Las mujeres indígenas, en el Perú y en el mundo en general, sufren muchas veces de violencia física y psicológica por parte de sus parejas y también a nivel comunal. Esto se debe a la presencia de relaciones de poder patriarcales y al escaso acceso de servicios judiciales que les permita denunciar. En el presente estudio, se explorará específicamente el caso de las mujeres ticuna, comunidad ubicada en el Trapecio Amazónico, conformado por los países de Perú, Colombia y Brasil. En tal sentido, el propósito de la investigación es estudiar el contexto sociocultural en el que viven las mujeres ticuna desde la perspectiva del Diseño de Moda. Es decir, la información obtenida se transformará en una herramienta de inspiración para la elaboración de una colección de indumentaria para mujeres. Se crearán texturas, colores y formas a partir del análisis teórico y visual. / The indigenous women in Perú and in the world in general, suffer many times of physical and psychological violence from their partners and also, in a communal level. This is because of the presence of relationships of patriarchal power and the poor access to judicial services that allows them to denounce. The present study will explore specifically th cases of ticuna women, community that has place in the Amazonian Trapeze, conformed by the countries of Perú, Colombia and Brasil. In that sense, the pourpose of the research is study the socio-cultural context in which ticuna women live from the perspective of Fashion Design. That is to say, the information obtained will transform in a tool of inspiration to elaborate a collection of attire for women. Textures, colours and forms will be created from the visua and theoric analysis. / Trabajo de investigación

Våld mot kvinnor är ett centralt område i arbetet med mänskliga rättigheter och global hälsa. En grupp som är underrepresenterad i hjälpapparaten för våld mot kvinnor är Rumäniens romska kvinnor, vars socio-ekonomiska förutsättningar ofta skiljer sig från majoritetsbefolkningen. Studien grundar sig på kvalitativ metod och syftar till att undersöka hjälpsökandeprocessen hos romska kvinnor i Rumänien som sökt formell hjälp till följd av våldsutsatthet. Sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med kvinnor som erfarit våld och sökt formell hjälp för sin våldsutsatthet. En abduktiv tematisk analys användes för att analysera intervjumaterialet. Resultatet visade att kvinnornas problemdefinition influerades av våldets ansvarsfördelning, ekonomiska och juridiska förutsättningar, social acceptans av våld mot kvinnor, normer kring kön och cykler av uppbrott. Kvinnornas beslut att söka hjälp påverkades av isolering, tidigare erfarenheter av våld, barn och oförmåga att lösa problemet själv. Kvinnornas val av hjälpkällor korresponderade med deras psykologiska och fysiska behov, kunskap och erfarenheter av informella och formella hjälpkällor. Avslutningsvis visade resultatet att hjälpsökandeprocesserna till stor del överensstämmer med evidens från andra grupper men att större hänsyn behöver tas till kvinnornas handlingsutrymme ifråga om tillgänglighet till hjälpkälla, ekonomiska förutsättningar, ålder och graden av kollektivism. / Violence against women is a key area in the work on human rights and global health. One group that is underrepresented in the help apparatus for women who experienced violence is Romania's Roma women, whose socio-economic conditions often differ from the majority population. The study is based on a qualitative method and aims to examine the help-seeking process among Roma women in Romania who have sought formal help as a result of violence. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who had experienced violence and sought formal help for their exposure to violence. An abductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview material. The results showed that women's problem definition was influenced by their interpretations of violence, economic and legal conditions, social acceptance of violence against women, gender norms, and cycles of separations. The women's decision to seek help was influenced by isolation, previous experiences of violence, children, and inability to autonomous problem- solving. The women's choice of sources of help corresponded to their psychological and physical needs, knowledge, and experience of informal and formal sources of help. In conclusion, the results showed that the help-seeking processes of Roma women in Romania are largely in line with evidence from other groups, but that greater consideration needs to be given to the women’s access to resources, economic conditions, age, and the degree of collectivism.

In Sweden, 23% of young women and girls between 16-24 reports to have been abused at least one time by a current- or ex-partner. Youth intimate partner violence is a critical issue with great negative impact on both individuals and society if not prevented early. Women and girls are recognized as essential actors in the 2030 Agenda, and strengthening the rights women and girls is an important step for achieving gender equality. The Foundation 1000 Möjligheter is a youth centre working to address the issue of youth intimate partner violence through support of young victims of abuse as well as to acknowledge young perpetrators of violent acts. The aim of this thesis was to examine the Foundation 1000 Möjligheter and their project UngaRelationer.se and how their work affects the knowledge gap of youth intimate partner violence in Sweden. Another aim was to investigate the consequences of youth intimate partner violence on sustainable development. This was studied through five qualitative semi-structured interviews; two with the Foundation 1000 Möjligheter, two with volunteers of UngaRelationer.se, and one with an employee of the Swedish Gender Equality Agency. The results were analysed through a literature review of the field of violence against women, feminist social movements and the gender and development theory. This study discovered that the lack of knowledge of youth intimate partner violence among youth, parents and other adults’ in proximity to youth is a hindrance to further initiatives to ending the violence. The Foundation 1000 Möjligheter addresses the knowledge gap on youth intimate partner violence through educating youths and adults on factors and perspective that are essential to understand and recognize violence and abuse. The efforts of the women’s movement to raise the issue and push for policy change is fundamental in the case of both adult and youth intimate partner violence and further mobilization is needed. The health effects as consequences of youth intimate partner violence risk to exclude young women and girls from higher education, meaningful interactions and influential positions in society. As women and girls are important actors of change, these consequences pose a threat to sustainable development.

La violencia conyugal se ha convertido en una problemática presente en diferentes sociedades. Las investigaciones al respecto se han dado desde el enfoque de la víctima, en entorno social y, en los últimos años, de los varones agresores. Sobre los hombres agresores se ha resaltado la relación entre el factor del apego con sus conductas agresivas. Debido a esto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir los patrones de apego que presentan en su relación de pareja dos varones de zonas rurales. El diseño de la investigación es cualitativo con un enfoque fenomenológico. Los participantes fueron 2 hombres adultos involucrados en relaciones largas con hijos. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue la entrevista a profundidad y se analizaron bajo la estrategia de análisis de contenido. Los resultados arrojaron que los patrones de apego que presentan los participantes en sus relaciones de pareja están estrechamente relacionados a los primeros vínculos afectivos que tuvieron con sus cuidadores primarios. Dichos patrones están dirigidos por la angustia ante la idea de separación de su pareja. / Conjugal violence has become a problem present in different societies. Investigations in this regard have been given from the approach of the victim, in a social environment and, in recent years, of male aggressors. The relationship between the attachment factor and its aggressive behaviors has been highlighted on the aggressive men. Because of this, this research aims to describe the patterns of attachment that two men from rural areas have in their relationship. The research design is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The participants were 2 adult men involved in long relationships with children. The data collection instrument was the in-depth interview and was analyzed under the content analysis strategy. The results showed that the attachment patterns presented by the participants in their romantic relationships are closely related to the first emotional ties they had with their primary caregivers. These patterns are driven by anguish at the idea of ​​separation from their romantic partner. / Tesis

Pornografi konsumeras dagligen av många, samtidigt ses det som en riskfaktor för milda attityder till sexuellt våld. Pornografins skadliga konsekvenser är omdiskuterat och det föreligger brister gällande kunskapen om dess samband med sexuella attityder. Den aktuella studien syftade till att undersöka attityder gällande sexuellt våld mot kvinnor relaterat till pornografikonsumtion och kön. En tvärsnittsdesign användes och datainsamling genomfördes via en webbenkät där totalt 449 respondenter deltog (130 män; 319 kvinnor). Resultatet påvisade ett signifikant positivt samband mellan attityder till sexuellt våld och pornografikonsumtion bland män men inte bland kvinnor. En signifikant skillnad i attityder påvisades mellan de med hög respektive låg pornografikonsumtion bland kvinnor men inte bland män. Män hade mildare attityder till sexuellt våld och högre pornografikonsumtion än kvinnor. Slutligen hade de som ofta konsumerade pornografi med våldsinslag mildare attityder än de som sällan gjorde det. För att motverka pornografins skadliga konsekvenser är ett förslag att reglera produktion och konsumtion av pornografi, samt satsa på normkritisk sexualundervisning i skolan. / Pornography is daily consumed by many, at the same time it is regarded as a risk factor for more positive attitudes towards sexual violence. The harmful consequences of pornography is controversial and there is a lack of knowledge regarding its relationship with sexual attitudes. The purpose of the present study was to examine attitudes toward sexual violence against women related to pornography consumption and gender. A cross-sectional study design was used and the data were collected through an online survey with a total of 449 respondents (130 men; 319 women). The results showed a significant positive relationship between attitudes toward sexual violence and pornography in men but not in women. A difference between those who had a high respectively low pornography consumption were found in women but not men. Men had more positive attitudes toward sexual violence and also reported a higher consumption compared to women. Finally, individuals who often consumed violent pornography had milder attitudes than those who rarely did so. To counteract the harmful consequences of pornography, a suggestion is to regulate the production and consumption of pornography as well as investing in norm-critical sexual education in school.

In 2006, the Swedish government established the gender equality policy "women and men should have the same power to shape the society and their own lives", together with six sub-goals. This thesis has examined the governments sixth equality sub-goal "men's violence against women should cease". There is a national strategy to prevent and combat this violence, where collaboration is highlighted as an important factor. The thesis also elevates how men´s violence against women in close relationships is currently a global societal problem that extends beyond categories such as social class, ethnicity, age et cetera.  The aim of this thesis was to investigate how the local collaboration is structured and worksbetween the police, social services and the women's shelter in Västerås, regarding the implementation of the governments sixth equality sub-goal. A qualitative method was used in form of semi-structured interviews to answer the purpose and the questions of the thesis. Two employees from each authority and a non-profit organization were selected as informants, determined through three categories. The theoretical framework was based both on a collaborative theory and an implementation theory.  The result showed that collaboration is necessary as a method while working for women who are vulnerable to violence in order for them to receive adequate support and assistance. It´s also important for the employees, since no individual authority or organization can be responsible to solve men's violence against women. Currently, the collaboration between the three actors in Västerås work relatively well. However, this thesis shows that more resources need to be invested in the collaboration. Communication needs to be improved and clearer goals that formulates the legitimacy of everyone participating in the collaboration work need to be set. The conclusion partly shows that collaboration needs, not only to exist, but also be prioritized at all levels of the institutions working with this issue. Even politicians need to prioritize and invest resources that may enable a well-functioning collaboration which is vital for the work against men’s violence against women.

This dissertation examines the influences of LGBTQ positive school climate and state-level anti-bullying policy with sexual and gender minority (SGM) identity enumeration on weight and victimization disparities among sexual minority adolescents. Compared to their heterosexual peers, sexual minority adolescents (those who identify as gay/lesbian or bisexual, or who are unsure of their sexual identity) have higher odds of having obesity and experiencing school violence victimization. The effects of school climate and anti-bullying policy that seek to specifically provide protections for LGBTQ adolescents on the health outcomes of obesity and school violence have rarely been examined, and especially in tandem. Decreasing disparities in both these outcomes would help improve quality of life and decrease morbidity. Therefore, the overall objective of this dissertation is to help fill several gaps in the literature related to obesity, school violence, school climate, and state-level anti-bullying policy with SGM identity enumeration. An adapted Social Ecological Model guided conceptualization and design of the three studies included. Chapter 1 introduces the current state of adolescent obesity, including trends in obesity over time, contextual influences on obesity, and obesity disparities among sexual minority adolescents. Existing research on school violence victimization, school climate, and SGM enumerated policy are also introduced and described. Chapter 2, a systematic review, aimed to systematically search and review the literature on the effects of positive school climate on weight-related health behaviors and risk factors for obesity. Overall, we found that LGBTQ adolescents in more positive school climates reported lower levels of bullying victimization, depressive and suicidal feelings, and sexual orientation-based harassment than those in less positive school climates. Results were more mixed for studies examining the effects of positive school climate on alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. Chapter 3, a cross-sectional analysis of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) and School Health Profiles (SHP) from 2010–2019, examined and compared the associations among sexual identity, school violence victimization, and obesity across varying levels of LGBTQ school climate in ten United States school districts. We found that for both female and male adolescents, regardless of sexual identity, those who reported two or more counts of school violence victimization had significantly higher odds of obesity compared to those who reported no violence victimization experienced in the last 12 months (1.33 and 1.24 greater odds, respectively). We also found that in the presence of more positive LGBTQ school climates, adolescents had 0.85 lower odds of obesity compared to those in the presence of less positive LGBTQ school climates. Chapter 4, a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences analysis of state-level anti-bullying policies and state-level CDC YRBS data from 1999–2019, examined the causal effect of anti-bullying policies with SGM identity enumeration on bullying and obesity trends over time. We found that adolescent girls had a significant 1.0 percentage point decrease in the probability of bullying victimization in the period post SGM enumeration enactment. For boys, this association was slightly stronger with a 3.2 percentage point decrease in the probability of bullying victimization in the post-period. However, when we examined subgroups of sexual minority adolescents specifically, we found the average treatment effects for SGM enumeration were even stronger for sexual minority girls and boys—with a 6.4 percentage point decrease in the probability of being bullied for sexual minority girls and a 6.0 percentage point decrease for sexual minority boys. Results for the obesity outcome showed that in the post-period, obesity rates increased for sexual minority girls and boys, an unintended effect that should be explored in future research that considers temporality of relationships among these outcome variables. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the studies included in the dissertation, identifies strengths and limitations, reviews key findings, and discusses implications for policy, practice, and future research. Using strong quantitative statistical methods, our primary contribution to the public health literature is that LGBTQ positive school climates and inclusive, SGM enumerated anti-bullying policies work to help decrease odds of obesity and rates of bullying victimization, respectively, for both heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents—highlighting how specific protections for one group of adolescents can extend benefits to all adolescents.

Targeted sanctions have become a commonly used conflict management tool over the last decades. Yet, operating in the state-centric context, previous research has highlighted the unintended negative effects of the instrument. What remains understudied is the effects of targeted sanctions on rebel groups' behavior. Acknowledging that sanctions are never imposed in isolation, this thesis seeks to explore the effects of targeted sanctions on rebel groups' violence against civilians and how the presence of peacekeeping influences this. This thesis argues that targeted sanctions increase a rebel group's violence against civilians through the mechanism of constrained resources and decreased capabilities to provide selective incentives to its fighters. Peacekeeping counter this mechanism by acting as a physical barrier between the combatants and the civilians, ultimately altering the cost-benefit analysis. UNITA in Angola and RUF in Sierra Leone are examined using a within-case and an across-case comparison. The findings lend mixed support to the notion that targeted sanctions increase a rebel group's violence against civilians. However, the results support the second hypothesis; peacekeeping appears to counterbalance the adverse effects of targeted sanctions on rebel groups' violence against civilians.

Bakgrund: Att kvinnor utsätts för sexuellt våld är ett globalt problem. Kvinnor uppleva skuld och skam efter att ha utsatts för sexuellt våld vilket kan bidra till att de undviker att söka vård. Vårdpersonalen har en viktig roll i mötet med sexuellt våldsutsatta. Mötet bidrar till kvinnors uppfattning av vården och dess läkningsprocess utformas av mötet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva sexuellt våldsutsatta kvinnors erfarenheter av mötet med vårdpersonalen inom olika vårdinstanser. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt som inkluderar 11 originalartiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Redovisas i kategorier: Utmaningar i mötet och Det goda mötet. Utmaningar i mötet beskrivs i underkategorier: Att känna uppgivenhet och misstro samt Att vara till besvär. Det goda mötet beskrivs i underkategorier: Att uppleva stöd samt Att uppleva medkänsla och lyhördhet. Slutsats: Det finns förbättringsmöjligheter i vården gällande vårdpersonals möte med sexuellt våldsutsatta kvinnor. Vissa kvinnor upplever mötet som vårdande men majoriteten upplevde mötet som icke vårdande till följd av att vårdpersonal bland annat visade brist på empati. Genom att utöka kunskap och forskning av mötet med sexuellt våldsutsatta kvinnor möjliggörs förbättring av omvårdnad till denna patientgrupp. / Background: Women subjected to sexual violence is a global problem. Women can experience shame and guilt. This contributes to women not seeking healthcare. Healthcare staff has an important role in meeting with women who have suffered sexual violence. The meeting contributes to women's perception of healthcare and the healing process is shaped by the meeting. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women's experiences of meeting with healthcare staff after being subjected to sexual violence in care agencies. Method: Literature review that included 11 original articles with a qualitative approach. Results: Presented in categories: Challenges in the meeting and The good meeting. Challenges in the meeting are described in subcategories: Feeling abandoned and distrustful and Being an inconvenience. The good meeting is described in subcategories: Feeling support and Feeling compassion and sensitivity in the meeting. Conclusion: There are improvements regarding healthcare staff encounters with women subjected to sexual violence. Some women experience the meeting as caring, the majority experience the meeting as non-caring due to healthcare staff’s lack of empathy etcetera. By expanding knowledge and research of the encounter with women who experienced sexual violence enables improvement of nursing.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att analysera hur representationen av män som utövar partnervåld förändrats över en trettioårig tidsperiod i riktlinjer gällande socialnämndens arbete med våld i nära relationer. Genom en kvalitativ dokumentstudie undersöktes 12 dokument rörande riktlinjer för socialnämndens arbete med våld i nära relationer från tidsnedslagen 1990-1998, 2005-2009, 2014-2016 samt 2020-2022. Tre dokument per tidsnedslag. Studien undersökte på vilket sätt våldsutövande män identifieras i riktlinjerna, vilka diskurser som kan utläsas ur riktlinjerna gällande våldsutövande män samt om representationen av våldsutövande män förändrats i riktlinjerna över tid. Uppsatsen har haft en abduktiv ansats tillsammans med en ontologisk utgångspunkt i det socialkonstruktivistiska perspektivet. Riktlinjerna analyserades utifrån Bacchis policyanalys “What’s the problem represented to be?”, som är en form av kvalitativ diskursanalys, samt utifrån tidigare forskning och valda teoretiska ramverk. Ett första resultat har visat på att våldsutövande män identifierats som “problemet” i riktlinjerna. Genom att identifieras som orsaken till våldet tilldelas männen även en maktposition där de har makten att upprätthålla våldet. Männen beskrivs utöva våldet i syfte att uttrycka en “manlig identitet”. Ett andra resultat har visat att diskurser som kunnat utläsas handlar om könsroller där männen beskrivs som “starka” och kvinnorna som “svaga”. Detta stärks genom hur insatserna är utformade och vem som anses ha rätt till stöd. Genus har därmed spelat en stor roll kring att förklara grunden till de diskurser gällande våldsutövande män, som kunnat utläsas ur riktlinjerna. Ett tredje resultat har även visat att representationen av våldsutövande män i riktlinjerna förändrats över tid. I de tidigare dokumenten används könsmaktsperspektivet som förklaringsmodell och våldsutövare beskrivs som en homogen grupp. I de senare dokumenten beskrivs våldsutövare som en heterogen grupp, där vikt läggs vid individuella orsaker snarare än kön.