Detta arbete kommer att behandla olika typer av fel och störningar som påverkar ett byggprojekt. Byggprocessen i sig involverar många aktörer som måste samarbeta för att nå uppsatta mål och därmed hålla sluttiden. Från det att byggherren har tagit ett beslut att starta ett byggprojekt till att byggprojektet nått sin slutliga fas ställs det krav på alla aktörer. I byggprojektets tre olika skeden – program, projektering och produktion – uppstår olika typer av fel och störningar som påverkar byggprojektet negativt. Det uppstår alltid komplikationer när ett husbygge skall utföras pga. ett komplicerat samspel mellan olika parter, personer och företag. För att kunna förstå hur fel och störningar påverkar dagens byggprocess har det gjorts litteraturstudie. Litteraturstudierna har därefter kompletterats med intervjuer med platschefer hos NCC AB. Detta gjordes med avsikten att kunna jämföra teorin med verkligheten. Överensstämmer verkligheten med teorin eller är det stora skillnader mellan dessa två. Grunden för ett lyckat byggprojekt är oftast en väl genomförd planering. Byggbranschen har som helhet en dålig planeringsnivå. Planeringen görs för att kunna minimera fel och störningar. Intervjuerna som gjorts har visat att trots en god planering är inget projekt helt felfritt. Det dyker nästan alltid upp något som måste ändras, tilläggas eller tas bort. Nyckelord: fel, störningar, byggprojekt, byggstyrning, byggprocessen, undersökning, produktionsplanering. / This paper will address different types of faults and disturbances that affect a building project. The construction process itself involves many participants who must cooperate in order to reach the set goals and thus keep the end time. From the time the developer has taken a decision to start a construction project until the construction project reached its final stage each participant has requirements to fulfil. In the three different stages of the construction project – planning, pre-construction and construction – different types of faults and disturbances occurs that affect the project negatively. There are always complications when a building project must be carried out on the basis of a complex interaction between different parties, people and companies. There have been done literature studies in order to understand how faults and disturbances affect today’s construction process. The literature studies have then been supplemented by interviews with site managers at NCC AB. This was done with the intention to be able to compare the theory with reality. Does the reality match with the theory or are there major differences between these two. The foundation for a successful construction project is usually a well-conducted planning. The construction industry as a whole has a bad planning level. The planning is done in order to minimize faults and disturbances. The interviews carried out have shown, despite a good planning, that no project is completely flawless; there is almost always something that needs to be changed, added or removed. Keywords: faults, disturbances, construction projects, construction management, construction process, investigation, production planning.

Syfte: I denna studie undersöktes bildterapeuters berättelser om hur de arbetar med affektmedvetenhet i bildterapi. Metod: En kvalitativ studiedesign användes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra bildterapeuter. För att utvinna data valdes tematisk analys. Bearbetning av intervjuerna utgick ifrån fyra dimensioner av affektmedvetenhet enligt Monsen, Eilertsen, Melgård och Ødegård (1996): Uppmärksamma, Tolerera, Icke-verbalt uttryck samt Verbalt uttryck av känslor. Resultat: Analysen av intervjuerna resulterade i nio teman/bildterapeutiska arbetssätt för ökad affektmedvetenhet hos klienten: Lägga märke till känslor, Synliggöra omedvetna känslor, Synliggöra mer medvetna känslor, Växla mellan tanke och känsla, Reglera överväldigande känslor, Omstrukturera, Kroppsfokus, Öppna bilden och Låna bilden. Slutsats: Genom om att belysa bildterapimetoder med fokus på affektmedvetenhet tydliggörs viktiga tekniker och aspekter, såväl icke-verbala som verbala. Resultatet kan generera idéer till interventionsforskning kring bildterapeutiskt arbete med affekter. / Aims: In this study, art therapists' stories of how they work with affect awareness in art therapy were examined. Methods: A qualitative study design was used with semi-structured interviews with four art therapists. The thematic analysis was based on four dimensions of affect awareness: Affect awareness, Affect tolerance, Nonverbal and Conceptual expression of affect (Monsen, Eilertsen, Melgård & Ødegård 1996). Results: Analysis of the interviews resulted in nine themes/art therapy methods for increased affect awareness: Paying attention to affect, Highlighting unconsiousnes affects, Highlighting more aware affects, Switching between thought and affect, Regulate overwhelming affects, Restructure, Body focus, Opening the image and Borrowing the image. Conclusion: By highlighting art therapy methods focusing on affect awareness, important techniques and aspects, both non-verbal and verbal, are clarified. The result can generate ideas for intervention research on art therapy with affects.

Les chemins du jihad sont multiples et se dessinent largement par-delà le processus linéaire de radicalisation propre à la majorité des études sur le sujet à la recherche de causes. Cette thèse raconte les multiples enchevêtrements, allers-retours et bifurcations de ces voies empruntées par des Canadiens, Français et Belges, dont les lignes de fuite ont abouti ou pas à des devenirs-jihad. L’objectif étant de comprendre comment ces acteurs en arrivent-ils à désirer l'engagement jihadiste ? Comment en sont-ils affectés et donnent-ils sens à tout cela ? Un désir aux multiples (re)territorialisations qui, parfois, peut tourner en abolition mortuaire. L’émergence d’un moment où l’on perçoit les choses autrement lors de cette rencontre, virtuelle ou réelle, humaine ou non-humaine, qui affecte, et donne sens à une ligne de fuite. Par l’approche rhizomique et schizo-analytique de Deleuze et Guattari – une perspective fluide qui revient à penser l'humain non pas comme une entité fixe, mais un devenir – il est décrit les agencements de ces lignes qui traversent le champ social et les acteurs en une chorégraphie de ruptures, de bifurcations, d’enchevêtrements, de sauts, de dé-re-territorialisations, d’arrêts, etc., à partir des 25 récits de vie des participants. La thèse constitue une cartographie des lignes molaires, souples et de fuite ainsi que des intensités (affects) ; des agencements machinés, des machines sociales, abstraites, désirantes, de guerre, faisant apparaître les multiples possibilités d’existence… toute une machine-jihad.

Background: Consumers are today valuing sustaible brands and products, and green advertising has become an important part of marketing. Sometimes brand do not live up to their green claims and perform what is known as greenwashing. Prior research has concluded that the act of greenwashing hurts consumers' attitude towards brands and this research further explores the effect of greenwashing on attitude formation. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore how greenwashing affects consumers' attitude formation towards brands.  Methodology: For this research, a qualitative research approach with an exploratory nature was used. When gathering the empirical data, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The questions were designed to be open-ended in order to gain in-depth information. Before conducting the interviews, a pilot test through two semi-structured interviews was conducted in order to identify if there were any questions that could be improved. For the main study, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants within generation Z, both men and women.  Findings: The key findings is that greenwashing only has a short-term effect on attitude formation which resulted in consumers avoiding the accused brand. The participants' attitude formation changed from the experiential hierarchy to the standard learning hierarchy when greenwashing was discovered.  Conclusion: Cognition had the largest impact on attitude formation as greenwashing was discovered, since it created negative feelings towards the brand. However, the acccusations were seen to be easily forgotten and consumers would go back to old behaviour (experiential hierarchy) in the long-term.

In this study you as a reader are going to get an understanding how Swedish commercial real estate companies met the problems during the Corona pandemic. The consequences that the pandemic caused and how companies acted during a recession. The study was made with a qualitative method with an abductive approach. In this study personnel in leading positions from six different commercial real estate companies were interviewed.  There are lot of theories about what kind of impact the pandemic will cause in the real estate industry. Will the result be empty premises with lot of vacancies, loss of rental income and how will the predictions look like in the future. Will the demand for office properties decrease when people realizing the comfort of working from home?  The study showed, that among the interviewed real estate companies most of them did apply for the state rent subsidy. The loss of rental income during the period has not increased more than a few percent. However, the insight of the importance of frequent customer dialogues and to work proactively has improved during the recession. Some future actions involves strategies to invest in properties in different segments and in various places. Overall, all of the interviewed companies predicts a transformation in the real estate industry but to what, is still a question.

[pt] O que explica a persistência da nação como objeto central de identificação no Irã durante as décadas de 1960 e 1970? Como podemos entender o apelo e a difusão do nacionalismo quando ele pode significar simultaneamente um caminho e uma armadilha para a descolonização, como advertiu Fanon? Esta tese aborda algumas dessas questões em relação ao nacionalismo anticolonial no Irã, suas possibilidades políticas, fantasias e desejos decoloniais. Discuto como três figuras articularam discursos de libertação nacional que mobilizaram diferentes apegos com a nação no Irã pré-1979, tentando compreender o que essas relações afetivas com o nacionalismo forneciam como imaginário político e subjetividade. Através de um referencial psicanalítico apoiado nas teorias de Jacques Lacan e Frantz Fanon, analiso os escritos de Jalal Al-e Ahmad, Ali Shariati e Forugh Farrokhzad para apreender os ritmos e texturas de gozo (jouissance) esses imaginários assumiram enquanto eram constituídos discursivamente em torno de significantes e identificações específicos, como nacionalismo, terceiro-mundismo e o Islã. Esta dissertação emprega uma análise emocional de discurso para avaliar os significados que a consciência nacional iraniana evocou na forma de desejos e fantasias de libertação e descolonização. Assim, também pretendo reconhecer e discutir os emaranhados transnacionais e as conexões simbólicas que algumas dessas figuras iranianas articularam no Terceiro Mundo, posicionando-as em uma infraestrutura de conectividade anticolonial e mostrando como elas estão em dívida com a teoria e a práxis de outros movimentos, intelectuais e lutas. / [en] What accounts for the persistence of the nation as a central object of identification in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s? How can we understand the appeal and pervasiveness of nationalism when it simultaneously could signify one path to and a pitfall of decolonization, as Fanon warned? This thesis addresses some of these questions in relation to anticolonial nationalism in Iran, its political possibilities, decolonial fantasies, and desires. I discuss how three figures articulated discourses of national liberation which mobilized different attachments to the nation in pre-1979 Iran, attempting to understand what these affective relations with nationalism provided as political imaginary and subjectivity. Through a psychoanalytical framework rested on the theories of Jacques Lacan and Frantz Fanon, I analyze the writings of Jalal Al-e Ahmad, Ali Shariati, and Forugh Farrokhzad to grasp the rhythms and textures of enjoyment those imaginaries assumed while being discursively constituted around specific signifiers and identifications, such as nationalism, Third Worldism, and Islam. This thesis relies on emotional discourse analysis to assess the meanings Iranian national consciousness evoked in the form of desires and fantasies of liberation and decolonization. Thus, I also aim to acknowledge and discuss the transnational entanglements and symbolic connections some of these Iranian figures articulated within the Third World, positioning them in an infrastructure of anticolonial connectivity and showing how they are in debt to the theory and praxis of other movements, intellectuals, and struggles.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

In "Characteristics of key signatures" Katariina Holma describes and reflects upon her experiences of  transposing her operatic singing repertoire. Do the character and colour of the sung music change when we transpose it? According to Holma's experience, it is the storyteller in particular, the role character in an opera aria, who is most affected by transposition. Holma learned during her experiment that there are several positive qualities to be gained from transposition that not only help a singer learn more about their repertoire  but also assist them in exposing stumbling blocks to their singing technique.

Introduction : Le cannabis est une des substances psychotropes les plus utilisées à l’échelle mondiale et sa consommation peut être décrite sur un continuum, allant de l’usage récréatif jusqu’au trouble de l’usage. De ce fait, la recherche s’intéresse de plus en plus à des interventions efficaces, particulièrement pour la gestion du besoin impérieux de consommer une substance (ou craving). De nombreuses études ont en effet montré que le craving était très souvent associé à la consommation de substances, incluant le cannabis. L’activité physique (AP) est souvent mentionnée comme une stratégie potentielle de réhabilitation dans le cadre d’une consommation de substance. Parmi les concepts émergents dans le domaine de l’activité physique, on peut citer l’utilisation des affects. Un affect étant globalement une sensation de plaisir ou de déplaisir dont on pourrait se servir pour guider l’intensité de séances d’exercice physique dans le but de maximiser son appréciation. Enfin, récemment, un faisceau de preuves a suggéré que l’exercice physique pourrait stimuler les circuits de la récompense au niveau cérébral par l’intermédiaire du système endocannabinoïde. Objectifs : Dans ce contexte, nous souhaitions tester l’effet d’un programme d’entraînement physique, centré sur les affects, de 4 semaines sur la consommation de cannabis (en fréquence et en intensité) ainsi que le craving autorapportés chez 4 consommateurs récréatifs de cannabis. Nous souhaitions également étudier l’impact du programme d’entrainement sur les affects positifs et l’envie de manger/craving alimentaire des participants. Méthode : Nous avons réalisé une série de devis expérimentaux à cas unique de type A-B-A’ couplés à des mesures d’évaluations écologiques instantaneés par téléphone. Les critères de jugement principaux ont été mesurés avec une série d’items validés durant 3 notifications quotidiennes. Hypothèses : Nous pensions que la consommation de cannabis et le niveau de craving autorapportés allaient diminuer durant la phase d’entrainement (phase B) en comparaison à la phase A observationnelle. Nous nous attendions également à ce que l’intervention d’exercice physique soit bien acceptée par les participants et qu’elle soit associée à une amélioration des affects positifs ainsi qu’une réduction du craving alimentaire durant la phase B. Résultats : Un total de 504 mesures a été collecté. Pour le craving, deux de nos participants sur quatre ont montré une augmentation significative pendant la phase B. Un seul d’entre eux a montré une diminution significative du craving pendant la phase B. Pour la fréquence de consommation, deux participants sur quatre ont montré une augmentation significative pendant la phase B. Aucun n’a montré une diminution significative de sa fréquence de consommation pendant la phase B. Pour l’intensité de consommation, deux participants sur quatre ont montré une diminution significative pendant la phase B. Aucun n’a montré une augmentation de son intensité de consommation pendant la phase B. Concernant les affects positifs, nos résultats n’ont pas montré d’effets significatifs de notre intervention. Enfin, au niveau du craving alimentaire, seul un participant sur quatre a montré une diminution significative pendant la phase B. Discussion : Nos résultats ont confirmé l’aspect intra et interindividuel de l’AP, c’est-à-dire la grande variabilité des réponses pouvant être obtenues suite à l’AP chez un même, mais aussi chez différents individus. L’absence de patrons de réponses homogènes nous pousse à questionner l’effet bénéfique de ce type d’interventions en AP pour diminuer le craving et la consommation chez des consommateurs récréatifs de cannabis. Conclusion : Il semblerait donc que les interventions en AP centrées sur les affects ne soient pas forcément recommandées pour les consommateurs récréatifs de cannabis si ces derniers souhaitent diminuer leur craving ainsi que leur fréquence de consommation. En revanche, des effets très prometteurs ont été obtenus sur la réduction de l’intensité de consommation. D’autres interventions devraient être menées afin de mieux identifier à la fois les éléments intrinsèques à l’intervention qui mènent à une diminution du craving et de la consommation, mais aussi les caractéristiques des participants chez qui on peut voir des améliorations. / Introduction: Cannabis is one of the most widely used psychotropic substances worldwide and its use can be described on a continuum, ranging from recreational use to cannabis use disorder. As a result, research is increasingly interested in effective interventions, especially for craving management, an extreme urge to consume a substance. Numerous studies have indeed shown that craving is very often associated with consumption of substances, including cannabis. Physical activity (PA) is often mentioned as a potential rehabilitation strategy for substance use. Among the emerging concepts in the field of physical activity is the consideration of affect. An affect could be described as a feeling of pleasure or displeasure which could be used to guide the intensity of physical exercise sessions in order to maximize one's appreciation. Recently, a corpus of evidence has proposed that physical exercise may stimulate reward circuits in the brain via the endocannabinoid system. Objectives: We wanted to test the effect of a 4-week affect-centered training program on cannabis use (in frequency and intensity) as well as self-reported craving in 4 recreational cannabis users. We also wanted to study the impact of the training program on participants' positive affect and food cravings. Method: We carried out a series of single-case experimental studies (A-B-A’ type) coupled with ecological momentary assessment measures via mobile phone. The main judgment criteria were measured with validated items during 3 daily reports. Hypotheses: We thought that self-reported cannabis use and craving would decrease during the training program (B stage) compared to the observational stage (A stage). We also expected that the exercise program would be well accepted by the participants and that it would be associated with an improvement in positive affect as well as a reduction in food craving during B stage. Results: A total of 504 measures were collected. As for craving, two out of four of our participants showed a significant increase during B stage. Only one of them showed a significant decrease in craving during B stage. As for frequency of consumption, two out of four participants showed a significant increase during B stage. None showed a significant decrease in their frequency of consumption during B stage. As for consumption intensity, two out of four participants showed a significant decrease during B stage. None showed a significant increase in consumption intensity during B stage. Regarding positive affect, our results did not show any significant effects of our intervention. Finally, in terms of food craving, only one in four participants showed a significant decrease during B stage. Discussion: Our results confirmed the intra and interindividual aspect of PA, i.e. the great variability of responses that can be obtained following PA in the same person, but also in different individuals. The absence of homogeneous response patterns leads us to question the beneficial effect of this type of PA intervention in reducing craving and consumption in recreational cannabis users. Conclusion: It seems that affect-centered PA interventions are not necessarily recommended for recreational cannabis users if they wish to reduce cannabis craving and frequency of consumption. On the other hand, very promising effects have been obtained on the reduction of consumption intensity. Futures interventions should be carried out in order to better identify both the intrinsic aspects of the intervention that lead to a reduction in craving and consumption, but also characteristics of the participants in whom we can see improvements.

Historiographie de la campagne électorale de 2016 aux États-Unis, une entreprise documentaire afin de comprendre les événements, et un effort d’analyse du discours de deux animateurs avec les outils, notamment, de la théorie des affects.