Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and the Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) constitute core accessibility resources for Web designers and developers. To explore their deployment, I conduct interviews with 10 practitioners who use WCAG and WAI-ARIA in their work. Using techniques derived from grounded theory and situational analysis, I develop the concept of conformance work. Conformance work refers to how designers and developers develop harmonized interpretations of WAI-ARIA and WCAG, and the Websites these specifications are meant to instruct. Conformance work is the upstream work designers and developers engage in to invest categories such as “standards compliance” and “Web accessibility” with meaning.

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and the Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) constitute core accessibility resources for Web designers and developers. To explore their deployment, I conduct interviews with 10 practitioners who use WCAG and WAI-ARIA in their work. Using techniques derived from grounded theory and situational analysis, I develop the concept of conformance work. Conformance work refers to how designers and developers develop harmonized interpretations of WAI-ARIA and WCAG, and the Websites these specifications are meant to instruct. Conformance work is the upstream work designers and developers engage in to invest categories such as “standards compliance” and “Web accessibility” with meaning.

While the need for web accessibility for people with disabilities is widely accepted, the same visibility does not apply to the accessibility needs of older adults. This research initially explored developer behaviour in terms of how they presented accessibility on their websites as well as their own accessibility practices in terms of presentation of accessibility statements, the mention of accessibility as a selling point to potential clients and homepage accessibility of company websites. Following from this starting point the research focused in on web accessibility for ageing in particular. A questionnaire was developed to explore the differences between developer views of general accessibility and accessibility for older people. The questionnaire findings indicated that ageing is not seen as an accessibility issue by a majority of developers. Awareness of ageing accessibility documentation was also very low, highlighting the need for raising awareness of accessibility practices for ageing. Current age-related documentation developed by the Web Accessibility Initiative was then examined and critiqued. The findings show a tension between the machine-centric Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) and the needs of older people. Examination of guidelines when compared to research-derived findings reveal that the Assistive Technology (AT) centric structure of the documentation does not appropriately highlight accessibility practices in a context that matches the observed behaviour of older people. The documentation also fails to appropriately address the psycho-social ramifications of how older people choose to interact with technology as well as how they identify themselves in relation to any conditions they have which may be considered disabling. The need for a novel, engaging and awareness-raising tool resulted in the development of what is essentially a "Virtual third-age simulator". This ageing simulator is the first to combine multiple impairments in an active simulation and uses eye-tracking technology to increase the fidelity of conditions resulting in partial sightedness. It also allows for developers to view their own web content in addition to the lessons provided using the simulations presented in the software. The simulator was then validated in terms of its ability to raise awareness as well as its ability to affect web industry professionals' intentions towards accessible practices that benefit older people.

The virtual visits at the public library websites are increasing more and more every day. That is why usability is something that becomes very important, especially for those people who have special needs and abilities. Therefore our aim in this bachelor thesis is to determine how user friendly the public library websites in Sweden are for people with special needs and abilities. The research question will be how well do the public library websites comport with the criterias that are used for maintaining the usability for people with special needs and abilities in other countries with respect to the Library Act clause 6? In the method 34 public library websites has been analyzed in two different ways: The first is an audit by an evaluation tool from WCAG that is checking if the websites comply with the A level criteria’s according to the guidelines. The second method examined the website code and specifications against the WCAG 2.0 guidelines. The evaluation has showed that many of the public libraries have very few tools for our target group if any at all. It also showed that they should have better navigation and contrast on their websites. What this thesis implicates that the majority of the public libraries should work on how to be more available and user friendly for people with special needs and abilities.

Med hjälp av Internet har världens befolkning kunnat utforska oändligt många tjänster. Denna utveckling har dock lett till barriärer för personer med funktionsnedsättning. På grund av det har World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) tillsammans med Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) skapat Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). WCAG är riktlinjer skapade för att göra webbsidor mer tillgängliga för alla, inklusive människor med funktionsnedsättning. I Sverige finns lagen för digital offentlig service (DOS-lagen). För att upprätthålla denna lag krävs det att offentliga aktörer följer WCAG:s riktlinjer upp till och med nivå AA.Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån WCAG 2.1 få en förståelse över vilka tillgänglighetsproblem som är vanligast och om problemen korrelerar med använt webbramverk. Även de hinder som eventuellt kan finnas kring arbetet runt WCAG är av intresse. Detta för att ge underlag för framtida strategiska beslut för svenska offentliga aktörer för ett lyckat arbete med att uppfylla WCAG 2.1. En kvantitativ undersökning på 30 olika webbplatser har utförts med hjälp av ett automatiskt verktyg och en manuell undersökning av startsidorna. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med 4 olika offentliga aktörer för att kunna svara på om det finns hinder i arbetet med att följa WCAG 2.1.Resultatet beskriver de tillgänglighetsproblem som finns på de olika webbplatserna. Av kriterierna som undersöktes automatiskt var de vanligaste överträdda [1.3.1] som menar på att man ska använda HTML-element på ett korrekt sätt så innehåll kan presenteras, [4.1.1] som ska se till att koden valideras samt [4.1.2] som menar på att man ska se till att anpassade komponenter fungerar i hjälpmedel. Den manuella undersökningen visade de vanligaste överträdda kriterierna var [1.4.10] som menar på att man ska skapa en flexibel layout som fungerar vid olika skärmstorlekar och [3.3.3] som menar på att man ska kunna ge förslag på hur inmatningsfel kan rättas till vid olika sökfunktioner. Resultatet pekade även på att en korrelation mellan valt webbramverk och antalet webbtillgänglighetproblem inte existerade. De semistrukturerade intervjuerna kunde fastställa att det fanns en del utmaningar vid arbetet runt WCAG 2.1. De största orsakerna var kopplade till budget och resurser men också okunskap och inställning till WCAG. En annan utmaning var även kopplad till kompetens vid nyrekrytering. / With the help of Internet the world’s population have had the opportunity to explore the different services Internet has to offer. Although this amazing development has been advantageous to many people it has created barriers for people with different disabilities. Because of this the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) together with the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) have created Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). WCAG are guidelines for making web pages more accessible for everyone, including people with disabilities. In Sweden there is an existing law called the law of digital public service. This law demands public authorities to have accessible web pages and follow the WCAG guidelines up to level AA.The purpose of this study is, from the perspective of WCAG 2.1, to get an understanding of which accessibility problems that are most common and if there is a correlation between these problems and used web frameworks. The challenges that eventually exist around the work with WCAG 2.1 are also of interest. The purpose of this is to give basis for future strategic decision-making for Swedish public authorities. The methods that were being used during the study were both qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative research on 30 different web sites was executed with the help of an automatic testing tool and manual research of the start pages. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 4 different public authorities to find answers if there were any difficulties with the implementation of WCAG 2.1.The result describes the accessibility problems that exist on the different webpages. Of all the criterions evaluated in the automatic research, the most violated criterions were [1.3.1] which means to use HTML elements correctly so that content can be presented, [4.1.1] to make sure that the code validates and [4.1.2] to make sure that custom components work in assistive devices. The manual research showed that the most common criterions were [1.4.10] which means to create a flexible layout that works at different screen sizes and [3.3.3] which means that is should be possible to give suggestions on how errors can be corrected in different search functions. The result gave indications that there was no correlation between web framework used and amount of accessibility problems. The semi structured interviews concluded that there were many difficulties with the implementation of WCAG. The biggest reasons were connected to budget, resources, and attitude towards WCAG. Another challenge was connected to the amount of competence on WCAG when recruiting new employees.

Det har sedan 2019 varit lagkrav att offentliga webbplatser i Sverige skall uppfylla viss nivå av digital tillgänglighet. När den här studien publiceras ska ytterligare EU-direktiv bli nationell lag, vilket kommer att innebära att även privata aktörer berörs av motsvarande krav, däribland banktjänster och e-handeln. Detta kommer att innebära ökade krav som leverantörer och deras utvecklare behöver kunna möta.  Målen med studien är att skapa en medvetenhet om digital tillgänglighet och tydliggöra, utifrån utvecklarens perspektiv, hur man arbetar för att uppnå denna grad av tillgänglighet och vad som behövs för att mer effektivt tillämpa digital tillgänglighet.  För att åstadkomma detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie genomförts. Totalt åtta intervjuer har genomförts, som sedan har transkriberats och tematiserats i resultatavsnittet. En induktiv tematisk analys är genomförd utifrån forskningsfrågorna. Den jämför tidigare resultat mot utfall från undersökningen och visar tydligt på likheter men även skillnader och nya upptäckter. Av undersökningen framgår att utvecklare har tillgång till utvärderingsverktyg och riktlinjer som ger ett gott stöd i arbetet, men att ansvaret ofta ligger på enskilda utvecklare snarare än på verksamheten som helhet. Detta är en av de största utmaningarna, tillsammans med att det fortfarande utvecklas otillgängligt parallellt och att tidspress gör att tillgänglighet kan prioriteras ned. Respondenterna är dock överens om att det inte tar längre tid att utveckla tillgängligt än otillgängligt, förutsatt att det tas i beaktande från början. Framgångsfaktorer i arbetet är att sälja in tillgänglighet till kunden, att arbeta strukturerat med kunskapsdelning och att dokumentera lösningar för att spara tid. Utöver detta framgår att tillgänglighetsfrågan skulle vinna på att ägarskapet lyfts till en högre beslutsnivå och kompetensen breddas i leverantörens organisation, samt att utvecklare får tillgång till specialistkompetens och användartester som stöd i arbetet. En grundkunskap om tillgänglighet skulle kunna inkluderas i webbutvecklingsutbildningar i större utsträckning, och en utökning av lagkraven skulle kunna skapa ytterligare incitament hos kunden. / Since 2019, all public websites in Sweden are legally bound to meet a certain degree of digital accessibility. An additional EU directive is being transposed into national law at the time of publication of this thesis, which will impose corresponding requirements on part of the private sector, such as banking services and e-commerce. This will likely cause increased demand which suppliers of web development and, in turn, their developers must be able to meet.  The aims of this study are to create an increased awareness of digital accessibility as well as to clarify, from the developer’s perspective, how this degree of accessibility is achieved and what could make application of digital accessibility more efficient.  In order to achieve this, eight qualitative interviews were conducted, transcribed and thematized in the results section. An inductive thematic analysis has been carried out related to the research questions. It compares the results of previous studies with the outcomes from this study, and shows clear similarities but also differences and new discoveries.  The study shows that developers have access to evaluation tools and guidelines that provide good support in their work, but that the responsibility often lies with individual developers rather than with the business as a whole. This is one of the main challenges, together with the fact that inaccessible development is still being carried out in parallel, and that time pressure leads to deprioritization of accessibility. However, the respondents agree that it does not take any more time to develop accessible rather than inaccessible websites, provided that this is taken into account from the outset. Success factors for digital accessibility are to sell the idea to the customer, to work in a structured way with knowledge sharing and to document solutions in order to save time. In addition to this, it appears that the implementation of accessibility would benefit from the ownership being raised to a higher decision level and the competence being broadened in the supplier's organization, and that developers gain access to specialist competence and user tests to support their work. A basic knowledge of accessibility could be included in web development training to a greater extent, and an extension of the legal requirements could also create additional incentives for the customer.

El presente trabajo de investigación propone y desarrolla un proceso para la implementación de cursos en MOOC accesibles. Los principales aportes de son: (i) la caracterización del problema de la accesibilidad de los MOOC; (ii) la recopilación del estado de la cuestión mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura; (iii) la validación del nivel de accesibilidad de plataformas y contenidos MOOC; (iv) la identificación de requisitos de accesibilidad para plataformas y contenidos MOOC; (v) el diseño de una arquitectura para plataformas MOOC accesibles; (vi) la definición de un ciclo de vida para la gestión de MOOC accesibles.

Due to the increasing prevalence of laws, standards, and ethical discussions about web accessibility, developing websites and apps that are usable to everyone—regardless of disability and impairment—is more important than ever. In spite of this, most of the web is still inaccessible and accessibility is commonly treated as an afterthought. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how to implement web accessibility as a cornerstone of software development processes, and more specifically what motivates accessibility adoption and how to implement it successfully. The main part of the research consists of an extensive analysis of the literature to identify common themes. Although legislation and financial concerns play a role in why organizations adopt accessibility, the most frequently cited factors are social and ethical aspects as well as reaching a wider audience. The success of accessibility implementation is largely dependent on how knowledge is created, maintained, and disseminated in organizations. Prioritizing it and integrating it as much as any other basic requirement is also a key to success. Moreover, WCAG 2.1 Level AA is the recommended accessibility standard and compliance level, as informed by a law review and insights from literature. In addition, semi-structured interviews and a workshop were conducted with participants across three projects of a Swedish IT company with the aim of applying the findings in a real-life context and bringing about change in the organization. Final suggestions were based on the thematic analysis, and adapted to the case company through the insights from interviews and the workshop, as well as process documentation and corporate policies. Although not generalizable to all organizations, the suggestions provide understanding of enterprises sharing the case company's characteristics. Furthermore, the thematic analysis and law review have relevance for all types of private organizations.

Att skapa inkluderande webbupplevelser innebär att användare, oavsett förutsättningar, ska kunna uppfatta, förstå sig på, interagera med och kunna bidra till tjänster på webben. För att arbeta med webbtillgänglighet finns uppsatta standarder för att upptäcka och minimera begränsningar. Trots uppsatta standarder tillhandahåller flertalet myndigheter otillgängliga tjänster, vilket sägs bero på inkompetens och resursbrist. Studiens mål är därmed att bidra med kunskap om automatiserade tillgänglighetstestverktygs effektivitet. Verktygen är implementerade inom och för mjukvaruprocesser och har integrerats med ett End-To-End-testverktyg. Studiens mål uppnås med hjälp av en kvantitativ datainsamling inspirerad av Brajniks definition av effektivitet som mäter verktygens exekveringstid, fullständighet, specificitet och korrekthet. Utifrån mätningar på 4 av World Wide Web Consortiums demonstrationswebbsidor baserat på WCAG 2.1 enligt DIGGs tillsynsmanual visar studien att tillgänglighetstestverktygen Pa11y, QualWeb, IBM Equal Access och Google Lighthouse presterar bättre och sämre inom olika områden. Studien uppmärksammar att QualWeb i genomsnitt har kortast exekveringstid med ca 3933 millisekunder. QualWeb har även högst andel genomsnittlig fullständighet (80,94 %) och specificitet (58,26 %). Det verktyg med högst andel korrekthet är Google Lighthouse (99,02 %). Inget av verktygen anses perfekt eftersom samtliga verktyg gör felbedömningar. Studiens slutsats menar därmed att QualWeb är ett effektivare tillgänglighetstestverktyg som kräver komplettering av ytterligare testningsmetoder såsom manuella och användarcentrala tester. / Creating inclusive web experiences means that users, regardless of their circumstances, should be able to perceive, understand, interact with, and contribute to services on the web. To ensure web accessibility, there are established standards to detect and minimize limitations. However, despite these standards, most authorities provide inaccessible services, due to incompetence and resource constraints. The goal of the study is thus to contribute knowledge about automated accessibility testing tools effectiveness. These tools are implemented within and for software processes and are integrated with an End-To-End testing tool. The study achieves its goals through quantitative data collection inspired by Brajnik’s definition of efficiency, measuring the tools’ execution time, completeness, specificity, and correctness. Based on measurements taken from four of the World Wide Web Consortium’s demonstration websites, following WCAG 2.1 according to DIGG’s supervision manual, the study shows that the accessibility testing tools Pa11y, QualWeb, IBM Equal Access, and Google Lighthouse perform better and worse in different areas. The study highlights that QualWeb has the shortest average execution time at approximately 3933 milliseconds. QualWeb also has the highest average completeness (80.94%) and specificity (58.26%). The tool with the highest correctness rate is Google Lighthouse (99.02%). None of the tools are considered perfect, as all of them make mistakes. The study’s conclusion suggests that QualWeb is a more effective accessibility testing tool that requires additional testing methods such as manual, and user testing.

Entertainment on airplanes has increased in later years and is a significant part of the flight experience. In-flight Entertainment (IFE) can consist of many different types of entertainment such as movies, music, live-tv, and games. Recently, the attention to making accessible websites has also increased. WCAG is a set of guidelines for creating accessible web pages. The target devices for WCAG are computers, laptops, and mobile phones. This thesis aims to customize the guidelines and success criteria in WCAG to increase their utilization when applied in an IFE system. Additionally, this thesis focuses on finding differences in accessibility for IFE systems and websites.    The procedure to customize WCAG was done through literature and case studies. The data gathered from these two methods were used together to customize the guidelines and success criteria. The case study was done on people working with the development of IFE systems. Following the customization of WCAG, a comparison was made in a specific scenario between the customized guidelines and WCAG. The study showed that customization of some guidelines and success criteria in WCAG was necessary if WCAG was applied in an IFE system. However, the results also showed that most guidelines and success criteria can be used in an IFE system without changes. The customized guidelines are called IFCAG - In-Flight Content Accessibility Guidelines. To conclude, the guidelines and success criteria in IFCAG should work better than WCAG when applied in the development of an IFE system. However, this cannot be determined before IFCAG is applied during an actual development of an IFE system. Furthermore, WCAG consists of a large ecosystem of additional supporting documents. Future research could also look at these documents with IFE systems in mind.