On s'intéresse dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse aux variables susceptibles de favoriser ou d'inhiber l'expression de croyances contre-normatives intervenant dans le champ de la représentation sociale des immigrés. On étudie plus précisément l'impact de la protection normative accordée à ce groupe social, de la capacité d'adaptation à leur société d'accueil qui leur est attribuée mais également de la filière universitaire d'appartenance des sujets interrogés sur les stratégies sociocognitives de masquage et de démasquage mises en place dans l'expression de la représentation. On s'attend à ce que ces trois facteurs interagissent avec la variable consigne de passation, en atténuant voire en annulant dans certains cas les différences classiquement observées entre les conditions où les sujets répondent en leur nom propre (hypothèse de masquage) et celles où ils s'expriment au nom d'un autrui de substitution (hypothèse de démasquage). Les résultats des recherches empiriques révèlent comme prévu des effets différenciés de la variable consigne de passation selon les modalités des facteurs testés, confirmant l'implication de processus d'ordre normatif dans les effets de la substitution. En outre, les liens observés entre protection normative attribuée aux immigrés et capacité d'adaptation perçue confirment l'existence de logiques de justification et de légitimation qui semblent présider à l'orchestration des phénomènes de masquage et de démasquage dans l'expression des représentations sociales de groupes minoritaires. / We are interested in the context of this Phd thesis to the variables that can facilitate or inhibit the expression of counter-normative beliefs working in the field of social representation of immigrants. We study more precisely the impact of normative protection given to this social group, the perceived ability to adapt to their host society they are assigned but also the academic affiliation of respondents on the socio-cognitive strategies of masking and unmasking set place in the expression of representation. It is expected that these three factors interact with the answering instruction, mitigating or even cancelling in some cases the differences typically observed between conditions where subjects respond in their own name (masking hypothesis) and those where they express an opinion on behalf of a substitute other (unmasking hypothesis). The results of empirical research show as expected differential effects of the answering instruction under the terms of the factors tested, confirming the involvement of a normative process in the effects of substitution. Moreover, the observed associations between normative protection granted to immigrants and their perceived adaptability confirm the existence of justification and legitimation processes that seem to govern the orchestration of the phenomena of masking and unmasking in the expression of social representation about minority groups.

Submitted by Pedro Lopes (pedroyucky@gmail.com) on 2014-12-19T17:37:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_pedrohmlopes_facebook-vs-website.pdf: 1519392 bytes, checksum: dc06ac128d0fe6b1fb246fdd8d498edb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-01-07T11:12:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_pedrohmlopes_facebook-vs-website.pdf: 1519392 bytes, checksum: dc06ac128d0fe6b1fb246fdd8d498edb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-01-09T18:02:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_pedrohmlopes_facebook-vs-website.pdf: 1519392 bytes, checksum: dc06ac128d0fe6b1fb246fdd8d498edb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-09T18:04:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_pedrohmlopes_facebook-vs-website.pdf: 1519392 bytes, checksum: dc06ac128d0fe6b1fb246fdd8d498edb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-14 / Companies have looked for many new ways to communicate with their customers. In the current scenario, Facebook has proven to be an efficient communication tool between consumers and businesses. This study aims to understand the differences in the complaint messages sent to companies, through an experiment that measured the emotional tone and the lack of formality in each message received by the website and the Facebook page of the company. As expected, people are more informal on Facebook. However, contrary to our intuition, participants tended to display more emotions on the company website. The social norms theory and the impression management contributed to explain the phenomena found. / As empresas têm procurado encontrar diversas novas maneiras de se comunicar com seus clientes. No atual cenário, o Facebook tem se mostrado uma eficiente forma de comunicação entre consumidores e empresas. Este estudo busca entender as diferenças nas reclamação enviadas para empresas, através de um experimento que mede o nível de emoção e comprometimento com a formalidade em mensagens recebidas através do website e a página do Facebook da empresa. Como esperado, as pessoas são mais informais no Facebook. Porém, contrariando nossa intuição, tendem a demonstrar mais emoções no website da empresa. A teoria de normas sociais e de gestão de auto-imagem ajudaram a explicar os fenômenos encontrados.

Cette recherche porte sur les mécanismes d’ajustement des différentes urbanités en présence à Casablanca, principale métropole du Maroc, par le biais de l’étude de l’appropriation d’espaces publics par des pratiques déviantes. La question des rapports mutuels entre les citadins déviants et l’ensemble des acteurs de la ville (citadins ordinaires et acteurs institutionnels de l’aménagement), incarnée dans le processus d’aménagement urbain du centre-ville à partir de 2002, permet de mettre en évidence l’importance de la visibilité de la transgression des normes sociales. Ces projets contraignant les citadins déviants à réadapter leurs lieux de vie à l’injonction à une urbanité policée sont analysés au regard des limites des compétences des citadins en situation de vulnérabilité et interrogent l’aménagement dans sa capacité à intégrer toutes les composantes sociales de la ville. Dans une démarche de type ethnographique, explorer l’articulation du lien social à la morphologie urbaine permet de comprendre les transformations des valeurs à l’oeuvre dans des situations de déviance, révélatrices de changements affectant les formes familiales et l’ensemble de la société marocaine, pour les hommes et les femmes en quête d’individuation. / This research is a study of the adjustment of different urbanities present in Casablanca, Morocco’s main metropolis, where public spaces are appropriated by city-dwellers for their deviant practices. The issue of mutual relations among the city-dwellers and all the city stakeholders (ordinary city-dwellers and institutional players involved in planning) embodied in the urban planning process of the city center since 2002 highlights the importance of visibility of the transgression of social norms. The development projects, which force deviant city-dwellers to readjust their living places to a constraining civilized urbanity, are analyzed in terms of the limitations of the competencies of these city-dwellers, who are in a vulnerable situation. The projects also call into question urban planning in its ability to incorporate all the social components of the city. Using an ethnographic approach to explore the relationship of social ties with urban morphology helps to understand the transformations of values at play in situations of deviance, which reveal changes in family structure and the entire Moroccan society for men and women in search of individuation.

Digital platforms such as social media are big part of people's everyday life and social network. Recent studies shows that the ability to act anonymously on social media has increased harassment behaviors online. For marginalized groups, digital platforms are important for the act of freedom of speech and harassments online can limit these groups in the digital environment. Within the framework of this study we found, that there is a lack of studies that specifically research sexual harassments online and what different factors that may have an impact on the problem. Therefore, the aim for this study was to research what values, attitudes and emotions users of social media services experiences online. We wanted to research, from a user perspective, what existing counter-strategies options are provided on social media against sexual harassments online, and if there are other technical design solutions for social media interfaces. Within the framework of this essay we have conducted a focus group interview and a participatory design workshop. The empirical data that was collected has been analysed with different theories such as power, resistance, empowerment in design, master suppression techniques in social media, feminist HCI and social norms and participatory design. The study also use previous research on harassment on social media to further understand the empirical data for the analysis. In this study there are findings from the focus group that has been placed in three different themes. 1) The importance of social relationships for counter-strategies against sexual harassment online. 2) Social norms and normalization of sexual harassment online. 3) The importance of technical aspects for dealing with sexual harassment online. Our study shows that the counter-strategies options on social media services today are not sufficient enough for these different aspects. The participatory design workshop in this study resulted in eight possible technical design solutions. These solutions can be implications for design on social media interfaces and can work as counter-strategy tools against sexual harassments online. This study only research one focus group, therefore the study can be used as a basis for further research. By including users with participatory design methods, values made from users of social media in relation to sexual harassments online can unfold and hopefully decrease the problem.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-11T18:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrodefreitasferreira.pdf: 4885587 bytes, checksum: 00f43590d0a4fdd642bfeae221602a02 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T15:32:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrodefreitasferreira.pdf: 4885587 bytes, checksum: 00f43590d0a4fdd642bfeae221602a02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T15:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrodefreitasferreira.pdf: 4885587 bytes, checksum: 00f43590d0a4fdd642bfeae221602a02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As medidas de crimes no Brasil, particularmente violentos e fatais, têm se mantido e crescido, desde os anos de 1980, acima de dez homicídios por cem mil habitantes; limite mínimo recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A essa “poluição” social, costuma-se responder com aumento do esforço de combate e controle do aparato policial-judicial. Todavia, as autoridades estatais não conseguem monitorar ubiquamente as atividades ilegítimas sob sua jurisdição. Portanto, não podem prescindir de outros controladores. Embora sejam menos eficazes quanto aos crimes, porém mais difusos territorialmente, os controladores sociais podem atuar, como efeito dissuasório primário, mediante a socialização de crenças positivas de adesão a normas sociais e leis, de crenças negativas para sua violação e a administração de sanções. As políticas criminais, especialmente aquelas que envolvem mudanças legislativas penais não podem ignorar os efeitos que outras mudanças legislativas têm sobre as estruturas de incentivos que regem as atividades desses controladores primários. Pressupondo-se que os processos decisórios criminal e transgressivo têm natureza comum (envolvendo punição penal e social, respectivamente); que a decisão individual de entrada na atividade criminal requer informação útil e que, na ausência de mercados ilícitos organizados, recorre-se a outros canais de informação, tal como as experiências transgressivas e criminais pessoais e alheias; a densidade transgressivo-criminal poderia carregar informação sobre o custo moral dessa entrada na “indústria” proscrita. O objetivo desta Tese é avaliar o efeito qualitativo da dissuasão social como barreira primária às escolhas ilegítimas individuais. Uma vez que os níveis de transgressões podem indiretamente sinalizar o nível dessa dissuasão primária, desenvolveu-se uma estratégia metodológica que pudesse mensura-la. Além de uma avaliação preliminar da distribuição territorial e da evolução temporal de algumas transgressões, nas áreas mínimas comparáveis (AMCs) brasileiras nos anos de 1991 a 2010, executam-se Análises de Agrupamentos e Discriminante para identificar grupos de AMCs em níveis de transgressividade-criminalidade; extraem-se os fatores transgressivos comuns (definidos como “transgressividade por incapacitação”, “transgressividade familiar-religiosa” e “transgressividade educativa adulta”) da amostra do grupos de AMCs com maiores níveis de transgressões e crimes e com maiores populações, por Análise Fatorial; e averiguam-se, via Análise Comparativa Qualitativa, as relações entre esses fatores e as taxas de homicídio, como medida mais robusta do nível de criminalidade. Além da identificação de grupos de níveis alto, intermediário e baixo de transgressões e crimes, e desses três fatores, as evidências sugerem que alta transgressividade familiar-religiosa (equivalentemente, baixa coatividade familiar-religiosa) associa-se consistentemente alta taxa de homicídio; inclusive, quando combinada com alta dissuasão estatal. / Measures of crimes in Brazil, particularly violent and fatal, have been maintained and increased, since the 1980s, over ten homicides per hundred thousand inhabitants; minimum threshold recommended by the World Health Organization. To this social "pollution", it is usually answered with increased effort to combat and control the police-judicial apparatus. However, state authorities are unable to monitor illegitimate activities under their jurisdiction. Therefore, they cannot do without other controllers. Although they are less effective in crimes, but more territorially diffused, social controllers can act as a primary deterrent by socializing positive beliefs of adherence to social norms and laws, from negative beliefs to their violation and the administration of sanctions. Criminal policies, especially those involving criminal law changes, cannot ignore the effects of other legislative changes on the incentive structures governing the activities of these primary controllers. Assuming that criminal and transgressive decision-making processes have a common nature (involving criminal and social punishment, respectively); that individual decision to enter criminal activity requires useful information and that, in the absence of organized illicit markets, other information channels are used, such as personal and extraneous criminal and transgressive experiences; Transgressive-criminal density could carry information about the moral cost of such entry into proscribed industry. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the qualitative effect of social deterrence as a primary barrier to individual illegitimate choices. Since the levels of transgression can indirectly signal the level of this primary deterrence, a methodological strategy was developed that could measure it. In addition to a preliminary evaluation of the territorial distribution and the temporal evolution of some transgressions, in the brazilian comparable minimum areas (AMCs) from 1991 to 2010, Clusters and Discriminant Analysis are carried out to identify groups of AMCs at levels of transgressivitycriminality; the common transgressive factors (defined as "transgressivity by incapacitation", "family-religious transgressiveness" and "adult educational transgressiveness") are extracted from the sample of AMC groups with higher levels of transgressions and crimes and with larger populations by Factor Analysis; and, through Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the relationships between these factors and homicide rates are ascertained as a more robust measure of the level of crime. In addition to the identification of groups of high, intermediate and low levels of transgressions and crimes, and of these three factors, the evidence suggests that high family-religious transgressiveness (equivalently, low family-religious deterrence) is consistently associated with a high homicide rate; even when combined with high state deterrence.

Catastrophes like Katrina destroy a community's critical infrastructure-a situation that instigates several dilemmas. Immediately, the community experiences information disruption within the community, as well as between the community and the outside world. The inability to communicate because of physical or virtual barriers to information instigates instant isolation. Prolonged, this scarcity of information becomes an information poverty spell, placing hardship on a community accustomed to easily accessible and applicable information. Physical devastation causes the scarcity of what Abraham Maslow calls basic survival needs-physiological, security, and social-a needs regression from the need to self-actualize, to meet intellectual and aesthetic needs. Because needs regress, the type of information required to meet the needs, also changes-regresses to information regarding survival needs. Regressed information needs requires altered information behaviors-altered methods and means to meet the information needs of the post-disaster situation. Situational information behavior follows new mores-altered norms-norms constructed for the post-disaster situation. To justify the unconventional, situational social norms, residents must adjust their beliefs about appropriate behavior. Situational beliefs support situational social norms-and situational information behaviors prevail. Residents find they must trust strangers, create makeshift messaging systems, and in some cases, disregard the law to meet their post-disaster survival needs.

In recent years, old-hand development scholars, in the category of Dan Brockington, have expressed their concern over academia’s neglect of the significance of celebrities in the field. As has been the case of an outturn hereof, namely beauty pageants. In the last six decades, Venezuela has positioned itself not only as one of the world's largest exporters of oil but also as one of the leading engenderers of titleholders in international pageantry. The latter, which has resulted in Venezuelans regarding the pageant as a fundamental cultural undercurrent in their collective identity, seems to be a ceaseless manifestation in spite of the country’s worrisome current socio-economic status. Rather than adopting a condescending paradigm towards the Miss Venezuela pageant, it is precisely this vertex of ambiguity that opens the avenue for an interesting development question. After all, if celebrity beauty queens from Venezuela are deemed as part of the nation’s identity, could the pageant, in the same breath, be deemed as a contributor to communication for development? While espousing historical context as an analysing method and in pursuit of David Hulme’s Celebrity-Development nexus and Elizabeth McCall’s four strands of communication for development, this paper presents a qualitative study in which hands-on experts are given a platform. The findings show the evolution of a beauty pageant from a, nearly, nationalist device into a system that is grounded in the Millennium Development Goals and that aims to forge socially responsible beauty representatives that are competent enough to herald purposeful messages.

Cette thèse a exploré l’articulation entre normes diététiques et socioculturelles à partir de la catégorie du manger sain. Une approche comparative basée sur des entretiens auprès de diététiciennes et de jeunes femmes françaises, espagnoles et brésiliennes, de zones urbaines et de classes moyennes et aisées, fût mise en place. Tout d’abord, une analyse des diététiciennes et jeunes femmes montre que la frontière séparant ces groupes reste floue, car ils sont influencés par des systèmes normatifs similaires. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons analysé leurs modèles alimentaires et corporels. Ces analyses révèlent la complexité des rapports à l’alimentation et au corps. En outre, si des traits sont partagés dans les trois pays, au sein de chaque contexte, il existe des fortes concordances concernant les pratiques, le choix des aliments, les significations du manger et du culinaire, ainsi que le rapport au corps. Finalement, nous avons abordé l’influence des systèmes normatifs sur les conceptions du manger sain. Cette notion est enrobée d’une normativité et est polysémique. Deux conceptions furent identifiées. D’une part, une « conception nutritionnelle physiologique », adossée à une rationalité scientifique nutritionnelle et associée à une vision d’« aliment-médicament ». D’autre part, une « conception holistique » liée aux dimensions du « comment » manger, ainsi qu’à la qualité des aliments. Malgré leur présence dans les trois pays, les françaises mobilisent davantage la deuxième conception, alors que les brésiliennes sont plus attachées à la première, les espagnoles se trouvant dans une situation intermédiaire. En outre, selon le contexte, la médicalisation de l’alimentation a un impact différencié. L’étude permet ainsi de vérifier que le manger sain n’est donc pas seulement le résultat de discours scientifiques généralisés « uniformisant », mais aussi des systèmes normatifs socioculturels d’ordre global et local qui s’articulent au sein de chaque réalité sociale. / This work explored the relationship between dietary and sociocultural norms through the category of “healthy eating”. A comparative approach based on interviews with French, Spanish and Brazilian dieticians and young women, from urban areas and middle and upper classes, was set up. Primarily, an analysis of dieticians and young women shows that the boundary which separates professional and lay groups remains blurred, as both groups are influenced by similar normative systems. Secondly, we analyzed eating and body models of the informants. This analysis reveals the complexity involved in the relationship with eating and the body. Besides, if some aspects are shared between the three countries, within each context, there are patterns regarding the eating practices, food choices, meanings of eating and cooking, as well as the relationship with the body. Finally, we analyzed the influences of normative systems on “healthy eating” conceptions. This notion is embedded in a normativity and is polysemic. Two conceptions were identified. On one hand, a “physiological-nutritional conception”, based on a scientific nutritional rationality and associated with a “food-medicine” vision. On the other hand, a “holistic conception” refers to the dimension related to “how” to eat, as well as the quality of food. Despite their presence in the three countries, each context presents particularities. Our results show that the French mobilize more the second conception, the Brazilian are more attached to the first one, while the Spanish are to be found in an intermediate situation. In addition, depending on the context, the medicalization of eating has a differentiated impact. This study thus makes it possible to verify that “healthy eating” is therefore not only the result of generalized “unifying” scientific discourse, but also the result of normative socio-cultural systems from global and local orders, that are articulated within each social reality. / Esta tesis ha explorado la articulación entre normas dietéticas y socioculturales a partir de la categoría “comer sano”; a partir de un abordaje comparativo basado en entrevistas con dietistas y mujeres jóvenes de Francia, España y Brasil, de zonas urbanas y clase media y alta. En primera instancia, un análisis de las dietistas y de las mujeres jóvenes reveló que la frontera que separa al grupo profesional del lego es tenue, dado que estos dos grupos parecen influenciados por sistemas normativos similares. En una segunda etapa, hemos analizado sus modelos alimentarios y corporales. Esos análisis revelan la complejidad implicada en las relaciones con la alimentación y el cuerpo. Además, si bien se detectan rasgos compartidos entre las informantes de los tres países, existen, dentro de cada contexto, concordancias entre las dietistas y las jóvenes de una misma nacionalidad, en relación a sus prácticas y elecciones alimentarias, significados sobre la comida y la actividad culinaria, así como con su relación con el cuerpo. Finalmente, hemos analizado la influencia de los sistemas normativos sobre las concepciones del “comer sano”. Esta noción está envuelta a una normatividad y es polisémica. Dos concepciones principales fueron identificadas. Por un lado, se detecta una “concepción nutricional fisiológica”, respaldadas por una racionalidad científica nutricional y asociada a una visión “alimento-medicamento”. Por otro, encontramos una “concepción holística” que privilegia las dimensiones del “cómo” comer, así como la calidad de los alimentos. Aunque estas dos concepciones estén presentes en los tres países, cada contexto tiene particularidades. Mientras que las brasileñas privilegian la primera concepción y las francesas priorizan la segunda, las españolas se ubican en una situación intermediaria. Asimismo, según el contexto, la medicalización de la alimentación tiene un impacto diferenciado. De esta manera, este estudio permite verificar que el “comer sano” no es solamente el resultado de un discurso científico generalizado “uniformizante”, sino también el resultado de sistemas normativos socioculturales de orden global y local que se articulan diferentemente dentro de cada realidad social.

No description available.

LLM / Department of Public Law