O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a resposta tecidual em 48 pré- molares (96 raízes) de cães, após obturação dos canais radiculares com diferentes materiais. Os dentes foram submetidos à biopulpectomia, ao preparo biomecânico e divididos em oito grupos, onde os canais radiculares foram obturados com os seguintes materiais: Grupos I e V pasta Calen® espessada com óxido de zinco; Grupos II e VI cimento EndoREZ; Grupos III e VII cimento Sealapex®, e Grupos IV e VIII cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol. Decorridos os períodos de 30 e 90 dias, os animais foram mortos, as peças removidas e submetidas ao processamento histológico. A avaliação histopatológica foi baseada nos seguintes parâmetros: intensidade do infiltrado inflamatório, espessura do ligamento periodontal, reabsorção do tecido ósseo, limte de obturação e presença ou ausência de selamento apical. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. Com base nos resultados obtidos e considerando as condições específicas deste trabalho, pôde-se concluir que a pasta Calen® espessada com óxido de zinco foi o material que apresentou a melhor resposta tecidual, seguida pelos cimentos Sealapex® e óxido de zinco e eugenol. O cimento EndoREZ apresentou resposta tecidual desfavorável . / The objective of the present work was evaluate the tissue response in 48 premolars( 96 roots), of dogs teeth, after pulpectomy, with different roots canals filling materials. The teeth were submitted to the biomechanical preparation and divided in eigth groups, where the canals were filled with following materials: Groups I and V - Calen® paste thickened with zinc oxide; Groups II and VI - EndoREZ sealer; Groups III and VII - Sealapex® sealer; and Groups IV and VIII Zinc oxide and eugenol cement. After periods of 30 and 90 days, the animals were killed, the pieces reduced and submitted to the histological processing. The histopathological evaluation was based on the following parameters: intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, thickness of the periodontal ligament, bone resorption,filling limit and presence or absence of sealed apical. The results were submitted to the statistical analysis by the non parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis, with significance level was 5%. Based on the results obtained in histopathological analysis and methodologies employed in the present work, it may be conclued that: Calen® paste thickened with zinc oxide was the material that showed the better tissue response, following by Sealapex® sealer and zinc oxide and eugenol cement. EndoREZ sealer showed tissue response unfavorable.

Forces vitales et organisation : vitalisme et philosophie de la nature en Allemagne (1752-1802). / In the course of the last thirty years, a considerable body of scholarship has examined the life sciences that arose in Germany at the end of the eighteenth century. This literature has shown that previous dismissals of this tradition, assumed to be infected with a pathological imagination, were unwarranted. Yet the interpretations of the period have not always been consistent with each other, and they often have been characterized by vagueness. Generally speaking, the scholarly debate has focused on the historical and conceptual relationship between three elements: (1) Kant's philosophy of biology, as it is formulated in the Critique of the Power of Judgment , (2) the biological vitalism developed at the Göttingen medical school by Blumenbach and his students Kielmeyer, Link, Reil and Treviranus, and (3) the Naturphilosophie of Goethe, Schelling, Oken and Carus. In his pioneering studies, Timothy Lenoir (1978, 1980, 1981, 1982) argues that, although the life sciences developed in Germany in the late eighteenth century have been dismissed as an era dominated by empty speculation, they were in fact the result of a coherent research program. This program was developed in Göttingen by a wellconnected group of biologists after receiving its first formulation in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment in 1790. In the second part of this work, Kant sees teleology as a necessary tool to understand fundamental features of living beings such as functions and development. He also considers it as a mere heuristic principle, not as a constitutive character of organized bodies. According to this account, Blumenbach was the first naturalist to accept the Kantian understanding of teleological principles and organize it as a structured research program. This program was first developed by his most distinguished students Kielmeyer, Treviranus and Reil, and then employed by Meckel, von Baer and Müller (Lenoir 1982, 54-111). The disregard of this “Kantian” tradition in life sciences has, for Lenoir, both theoretical and historical grounds. The main issue is the assumption that only reductionist models are capable of generating a quantitative account of natural phenomena. Nevertheless, the idea that biological organization is not quite reducible to the laws of physics and chemistry is fully compatible with the fidelity to quantitative rigor as a touchstone of scientific explanation. According to Lenoir, the “vitalmaterialism” of the Göttingen School accepted this challenge and developed a “teleomechanical” research program based on the Kantian distinction between constitutive and regulative understanding of teleology. […]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:19:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA SANTOS DE SOUZA HANNUM.pdf: 943345 bytes, checksum: e01f20b8b7c8cdbfd7ec222ca3c63ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-10 / The GC is defined as a clinical process dedicated to the understanding of the diagnosis of a genetic condition. The main objective of the GC is to guide individual comprehension of condition and its prognosis, though the risk of occurrence or recurrence of the disorder in the family to a final decision making regarding the genetic phenomenon. The current study aimed to analyze the model of Genetic Counseling (GC) performed by the staff of the Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon in the Department of Biology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás. Methodologically, the study included the observation of case management and data collection, performed by a semi-structured interviews and session observations of GC. The participants were a team of three health care professional with doctorate degrees in human genetics and training in GC, including one female and two males, aged 37, 41, and 45 y.o. As a consultant , a 36-year mother, half illiterate, caregiver and responsible for a child of eleven y.o., diagnosed with 47, XYY Syndrome, characterized by an aneuploidy (abnormal number) of the sex chromosomes in which a human male receives an extra Y chromosome. It sems that the GC involves a complex and intersubjective relationship regarding the genetic information. Also, the genetic information is not emotionally neutral causing anxiety, fear, and guilt in those associated with the condition. On the effective aspects, the results of our observations indicated that at the specific moment of revelation of the diagnosis, two poles (professional / consultant-family) are crystallized in the relationship of GC. Thus, emotional, defensive, and denial behavior arouse as a vital crisis, just as reported in the literature, leading to anguish as the preponderant feeling. The feedback of information from the interview and the analysis oof the GC process with the counselors and the team manager indicated that: 1) there was a dissonance between the theoretical proposition supported by the counselor and the action taken during the AG; 2) The counselor followed strictly the protocol for the GC, which makes it more difficult to manage patient s anguish, helplessness, guilt, and inability to manage their vital crisis; 3) the communication was made in technical language not accessible to the understanding of the consultant; 4) the necessity of considering the time to understand how a logical, not chronological time. In general, one can see that you lose focus of the GC, ie, the host of the field's existential subject. It is inferred that the guard of the principle of nondirectiveness and affective factors, such as anxiety, identification, and psychological defense restricted the disclosure of the diagnosis affecting the vital context of clarifying the questions involved in the GC. We concluded that both family and professionals can be affected by the impact of a vital crisis and therefore need support, understanding, and time so they can experience and develop the vital context of crisis. Moreover, it is fundamental to include a multidisciplinary team to work and develop strategies to accommodate all aspects of the process of Genetic Counseling. / O AG é definido como um processo de investigação clínica, voltado para o diagnóstico de uma condição genética e que visa à orientação sobre o prognóstico e riscos de ocorrências/recorrências das doenças genéticas para as famílias e/ou para os consulentes. O presente estudo teve por objetivo a análise do modelo de Aconselhamento Genético (AG) realizado pela equipe do Núcleo de Pesquisa Replicon do Departamento de Biologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás. O estudo contemplou o método de estudo de caso e a coleta foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista semi-estruturada e da observação de uma sessão de AG. Os participantes foram três profissionais biomédicos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 40 e 45 anos e uma mãe de 36 anos, semi analfabeta, cuidadora responsável por uma criança de onze anos, com diagnóstico do 47, XYY, síndrome caracteriza do duplo Y. Verifica-se que o AG envolve uma relação intersubjetiva complexa e as informações de ordem genética não são emocionalmente neutras suscitam angústia, temores, culpas. Sobre os aspectos afetivos, os resultados indicam que no momento específico da revelação do diagnóstico, este cristaliza, nos dois pólos (profissional/consulente-familiar) da relação de AG, os aspectos emocionais e defensivos referidos na literatura das crises vitais, sendo a angústia o afeto preponderante. O cotejamento das informações da entrevista com o conselheiro e a análise do processo de AG indica que: 1) existe uma dissonância entre a proposição teórica sustentada pelo conselheiro e a ação praticada no AG; 2) percebe-se uma fixação ao protocolo do AG que implica em não acolhimento da angústia, do desamparo, da culpa e da inabilidade de gerir a crise vital; 3) a comunicação foi realizada em linguagem técnica não acessível à compreensão da responsável pelo consulente; 4) a necessidade de se pensar o tempo de compreender como um tempo lógico e não cronológico. De forma geral, percebe-se que perde-se o foco central do AG, ou seja, o acolher do campo existencial do sujeito. Infere-se que o resguardo do princípio da não-diretividade e os fatores afetivos (angústia, identificação) e a defesa psíquica (racionalização) restringiram a comunicação do diagnóstico comprometendo o esclarecimento do contexto vital do consulente. Conclui-se que as famílias e mesmo os profissionais podem ser afetados pelo impacto da crise vital, necessitando no caso da família de apoio, compreensão e tempo para que possam vivenciar e elaborar o contexto da crise vital e no caso dos conselheiros a inserção em uma equipe multidisciplinar que possa trabalhar e desenvolver estratégias que acomodem todos os aspectos envolvidos no processo de Aconselhamento Genético.

Objetivo: Discutir criticamente, descrever e analisar os dados de óbitos infantis disponibilizados pelos serviços públicos da província de Cabinda-Angola. Método: Foram estudados nascimentos vivos em hospitais da província de Cabinda, e óbitos de menores de um ano de idade, nos anos 2007 e 2008. Como fonte de dados foram utilizados os registrados nos livros de registro dos hospitais municipais, d o hospital provincial e do escritório provincial da OMS de Cabinda. Os dados são contextualizados pela experiência do autor como habitante da região. Resultados: Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que em 2008 morreram mais crianças no primeiro dia de vida (109) que nos 11 meses restantes (97). Contudo, evidencia-se que 200 óbitos (54,64 por cento ) ocorreram em menores de 28 dias de idade em 2007 enquanto que para o mesmo período em 2008 morreram 178 crianças, Quanto às causas básicas de mortes infantis, a malária é destacada como principal causa. Isoladamente a malária responde aproximadamente por uma morte a cada três crianças falecidas. Dentre as doenças evitáveis por vacinação, o tétano responde por cerca de 5 por cento das mortes. Entre as doenças controláveis por saneamento básico, as diarréias ocupam posição de destaque 9,83 por cento em 2007 e 3,27 por cento em 2008. A redução de 65 para 40 óbitos por pneumonia entre as crianças inscreve-a como segunda ou terceira causa mais importante de óbito entre as crianças cabindenses, partilhando espaço com a asfixia neonatal (17,75 por cento em 2007 e 26,90 por cento em 2008). Apesar das dificuldades e limitantes da qualidade das informações encontradas durante a coleta de dados, buscou-se valorizar as existentes e que foram analisa das neste trabalho. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos indicam que em Cabinda, melhorias na qualidade de assistência pré-natal, ao parto e ao recém-nascido de risco, poderiam reduzir ainda que parcialmente a Mortalidade Infantil. Fatores como condições inadequadas de abastecimento de água, falta de saneamento básico, dentre outros, revelaram ter papel importante como condicionantes da elevada Mortalidade Infantil observada em Cabinda. Apesar de ser atraente priorizar investimentos dos recursos em ações curativas, este trabalho reforça a perspectiva revisitar as políticas locais de Saúde e priorizar as atividades preventivas nos municípios da grande Cabinda. Assim, sugere-se a implantação de uma rede primária de assistência à saúde e um investimento permanente na melhoria da qualidade das informações de Saúde / Objective: To critically discuss, describe and analyze the infant deaths data available for public services in the province of Cabinda-Angola. Method: A total of live births in hospitals in the province of Cabinda, and deaths of children under one year of age, in years 2007 and 2008. The data source were used those recorded on the records of municipal hospitals, the provincial hospital and the provincial office of WHO in Cabinda. The data are contextualized by the author\'s experience as an inhabitant of the region. Results: The results of this study suggested that in 2008 more children died in the first days of life (109) than in the remaining 11 months (97). However, it is clear that 200 deaths (54.64 per cent ) occurred in children younger than 28 day- old in 2007 while for the same period in 2008 died 178 children. As the root causes of child deaths, malaria is highlighted as the main cause. Malaria alone accounts for approximately one death every three children who die. Among the vaccinepreventable diseases, tetanus accounts for about 5 per cent of deaths. Among the diseases controlled by sanitation, diarrhea, occupy a prominent position in 2007, 9.83 per cent and 3.27 per cent in 2008. The reduction from 65 to 40 deaths from pneumonia among children falls as the second or third most important cause of death among children Cabinda, sharing space with neonatal asphyxia (17.75 per cent in 2007 and 26.90 per cent in 2008). Despite the difficulties, limiting the quality of information found during the data collection, we sought to enhance existing ones, which were analyzed in this work. Conclusions: The results indicate that in Cabinda, improvements in quality of prenatal care, childbirth and the newborn at risk, even partially could reduce infant mortality. Factors such as inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, among others, were found to have important role as determinants of high infant mortality observed in Cabinda. Despite being attractive investments prioritize resources on curative actions, this work reinforces the perspective of revisit policies and prioritize local health preventive activities in the great area of Cabinda. Thus, we suggest the establishment of a network of primary health care and an ongoing investment to improve the quality of information on Health

Buscamos, nesta dissertação, lidar com o amplo conceito de forças naturais na obra de Schopenhauer; partindo de suas opiniões pelo ponto de vista científico até a correlação entre forças naturais, a força vital, a Ideia e os graus de objetivação da vontade de modo a desenvolver sua noção de unidade na natureza. / It\'s our goal, on this dissertation, to deal with the vast concept of natural forces on the work of Schopenhauer; starting with his opinions through the scientific point of view until the correlation between natural forces, the vital force, the Ideia e the degrees of the objetification of the will so we can develop his notion of unity on nature.

Submitted by Leticia Alvarenga (leticiaalvarenga@fdv.br) on 2018-08-15T13:48:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ESTANISLAU TALLON BOZI.pdf: 1223365 bytes, checksum: a87c57eec044ea8e96e072273e2f2d75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Galdino (repositorio@fdv.br) on 2018-08-15T18:41:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ESTANISLAU TALLON BOZI.pdf: 1223365 bytes, checksum: a87c57eec044ea8e96e072273e2f2d75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T18:41:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ESTANISLAU TALLON BOZI.pdf: 1223365 bytes, checksum: a87c57eec044ea8e96e072273e2f2d75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-05 / Cuida-se de analisar o fenômeno da fome, suas diversas causas e conseqüências. Da mesma forma, analisa-se a alimentação inadequada, em contextos de escassez e de superabundância de alimentação. Num segundo momento, trata-se dos direitos humanos, sua conceituação, características, história, evolução, classificação e proteção. Aborda-se, ainda, o direito à vida e ao mínimo existencial. Na terceira parte da dissertação, especialmente com base nas normas internacionais e internas, desenvolve-se o conceito e extensão do direito à alimentação. Aborda-se, ainda, aqui, o conceito de segurança alimentar e nutricional. Após a conceituação, desenvolve-se amplamente a positivação do direito à alimentação, no direito internacional, no direito comparado e no direito brasileiro. Por fim, com base na literatura utilizada, descrevemse diversas maneiras de se assegurar e garantir de forma efetiva o direito à alimentação, por meio da adoção de políticas públicas, da positivação e da judicialização do direito à alimentação. Aliadas a estas medidas, encontram-se a educação em direitos humanos, a fiscalização popular, o controle de estoques, o planejamento racional da política agrícola, a instituição de subsídios e incentivos, a organização dos produtores, revendedores e consumidores, a instituição de política fiscal adequada e, principalmente, a justa distribuição das terras, por meio de reforma agrária. No âmbito dos poderes constituídos, cabe ao Poder Executivo a adesão aos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos e sua plena implementação. Ao Poder Legislativo compete a elaboração das normas de direito interno, visando assegurar a concreção dos direitos humanos e dotar o cidadão dos mecanismos aptos a tal mister. Ao Ministério Público incumbe a defesa da sociedade, dentro dos limites da legalidade. E, por fim, ao Poder Judiciário, a quem compete dizer o direito, impõe-se assumir seu lugar de responsável pela concretização dos direitos humanos, superando obstáculos práticos e as barreiras dogmáticas e ideológicas que impedem a realização de uma sociedade mais justa, fraterna e solidária, como propugnado pelo constituinte brasileiro. / It takes care of analyzing the phenomenon of the hunger, their several causes and consequences. In the same way, the inadequate feeding is analyzed, in contexts of shortage and of feeding overabundance. In a second moment, it is treated of the human rights, its concept, characteristics, history, evolution, classification and protection. It is approached, still, the right to the life and the existential minimum. In the third part of the dissertation, especially with base in the international standards and internal, it grows the concept and extension of the right to the feeding. It is approached, still, here, alimentary and nutritional safety's concept. After the concept, it grows the positive law thoroughly of the right to the feeding, in the international law, in the compared right and in the Brazilian right. Finally, with base in the used literature, several ways are described of to assure and to guarantee the right in an effective way to the feeding, through the adoption of public politics, of the positive law and of the justiciability of the right to the feeding. Allied the these measured, they are the education in human rights, the popular fiscalization, the control of stocks, the rational planning of the agricultural policy, the institution of subsidies and incentives, the organization of the producers, resellers and consuming, the institution of appropriate tax policy and, mainly, the fair distribution of the lands, through land reform. In the extent of the constituted powers, it falls to the Executive power the adhesion to the international treaties of human rights and his/her full implementation. To the Legislative power the elaboration of the norms of internal right competes, seeking to assure the concretion of the human rights and to endow the citizen of the capable mechanisms the such occupation. To the Public prosecution service it assigns the defense of the society, inside of the limits of the legality. And, finally, to the Judiciary power, to who competes to say the right, it is imposed to assume his/her responsible place for the materialization of the human rights, overcoming practical obstacles and the dogmatic and ideological barriers that they impede the accomplishment of a society fairer, fraternal and solidary, as proposed for the Brazilian representative.

A WIoT is a wireless network of low-power sensing nodes placed on the human body. While operating, these networks routinely collect physiological signals to send to offsite medical professionals for review. In this manner, these networks support a concept known as pervasive healthcare in which patients can be continuously monitored and treated remotely. Given that these networks are used to guide medical treatment and depend on transmitting sensitive data, it is important to ensure that the communication channel remains secure. Symmetric pairwise cryptography is a traditional scheme that can be used to provide such security. The scheme functions by sharing a cryptographic key between a pair of sensors. Once shared, the key can then be used by both parties to encrypt and decrypt all future messages. To configure a WIoT to support the use of symmetric pairwise cryptography a key distribution protocol is required. Schemes for pre-deployment are often used to perform this distribution. These schemes usually require inserting key information into WIoT devices before they can be used in the network. Unfortunately, this need to manually configure WIoT devices can decrease their usability. In this thesis we propose and evaluate an alternative approach to key distribution that uses physiological signals derived from accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. The evaluation of our approach indicates that more study is required to determine techniques that will enable ballistocardiography-derived physiological signals to provide secure key distribution.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-11-04T16:08:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SUSANA KÖNIG LUZ_.pdf: 278009 bytes, checksum: 5e587a1ed9173fbf9957b97203bf28c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T16:08:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SUSANA KÖNIG LUZ_.pdf: 278009 bytes, checksum: 5e587a1ed9173fbf9957b97203bf28c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / Nenhuma / Este dissertação teve como objetivo foi avaliar e comparar a comunicação de cônjuges que têm filhos em distintas etapas do ciclo vital familiar, com os diferentes níveis de funcionalidade definidos através da coesão, da adaptabilidade e do ajustamento conjugal. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo com delineamento descritivo e comparativo. A amostra foi constituída por 286 sujeitos casados ou em união estável com filhos de 0 a 18 anos. Os participantes responderam individualmente ao protocolo on line constituído por um questionário sócio demográfico, a Escala Marital Inventory Communication, a Escala Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire, Escala de Avaliação da Coesão e Adaptabilidade Familiar, e a Escala de Ajustamento Diádico. Esta dissertação está organizada na forma de dois artigos empíricos: “Comunicação conjugal em diferentes etapas do ciclo de Vida e “Padrões de Comunicação conjugal em homens e mulheres.” Os resultados encontrados indicam que a conjugalidade se sobrepõe a parentalidade, visto que a idade dos filhos não teve interferência na comunicação, e também pontuam que homens e mulheres se comunicam de formas iguais, mas cada um com sua especificidade. Estes achados apontam que as variáveis estudadas têm grande importância para o estudo das relações conjugais e para o entendimento deste fenômeno. / The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate communication (communication levels and styles) between spouses with different levels of functionality (adjustment, cohesion and adaptability) in different stages of marital life cycle (toddlers, school age, teenagers). A quantitative study with descriptive and comparative design was held. The sample was composed by 286 married people or in a common law marriage with children aged between 0 and 18 years old. The participants answered the online protocole individually composed by a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Marital Inventory Communication Scale, Dutch Marital Satisfaction Scale, Communication Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale. This dissertation is organized in a frame of two empirical articles: “Marital Communication in different stages of life cycle” and “Positive and Negative Communication: Differences between men and women”. The found findings point that the studied variables have great importance to the study of conjugal relationships and for the clinical understanding of this phenomenon.

Os corantes vitais têm sido utilizados em diversas áreas da oftalmologia para melhorar a visibilização de diferentes tecidos. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos imediatos do corante Azul brilhante a 0,05% no endotélio da córnea de equinos, foram utilizadas 38 córneas de 19 cavalos, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes idades e provenientes de abatedouro comercial licenciado. As córneas foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos. Grupo1: o endotélio da córnea foi exposto a solução salina balanceada por 60 segundos. Grupo 2: o endotélio da córnea foi exposto ao corante Azul brilhante 0,05% (Opht-Blue, Ophthalmos, São Paulo, Brazil) por 60 segundos seguido por lavagem com solução salina balanceada (BSS, Ophthalmos, São Paulo, Brazil). As córneas então foram excisadas com trépano de 8mm e preparadas para avaliação com microscopia óptica (24 córneas) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (14 córneas). As áreas de dano endotelial foram mensuradas. Devido ao aparecimento de resíduos não normais na utilização de comparação de médias via ANOVA, optou-se pelo modelo linear generalizado e, com 5% de significância, o teste Qui-quadrado demonstrou que o fator tratamento não difere do controle. Conclui-se que o corante Azul brilhante em concentração de 0,05% não provocou danos ao endotélio da córnea de equinos. / Vital dyes have been used in many areas of ophthalmology for improving visualization of different tissues. With the objective of evaluating the immediate effects of 0,05% brilliant blue on corneal endothelium of horses, 38 corneas of 19 horses, both male and female of different ages obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Corneas were randomly divided into two groups. In group 1, corneal endothelium was perfused with BSS for 60 seconds. In group 2, corneal endothelium was perfused with 0.3 mL of brilliant blue 0.05% (Opht-Blue, Ophthalmos, São Paulo, Brazil) for 60 seconds followed by rinsing with a balanced salt solution (BSS, Ophthalmos, São Paulo, Brazil). The corneas were, subsequently, excised with an 8mm trephine and prepared to analyze posterior endothelial surface using a light microscope (24 corneas) and a scanning electron microscope (14 corneas). Due to non-normal residuals at ANOVA mean comparison, a generalized linear model was utilized at 5% level of significance. Qui-square test stated that treatment and control group were not different statistically. The 0.05 % brilliant blue did not damage equine corneal endothelium.

Forests are a critical biome but are under threat from unprecedented global change. The need to understand forest dynamics across spatial, temporal and biological scales has never been greater. Critical to this will be understanding how the demographic rates of individuals translate into patterns of species diversity, biomass and carbon turnover at much larger scales. In this thesis, I present a modelling framework focussed on demography. In Chapter 2, I introduce methods for translating forest inventory data into population models that account for the size-dependency of vital rates and persistent differences in individual performance. Outbreaks of forest pest and pathogens are increasing in frequency and severity, with consequences for biodiversity and forest structure. In Chapter 3, I explore the impact of ash dieback on the community dynamics of a British woodland, describing a spatially explicit individual based model that captures the effect of an opening of the canopy on local competitive interactions. Chapter 4 introduces methods to infer the impact of historical deer herbivory on the juvenile survival of forest trees. The approach is generalisable and could be applied to any forest in which patterns of regeneration and community structure have been impacted by periodic disturbance (e.g. forest fires). Finding meaningful ways of incorporating species diversity into global vegetation models is increasingly recognised as a research priority. In Chapter 5, I explore the diversity of demographic rates in a tropical forest community and identify groups of species with similar life history strategies. I discuss the potential of integrating demographic and physiological traits as a way to aggregate species for inclusion in global models. In summary, translating measurements of individuals into population dynamics provides opportunities to both explore small-scale community responses to disturbance events, and to feed into much larger scale vegetation models.