<p>Abstract</p><p>This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance</p><p>department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in</p><p>Jönköping.</p><p>In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on</p><p>external contractors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is</p><p>from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to</p><p>winter road upkeep.</p><p>The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more</p><p>conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The</p><p>downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate</p><p>how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make</p><p>sure to get what has been paid for.</p><p>In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new</p><p>set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules</p><p>are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the contractor.</p><p>It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how</p><p>it affects the possibilities of the contractor to come as a newcomer to a new area</p><p>of administration.</p><p>Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of</p><p>changes that the contractors feel affect their work in any sense.</p><p>Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been</p><p>scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which</p><p>areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where</p><p>the same contractor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of</p><p>changing rules and the other one was area where the contractor was a newcomer.</p><p>The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the contractors</p><p>and the road users.</p><p>The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of</p><p>Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and contractor.</p>

This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping. In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external constructors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep. The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for. In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed. The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the constructor. It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the constructor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration. Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the constructors feel affect their work in any sense. Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same constructor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the constructor was a newcomer. The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the constructors and the road users. The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and constructor.

Syftet med denna rapport har varit att analysera den reella återkopplingen och utvärderingar som gjorts vid takras vintern 2009/2010. Metoden är en kvalitativansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer samt analys av utvärderingar och insatsrapporter gjorda under vintern 2009/2010. Genom intervjuer på den sociotekniska individnivån söks svaren kring hur individen upplevt erfarenhetsåterföringen, tillsyn, och egenkontroll vid takras inom den kommunala verksamheten. Insatsrapporter, arbetsmaterial och andra genomförda utvärderingar har även legat till grund för analysen. Frågeställningar som väglett i arbetet har varit: Hur togs erfarenheter från takrasen tillvara i samhället? Hur uppfattar individen som varit aktörer vid händelsen att erfarenheten hanterats?  Urvalet är ett bekvämlighetsurval samt ett snöbollsurval. Avgränsningen sker tidsmässigt till vintern 2009/2010 och geografiskt inom tre mellansvenska kommuner där tak rasat in på kommunala byggnader. Gemensamt för respondenterna är att de alla arbetat många år inom sina yrkesområden, de är väl insatta i lagstiftning, befogenheter och ansvarsområden. Sammanfattningsvis ser respondenterna att återkopplingen till de högre hierarkierna i det sociotekniska systemet fallerar. De anser inte att deras erfarenheter genomsyrar den nya lagstiftningen kring byggnation eller i de förordningar som finns kring detta. Det är intressant att just återkopplingen syns vara den svagaste länken inom det hierarkiskt kopplade systemet. Förutsättningarna finns där för god återkoppling, dels genom insatsrapporter som internt fungerar som underlag för förbättringar, dels genom den nationella bas IDA (Indikationer Data och Analys) på MSB (Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap) som ska ge ett underlag för fler aktörer inom det sociotekniska systemet att ta del av och genomföra förändringar och förbättringar. En viss eftersläpning i den nationella basen kan förstås då alla insatsrapporter återrapporteras till MSB. Återkopplingen inom lagstiftningen och dess eftersläpning kan bero på att det ska tas hänsyn till många olika intressen. Respondenterna kritiserar den egenkontroll som fortgår inom byggsektorn, de ser samstämmigt egenkontrollen som orsak till de tak som rasade. Respondenterna menar även att den tillsynskontroll som kommunerna har är urvattnad då protokoll delges från byggherren, fel kan vara inbyggda utan att de syns via protokoll eller vid efterkontroll och slutbesiktning. Den nya lagstiftningen (SFS 2010:900) innebär inga förändringar vad gäller egenkontrollen. Tillit och tilltro till den enskilde är fortsatt stor - där den enskilde byggherren ser andras säkerhet och välmående som en del av sitt eget handlande.   Nyckelord: rapport, naturkatastrof, kommun, vinter, 2009/2010. / This reports aim has been analyzed the real feedback and evaluations of collapsed roofs at the winter 2009/2010. The method has been through semistructured interviews on socio-technical individual level has answers been sought about how the individual experienced the feedback, control, and self-control around collapsed roofs. Incident-reports and other completed evaluations have also been the basis for providing answers to my questions: How was real experience about caved roofs transfered back into the community; How did individuals who were participants at the event interpered their experience been handled? The sample is a convenience sample and a snowball sample. The respondents participating in the interview comes from the three municipalities located in ”mellan-Sverige” where the roof collapsed. Common to the respondents is that they all have worked many years in their professions, they are well versed in the laws, powers and responsibilities. To sum up the epitone of the response is that they see that feedback to the higher hierarchies of the socio-technical system fails. They do not believe that their experience permeates the new legislation surrounding the building or in the regulations that exist around this. It is interesting that the feedback seems to be the weakest link in the hierarchical interconnected system. The prerequisites are there for good feedback and through incident-reports, which serves as a basis for improvement at a locla level and within the work-group, and by the national base IDA (Indications Data and Analysis) to MSB (Federal Office for Civil Contingencies) to provide a basis for more players in the socio-technical system to share and implement changes and improvements. A lag in the national base can be understood as all incident reports reported back to the MSB. The feedback within the the socio-technical system may also taken other interests into account. Respondents criticize the self-monitoring is continuing in the construction industry, they see consistently self-control as the cause of the roof collapsed. Respondents also believe that regulatory control by municipalities is watered down when the protocol communicated by the client, errors can be built without being seen by protocol or by visual after controls. The new legislation (SFS 2010:900) does not change in terms of self-control. Trust and confidence in the individual remains high - where the individual client sees others' safety and wellbeing as part of their own actions.   Keywords: report, natural disaster, county, winter 2009/2010.

<p>This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping.</p><p>In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external constructors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep.</p><p>The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for.</p><p>In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the constructor.</p><p>It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the constructor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration.</p><p>Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the constructors feel affect their work in any sense.</p><p>Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same constructor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the constructor was a newcomer.</p><p>The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the constructors and the road users.</p><p>The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and constructor.</p>

The aim of this report was to quantify the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in ice-covered lakes in winter (October-March) during three consecutive years, and to assess whether the concentrations of DIC and CH4, as well as the ratio DIC:CH4 differs between years and between lakes affected by clearcutting and untreated reference lakes. Water- and gas samples were collected from four boreal lakes (two affected by clearcutting and two untreated reference lakes) located in Västerbottens inland in spring. The lakes were found to accumulate on average 91, 55, and 84 mgCm-2d-1 during winters 2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015, mostly originating from CO2. The concentrations of DIC (autumn and spring) were higher in the affected clear-cut lakes compared to reference lakes for all years, including the reference year (2012-2013) before clear-cutting. No such difference was found for CH4 or the ratio DIC:CH4. Accumulated concentrations of CO2 and CH4 varied between years while the ratio (accumulated) CO2:CH4 increased over time for all lakes but with no difference between the clear-cut lakes and the reference lakes. The differences between the clear-cut and the reference lakes, hence, are unclear with differences between years likely stemming from natural variations. The effects of clearcutting in catchment areas might be more visible at other times of year not seen in this study which focuses only on winter. The amount of CO2 and CH4 accumulated under ice in lakes was substantial i.e. high-lighting the importance of including winter accumulation of greenhouse-gases in estimations of yearly emissions from lakes.

Previous studies have shown that ice cover has many positive effects on brown trout (Salmo trutta), including protection from endothermic predators. I tested whether it is the cover provided by the ice itself or the reduction in light that causes behavioral changes in juvenile brown trout. To distinguish between these two effects, behavioural observations were made with and without ice at the same light intensity (500 lux). An additional ice-free, high light (3000 lux) treatment was included to be able to measure brown trout’s response to light reduction. A mink model was used to simulate predation risk to be able to measure the fish’s anti-predator response under these three conditions. I found a significant treatment effect on body and eye coloruration. For eye colouration, I found that fish under ice had a paler eye colouration than fish that experienced high light, which in turn were paler than fish subjected to low light. For body colouration, fish under ice had paler body colouration than fish from the two ice-free treatments, which did not differ from each other. There was no effect of treatment on ventilation rate, time to initiate foraging, time to initiate activity or swimming activity, although both foraging and activity were lowest and swimming activity highest under ice. The changes in body and eye colouration indicate that trout are less stressed under ice, presumably because they perceive ice as a barrier against terrestrial predators. These results suggest that the ongoing climate change, which is leading to shorter periods of sustained ice cover, may have negative consequences for trout populations in the near future. / Tidigare studier har visat att yttäckande is medför många positiva effekter för öring (Salmo trutta), bland annat genom att utgöra skydd mot endoterma predatorer. Jag undersökte om det är den yttäckande isen i sig som medför beteendeförändringar hos juvenila öringar eller om det är det reducerade ljusinsläppet som isen medför. För att separera dessa två effekter gjordes beteendeobservationer med och utan ytis under samma ljusintensitet (500 lux). En ytterligare isfri behandling gjordes, med starkt ljus (3000 lux), för att kunna mäta öringens respons på ljusreduceringen. En uppstoppad mink användes för att simulera predationsrisken, detta för att kunna mäta fiskarnas antipredationsresponser under dessa tre förhållanden. Jag fann en signifikant behandlingseffekt på kropps- och ögonfärg. Under is hade fiskarna en blekare ögonfärg än när de befann sig under starkt ljus, som i sin tur resulterade i blekare färg än när fiskarna utsattes för svagt ljus. När det gäller kroppsfärg uppvisade fiskarna en blekare kroppsfärg under is än när de utsattes för de två isfria behandlingarna, vilka inte skiljde sig från varandra. Behandlingarna gav ingen effekt på gälslagsfrekvens, tid till att initiera födosök, tid till att initiera aktivitet eller simaktivitet, dock var tid till både födosök och aktivitet lägst och simaktivitet störst under is. Förändringarna i kropps- och ögonfärg indikerar att öring är mindre stressad under is, vilket eventuellt kan bero på att de uppfattar isen som en barriär mot terrestra predatorer. Dessa resultat tyder på att den pågående klimatförändringen, som innebär kortare perioder av ihållande yttäckande is, kan medföra negativa konsekvenser för öringpopulationer inom den närmaste framtiden.

Rapporten redovisar en kvalitativ studie med intervju som metod. Studiens syfte var att fördjupa kunskapen om hur uteverksamheten bedrivs i den samtida förskolan. I studien har fem pedagoger besvarat frågor om hur de använder förskolegården, vilket lärande de uppfattar sker hos förskolebarnen utomhus och hur de uppfattar att utomhuspedagogik. Resultatet visar att förskolor vistas utomhus dagligen i varierade miljöer och att skogen framställs som en lärande miljö. Vidare framställs att grov- och finmotorik utmanas i utomhusmiljön samt barnens förmåga att socialisera med andra. Både de yngre och äldre barngruppernas utevistelse består av utelekar. Utöver detta lyfts att medforskande förhållning-sätt är viktigt gällande lärande utomhus som även en del av resultatet. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna säger att de använder utomhuspedagogik genom att plocka in material, använda skogen som lärande miljö och skapar utomhusteman. Utforskandet av närmiljön är ytterligare ett sätt de använder utomhuspedagogik på. Utomhuspedagogik praktiseras i samtiden, enligt de fem pedagogerna. Den kan ses som en del av förskolans utevistelse och barn lär av att vistas utomhus.

This study is focusing on trying to find patterns and tendencies in previous Olympic Winter Games forthe economic variables regional GDP, rate of unemployment and tourism, which are then applied toStockholm County. By doing this, the study is trying to predict changes in these variables in the caseof a future Winter Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. The method used is based around linearregressions. By applying linear regressions on changes in these variables from previous WinterOlympics, the study tries to find similar patterns both in the period leading up to the event, as well asa period following the event. The results are found to be very individual from event to event whichimplies that there is no general effect from hosting the Winter Olympics that can be expected.However, some trends, regarding specific events that are more likely to resemble a potential WinterOlympics in Sweden, shows us that an increase in regional GDP and a decrease in regional rate ofunemployment might be the effects of a swedish event.

Volontärarbete är ett fenomen som uppkommer inom flertalet olika branscher och arbetssammanhang, bland annat inom undervisning samt idrottsevenemang. Volontärarbete handlar om att människor ställer upp med sin tid till att arbeta utan ekonomisk avlöning. I denna uppsats söker vi svar på vad som motiverar människor till att frivilligt ge sin tid till evenemang genom att ställa upp som volontärer. För att större evenemang ska kunna genomföras krävs ofta en stor del arbetskraft som ställer upp som volontärarbetare, vi belyser därmed också vikten av volontärarbete inom idrottsevenemang. I denna uppsats har vi utgått från evenemanget Skidskyttevärldscupen i Östersund 2023. Där vi har gjort en kvantitativ forskningsstudie utifrån en enkätundersökning. Enkäten har skickats ut till de människor som under Skidskyttevärldscupen i Östersund 2023 ställt upp som volontärarbetare. Enkäten är utformad med frågor som ska ge indikationer på vilka faktorer som är betydande för människors välvilja att ställa upp som volontärer. Vidare tar denna uppsats upp individers ställningstagande till ett eventuellt Vinter – OS i Sverige 2030. Detta genom att undersöka huruvida det finns något samband mellan olika motivationsfaktorer till att ställa upp som volontärarbetare vid Skidskyttevärldscupen och hur de ställer sig till att ett Vinter – OS ska arrangeras i Sverige 2030. / <p>2023-06-16</p>

Syfte med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur förskolans utomhusmiljö utformas och används vintertid och hur detta påverkar barns spontana lek och lärande. Studien baseras i en kvalitativ metod där tre fallstudier ligger till grund för studiensresultat. För att skapa både en bredd och djupare förståelse har studien genomförts med tre olika metoder för datainsamling. Resultatet visar att den föränderlighet som sker i förskolans utomhusmiljö under vintern har betydelse för barns spontana lek men även för pedagogernas förhållningssätt till utomhusverksamhet. Studiens resultat har analyserats genom ett sociomateriellt perspektiv och visar hur det materiella har betydelse för hur barn, pedagoger och utomhusmiljöns utformning på förskolan vintertid står i relation tillvarandra och att detta resulterar i inbjudningar men även uteslutningar för barns spontana lek och lärande.