de la TOE. Le choix a donc été fait de parler d’énoncés averbaux plutôt que de phrases averbales. Après un important travail de définition des énoncés averbaux (que nous distinguons de l’ellipse, de l’apposition et de la prédication seconde) nous présentons les divers types d’énoncés averbaux et examinons la diversité des conditions d’occurrences dans lesquelles ils sont employés (discours littéraire et journalistique, discours muséal, contexte de signalisation, discours publicitaire), tout en ayant comme objectif la mise au jour d’un dénominateur commun, quel que soit le type de discours. Nous dressons la liste des principales différences de fonctionnement entre les deux langues, nous mettons en avant la nécessité de dépasser la typologie courante pour aboutir à un continuum interprétatif. Nous mettons en avant la dimension dialogique des énoncés averbaux ainsi que leur lien avec le présent et donc avec les paramètres qui constituent la situation d’énonciation et l’extralinguistique. Nous employons la métaphore de la proximité pour définir les relations entre l’énonciateur et divers éléments que sont l’extralinguistique, le co-énonciateur, la modalité et le contenu propositionnel des énoncés averbaux. / Our aim in this dissertation is to shed new light on verbless predication in English and French, within the theoretical framework developed by Antoine Culioli (TOE). The focus is accordingly on verbless utterances rather than verbless sentences. A general definition of verbless utterances is first given. These should not be confused with elliptical constructions, apposition and secondary predication. A typology of verbless utterances is first set up. We then provide a characterization of the different discourse types in which they occur (literature, news media, museum texts and captions, signposting, advertising). Verbless utterances, it is shown, share common, stable features, irrespective of their use and interpretation. Syntactic differences between English and French are outlined. The need for an interpretative continuum is highlighted. So is the need to underscore the dialogical dimension of verbless utterances, as well as their crucial connection to the present, i.e. to the speech situation and implied contextual parameters. The metaphorical concept of proximity is applied to describe the relationship between the speaker and the extralinguistic situation, the addressee, the modality and the propositional content of the verbless utterance.
27

Do people with larger lungs speak in longer utterances and inhale less frequently? : Relationships between lung capacity, respiratory rate, proportion of lung capacity used for speech and utterance durations / Pratar personer med större lungor i längre yttranden och andas de mer sällan? : Relationer mellan lungkapacitet, andningsfrekvens, proportionen av vitalkapacitet använd för tal och yttrandeduration

Karlsson, Denise January 2020 (has links)
This study examined the relationship between lung capacity, speech volume and duration of utterances. 8 adult subjects, 4 males and 4 females (24-36 yrs), participated. By breathing into a digital spirometer, lung capacities such as Vital Capacity (VC) and Inspirational Capacity (IC) were estimated. Respiratory movements were measured using Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography (RIP), and these respiratory movements were calibrated in litres using the spirometer. The proportion of lung capacity used for speech was estimated from the calibrated RIP signals during reading of a nonsense text without punctuation marks. This proportion was defined as the median volume of exhaled air per utterance (SV) (in litres) during text reading, divided by the speaker’s VC (SV/VC). Utterance durations (UD) and Respiratory Rates (RR) were estimated from acoustic recordings of the text readings as well as the RIP signals, displayed in Praat. This allowed investigating the relationships between lung capacity, respiratory rate, utterance durations as well as the proportion of lung capacity used for speech. Put differently, the question was whether people with larger lungs speak in longer utterances and inhale less frequently, as well as whether people with smaller lungs use a relatively larger proportion of their lung capacity for speaking. Additionally, where SV initiated (SVIN) and terminated (SVTER) within VC was calculated based on the RIP signals. There were no significant relationships between VC and UD or RR. In addition, there was no significant relationship between SV/VC and VC. SVIN ranged from 43%-71% and SVTER ranged from 17%-55%. The results indicate no relationship between VC and UD or RR nor that people with a smaller VC use more of it for speech. The range of SV within VC suggest that people maintain a fairly relaxed state with regards to muscle pressure.
28

Split-half Reliability of MLU and MLU2 in Two Methods of Utterance Segmentation

Kemeny, Alyse Diana 15 November 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Concerns regarding Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) has led to adaptations of this method of analysis. A recent study by Johnston (2001) introduced an alternative to MLU called MLU2. The current study investigates the split-half reliability of MLU and MLU2 as well as another alternative, Median Length of Utterance (Med-LU). Split-half reliability was found for these methods when segmented into Phonological and Communication Units. Split-half reliability of MLU2 was generally higher than that of MLU, and both were higher than Med-LU. The study suggests that MLU2 may also be a valuable tool for clinicians in analyzing child language.
29

How natural language processing can be used to improve digital language learning / Hur natural language processing kan användas för att förbättra digital språkinlärning

Kakavandy, Hanna, Landeholt, John January 2020 (has links)
The world is facing globalization and with that, companies are growing and need to hire according their needs. A great obstacle for this is the language barrier between job applicants and employers who want to hire competent candidates. One spark of light in this challenge is Lingio, who provides a product that teaches digital profession-specific Swedish. Lingio intends to make their existing product more interactive and this research paper aims to research aspects involved in that. This study evaluates system utterances that are planned to be used in Lingio’s product for language learners to use in their practice and studies the feasibility of using the natural language model cosine similarity in classifying the correctness of answers to these utterances. This report also looks at whether it best to use crowd sourced material or a golden standard as benchmark for a correct answer. The results indicate that there are a number of improvements and developments that need to be made to the model in order for it to accurately classify answers due to its formulation and the complexity of human language. It is also concluded that the utterances by Lingio might need to be further developed in order to be efficient in their use for learning language and that crowd sourced material works better than a golden standard. The study makes several interesting observations from the collected data and analysis, aiming to contribute to further research in natural language engineering when it comes to text classification and digital language learning. / Globaliseringen medför flertal konsekvenser för växande företag. En av utmaningarna som företag står inför är anställandet av tillräckligt med kompentent personal. För många företag står språkbarriären mellan de och att anställa kompetens, arbetsökande har ofta inte tillräckligt med språkkunskaper för att klara av jobbet. Lingio är företag som arbetar med just detta, deras produkt är en digital applikation som undervisar yrkesspecific svenska, en effektiv lösning för den som vill fokusera sin inlärning av språket inför ett jobb. Syftet är att hjälpa Lingio i utvecklingen av deras produkt, närmare bestämt i arbetet med att göra den mer interaktiv. Detta görs genom att undersöka effektiviteten hos applikationens yttranden som används för inlärningssyfte och att använda en språkteknologisk modell för att klassificera en användares svar till ett yttrande. Vidare analyseras huruvida det är bäst att använda en golden standard eller insamlat material från enkäter som referenspunkt för ett korrekt yttrande. Resultatet visar att modellen har flertal svagheter och  behöver utvecklas för att kunna göra klassificeringen på ett korrekt sätt och att det finns utrymme för bättring när det kommer till yttrandena. Det visas även att insamlat material från enkäter fungerar bättre än en golden standard.
30

Hur ser barns yttranden ut? : Yttrandetyper, bisatser och yttrandelängd hos svenska 3- och 4-åringar / Utterance Types, Subordinate Clauses and Utterance Length in Swedish Children Aged Three and Four Years

Grahn Hedlund, Klas, Tunedal, Lovisa January 2014 (has links)
Children’s utterances have been studied in different languages; however, only a few studies refer to Swedish. The aim of the present study is to describe utterance types, subordinate clauses and utterance length for a group of three and four year old Swedish children without known functional impairments. The study included 29 children, 17 girls and 12 boys, in a larger city in the south-east of Sweden. The children, all native Swedish speakers, were aged 3;0 to 4;11. Sound recordings were made during a playing session with one of the authors in the children’s day care centers.The utterances were divided into the categories elliptical responses, incomplete and partly unintelligible utterances, imitative utterances and independent utterances. Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) was calculated for the 50 first independent utterances. Subordinate clauses were classified and counted and placement of the sentence adverb was studied. Elliptical responses were frequently used. Incomplete or partly unintelligible utterances were relatively common, but imitative utterances were rare. Subordinate clauses were used by 23 of the 29 children. Relative subordinate clauses were the most common type, and were used across the age range. Most of the children placed the sentence adverbial correctly. The children had utterances ranging from one to 23 words, and the most common utterance length was four words. The MLU ranged from 2.36 to 7.04. Frequent use of subordinate clauses resulted in a higher MLU. The older children used subordinate clauses more frequently and had a lower percentage of elliptical responses. The MLU had a tendency to increase with age. The great variety in the results shown in the present study, can be explained by the fact that children aged three and four are in a process of developing their language. Children with a more frequent use of subordinate clauses had higher MLU values, suggesting a relation between language complexity and MLU. The results show that MLU is a reliable measure of children’s language level in the ages three and four years. / Barns yttranden har undersökts i flera studier på olika språk, men det finns endast ett fåtal studier som berör det svenska språket. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att beskriva yttrandetyper, bisatser och yttrandelängd hos en grupp tre- och fyraåriga svenska barn utan kända funktionsnedsättningar. I studien deltog 29 barn, 17 flickor och 12 pojkar, i en större tätort i sydöstra Sverige. Barnen var i åldern 3;0 till 4;11 och hade svenska som modersmål. Ljudupptagning skedde under samtal i en leksituation med en av uppsatsförfattarna på barnens förskola. Yttrandena delades in i kategorierna elliptiska svarsyttranden, ofullständiga eller delvis oförståeliga yttranden, imitativa yttranden och självständiga yttranden. Yttrandemedellängd (eng: Mean Length of Utterance, förkortat MLU) räknades ut för de 50 första självständiga yttrandena. Förekomst av olika bisatstyper och placering av satsadverbial i bisatser undersöktes också. Elliptiska svarsyttranden var vanliga hos barnen. Ofullständiga eller delvis oförståeliga yttranden förekom i viss utsträckning, och imitativa yttranden var ovanliga. Bisatser förekom hos 23 av de 29 barnen. ”Som” var den vanligaste bisatsinledaren och förekom i hela åldersgruppen. De flesta barnen placerade satsadverbialet korrekt i bisatserna. Barnens yttranden var mellan ett och 23 ord långa, och den vanligaste yttrandelängden var fyra ord. MLU varierade från 2,36 till 7,04. Frekvent användning av bisatser gav högre MLU. De äldre barnen använde fler bisatser och hade en mindre andel elliptiska svarsyttranden. MLU hade en viss tendens att öka med ålder. Barn i åldern tre till fyra år befinner sig i en språklig utvecklingsfas, vilket speglas i den stora variationen i resultaten. Att barn som använde många bisatser hade högt MLU tyder på ett samband mellan språklig förmåga och yttrandelängd. Detta visar i sin tur att MLU är ett tillförlitligt mått på barns språkliga nivå i åldern tre till fyra år.

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