La conscience et les structures mentales collectives d’une société sont ancrées dans des normes et des cadres sociopolitiques, culturels et historiques dont certains l’orienteraient vers des conditions produisant de la violence et de l'inégalité. Il est donc nécessaire d'examiner minutieusement ce qui a conduit à un ensemble de normes qui provoquent l'inégalité sociale et l'injustice dans une société. L'une des hypothèses de ce mémoire est que la pratique du yoga pourrait contribuer à une transformation sociale menant à la justice. En outre, une transformation vers la justice sociale peut se produire en remontant la séquence d'événements causés par ces structures mentales afin de problématiser l'injustice à ses racines. Une telle transformation doit reconditionner les cadres de pensée et permettre une conscience inconditionnelle, où l'inégalité et les structures binaires n'existent plus. Ainsi, la question principale de cette recherche est la suivante: comment la pratique du yoga peut-elle contribuer à identifier et à réformer les structures mentales et les normes sociales de telle sorte qu'elle mène à l'égalité et à la justice sociale? La pratique du yoga qui transforme les individus par l'identification, le déconditionnement et le reconditionnement de leurs structures mentales est un affinement progressif de la conscience individuelle - qui fait aussi partie de la conscience collective - qui rend la conscience collective plus sensible aux structures sociopolitiques qui doivent être refondées en direction de la justice sociale. Ceci sera discuté en relation avec la perspective holistique du yoga qui est à la base de la philosophie yogique. Pour aborder cette question, ce mémoire s'appuie sur les points spirituels et pratiques du Yoga Sutra de Patanjali, les enseignements de B.K.S. Iyengar sur la pratique du yoga, et les perspectives socio-politiques de The Force of Nonviolence de Judith Butler. / In a society the collective consciousness and mental structures are rooted in cultural and historical norms as well as in socio-political frameworks. Some of these norms can shape mental structures in such ways that they produce violence and inequality. It is therefore necessary to scrutinize what has led to a set of norms that cause social inequality and injustice in a society. One of the hypothesis in this thesis, is that the practice of yoga could contribute to a social transformation that leads to justice. In addition, a transformation towards social justice may occur by tracing back the sequence of events caused by these mental structures in order to problematize injustice at its roots. Such transformation has to recondition thought frames and enable an unconditional consciousness, in which inequality and binary structures no longer exist. Thus, the main question of this research is: how can yoga practice contribute to identifying and reforming mental structures and social norms in such ways that it leads to equality and social justice? The yoga practice that transforms individuals through the identification, deconditioning, and reconditioning of their mental structures is a progressive refinement of individual consciousness - as part of the collective consciousness - that makes the collective consciousness more sensitive to socio-political structures that need to be transformed toward social justice. This will be discussed in relation to the holistic perspective of yoga that is the basis of yoga philosophy. To approach its main question, this thesis draws on the spiritual and practical points of Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, B.K.S. Iyengar's teachings on yoga practice, and the socio-political perspectives of Judith Butler's The Force of Nonviolence.

This master thesis analyzes the influence of psychological barriers of consumers from Germany, Sweden, and Iran for using sustainable transportation modes. Climate change has started to change the way people travel. Yet prior research has shown that consumers from all over the world lack consistency between their behavioral intention and their actual behavior. In the case of traveling, this means that a significant number of consumers intends to use sustainable transportation modes, but fails to use them in the end. The reasons for this so-called intention-behavior gap in consumers' minds have been researched successfully and frequently in the past two decades. The novelty of this present thesis is the international comparison of travelers from three different countries and the explicit focus on voluntary travel. The according research questions are: RQ 1:  To what extent is there a gap between the intention and behavior of leisure travelers          regarding choosing sustainable transportation vehicles? RQ 2:  Which group of consumers (inclined abstainers or disinclined actors[1]) plays the bigger      role in creating this gap? RQ 3:  What are the determinants and barriers of using more sustainable transportation     vehicles in leisure transportation? RQ 4:  How is the sustainable behavior of leisure travelers in Sweden, Germany, and Iran            different? To answer the research questions, an online survey in Swedish (n1 = 130), German (n2 = 128), and Persian (n3 = 127) language was carried out ( ∑ n = 385) in April 2020 with a convenience sampling method and analyzed in May 2020. The results show that there is a slightly positive intention-behavior gap in the Swedish sample and a slightly negative intention-behavior gap in the Iranian sample. In the German sample, no significant intention-behavior gap has been found. Moreover, a higher level of environmental attitude, a higher level of environmental knowledge, a higher level of perceived effectiveness (of the consumers' own actions), and a higher level of social norms increases the intention of leisure travelers in Sweden, Germany, and Iran to use sustainable vehicles for leisure traveling - both for short and for long trips. The impact of perceived value and perceived price of sustainable transportation modes, as well as the impact of consumers' sustainable lifestyle on the on the travel intention are not supported in all three countries. Additionally, distance between origin and destination has been found to moderate the impact of determinants on intention. The moderating role of distance also varies in different countries. [1] See the literature review chapter for an explanation

South Africa has gone through immense changes in the past two decades. The period around 1994 has been characterised by a comprehensive set of political, social and economic changes, which greatly influenced not only the lives of individuals in this county but also many businesses, organisations and companies. Further to this, South Africa has become increasingly intercultural in orientation as companies persevered in establishing intricate networks with partners in a diverse set of cultures. This has put enormous strain on organisations to remain competitive in the market. It is critical that organisations develop a more resilient workforce with greater psychological capacities to succeed in the on-going war for talent. Attracting and retaining talented employees can give organisations a sustained competitive advantage. In view of the growing intricacies in the business world, ambiguity in markets, and employees’ attitudes, it is crucial that organisations invest in psychological assessments. However, investing in valid and reliable psychological assessments has become more difficult due to vast cultural diversity South Africa comprises off. The general objective of this study was to explore social desirability in the white Afrikaans group. A qualitative design was used and a quota non-probability sampling method was implemented among white Afrikaans-speaking people of South Africa (N=60), who differed from one another with regard to age, gender and socio-economic status. The measuring instrument was a semi-structured interview, which was based on the phenomenological approach. The results of the interviews were transcribed and captured in Excel. Content analysis was used to interpret the responses in socially desirable themes. Independent psychologists and language and cultural experts were employed in order to validate the initial interpretations. The descriptive terms were reduced through the use of cluster analysis. The analysis included the grouping of synonyms and antonyms, together with the use of dictionaries, literature and knowledge about content. In the representation of social desirability and impression management strategies within the white Afrikaner group, six main themes with sixty sub-themes in total were identified. The six themes are facilitating, gender-based, intellect-openness, interpersonal relatedness, intrapersonal relatedness and value-based. Firstly, to facilitate others by giving advice and guidance will be seen as desirable and make a favourable impression. Secondly, to display characteristics that are typically associated with males and females, such as masculinity and femininity, will be seen as desirable and can make a positive impression. Thirdly, having a unique natural ability or skill and being receptive to new and different ideas will be seen as desirable and make a good impression on others. Fourthly, remaining constructive in one’s relationships, and fifthly, remaining constructive in one’s inner thoughts and possessing inner confidence and having respect will make a favourable impression and can be seen as socially desirable. Lastly, exhibiting moral consciousness and being trustworthy, loyal and reliable will make a positive impression and will be perceived as desirable by the white Afrikaner group. Recommendations for future research and for practice were made. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South Africa has gone through immense changes in the past two decades. The period around 1994 has been characterised by a comprehensive set of political, social and economic changes, which greatly influenced not only the lives of individuals in this county but also many businesses, organisations and companies. Further to this, South Africa has become increasingly intercultural in orientation as companies persevered in establishing intricate networks with partners in a diverse set of cultures. This has put enormous strain on organisations to remain competitive in the market. It is critical that organisations develop a more resilient workforce with greater psychological capacities to succeed in the on-going war for talent. Attracting and retaining talented employees can give organisations a sustained competitive advantage. In view of the growing intricacies in the business world, ambiguity in markets, and employees’ attitudes, it is crucial that organisations invest in psychological assessments. However, investing in valid and reliable psychological assessments has become more difficult due to vast cultural diversity South Africa comprises off. The general objective of this study was to explore social desirability in the white Afrikaans group. A qualitative design was used and a quota non-probability sampling method was implemented among white Afrikaans-speaking people of South Africa (N=60), who differed from one another with regard to age, gender and socio-economic status. The measuring instrument was a semi-structured interview, which was based on the phenomenological approach. The results of the interviews were transcribed and captured in Excel. Content analysis was used to interpret the responses in socially desirable themes. Independent psychologists and language and cultural experts were employed in order to validate the initial interpretations. The descriptive terms were reduced through the use of cluster analysis. The analysis included the grouping of synonyms and antonyms, together with the use of dictionaries, literature and knowledge about content. In the representation of social desirability and impression management strategies within the white Afrikaner group, six main themes with sixty sub-themes in total were identified. The six themes are facilitating, gender-based, intellect-openness, interpersonal relatedness, intrapersonal relatedness and value-based. Firstly, to facilitate others by giving advice and guidance will be seen as desirable and make a favourable impression. Secondly, to display characteristics that are typically associated with males and females, such as masculinity and femininity, will be seen as desirable and can make a positive impression. Thirdly, having a unique natural ability or skill and being receptive to new and different ideas will be seen as desirable and make a good impression on others. Fourthly, remaining constructive in one’s relationships, and fifthly, remaining constructive in one’s inner thoughts and possessing inner confidence and having respect will make a favourable impression and can be seen as socially desirable. Lastly, exhibiting moral consciousness and being trustworthy, loyal and reliable will make a positive impression and will be perceived as desirable by the white Afrikaner group. Recommendations for future research and for practice were made. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Cette thèse concerne la labellisation de cinq opéras de région, en France, entre 1996 et 2006 : l’Opéra National de Lorraine, l’Opéra National de Montpellier, l’Opéra National de Lyon, l’Opéra National de Bordeaux, et l’Opéra National du Rhin. L’étude porte sur une forme qui englobe obligatoirement d’autres formes artistiques quasi autonomes et professionnalisées (orchestre, ballet, choeur) et sur les changements en cours dans l’économie de ces organisations traditionnellement sous tutelle municipale repositionnées au coeur d’une gouvernance multiscalaire et mises au défi de faire croître leur visibilité et celle de leur activité. Nous nous intéressons dans ce cadre à ce sur quoi reposent les stratégies de renouvellement développées par ces organisations culturelles, sédimentées et conventionnelles, prises entre le politique et le marché, dans un cadre particulier à la France où l'État se reconnaît comme garant de la qualité. Pour conduire l’étude, nous utilisons la labellisation comme marqueur de ces changements et comme dispositif participant à l’instrumentation de ces opéras dans un marché restreint. Ce qui se voit, c'est une ouverture organisée, selon un mode de fonctionnement par projets et selon un mode de diversification réfléchie de leur activité à un niveau de complexité jamais égalé, sous la pression de l'envahissement de la sphère culturelle par les logiques marchandes et médiatiques. Cette instrumentation est réalisée par le déploiement de dispositifs de jugement dans une économie des singularités dans laquelle le théâtre d’opéra est amené à chercher lui-même à asseoir sa continuité. Sont discutées les stratégies développées quant à l’incertitude inhérente à la création artistique et à la dépendance financière et les effets du dispositif opéra national qui donne lieu à un « remplissement » stratégique perpétuel (Michel Foucault), du fait de la remobilisation du dispositif dans la gestion des effets secondaires qu’il a lui-même induit, et dans la dynamique duquel le pouvoir, la visibilité et la légitimité occupent une place centrale. Notre démarche inductive et pluridisciplinaire et la posture critique adoptée conduisent à l’élaboration d’une étude donnant une grande place à l’indétermination des rapports et des humains, dans une ontologie constructiviste modérée. Le sujet singulier qu’est l’organisation d’un théâtre d’opéra en France, les raisons de ces choix et la méthodologie appliquée sont présentés pour éclairer le lecteur dans sa rencontre avec un milieu d’ordinaire fermé. Enfin, la conclusion retrace certains liens et pointe des aspects à creuser dans une recherche ultérieure afin de comprendre ce que donne à voir, sur le présent et l'avenir des Opéras de région en France, l'attribution par le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication d'un label de « qualité ». / Our thesis discusses the process and consequences of the attribution, by the State, of a national label to five regional opera houses in France between 1996 and 2006. Through this event, we look closely at the current changes in the opera house as an organization which has traditionally been under municipal governance and is with this label repositioned under a governing body which includes the Region and the central State and its demands for greater visibility. Our objective is to understand the strategic renewal of opera houses outside Paris in a centralized political system where the State is said to guaranty cultural access and artistic quality. We do so by using the attribution of the national label as a marker and as a device that participates in the instrumentation of opera houses in a restricted market and a changing normative frame within which opera houses are brought to secure their own continuity. With a brief overlook at how opera houses have been transformed into a venue meant to entertain citizens and magnify cities, we give the reader an understanding of opera houses as conventional and regimented organizations forever bond to politics and the market. The particular organization of an opera house in France, the reasons behind the choices made and the applied methodology are then presented. Our inductive and multidisciplinary approach, supported by the critical posture adopted, leads us to the elaboration of a study where undetermined connections and human beings evolve within moderate constructivist ontology. We then suggest that the label, which gives rise to a perpetual strategic “remplissement” (Foucault), is inevitably remobilized to manage the side effects brought by its very existence. Power and legitimacy occupy in this dynamic a central place that we exemplify and discuss thoroughly. Our research presents an original way to understand the recent transformation of the French regional operas houses as expressed, and apprehended, by the attribution by the ministry of Culture and Communication of a “quality” label that enables them to gradually enter the growing mediated spheres already endorsed by cultural industries.

在國際化趨勢中，台灣政府推動英語教學，來提升國人成為 「終身學習者」。為了達成上述目標，台灣政府允許公立與私立學校聘用以英文為母語的外籍教師，尤其在私人的學前教育機構與補習班等，經常可看到這些外籍教師。由於家長對於子女提前接受英語教育的期望，造成市場的需求，導致政府英語教學政策和民間需求，存在著相當的落差，導致許多私立學前教育機構為了維繫市場競爭力，規避政府的法規，聘請英語非母語的外籍教師任教。本論文旨在探討為何許多來台外籍人士，無論本身是否具有合格師資與英語母語條件，在台灣冒著被驅逐出境的風險，以學前教育工作為首選，從事合法及非法打工，而非選擇其他的工作機會？本研究以英語外籍教師為主要對象，採用質性研究法，運用「計畫行為理論」作為研究架構，先透過12個先導性調查，進行初步資料分析，再經由10次深度訪談，以及80份問卷調查，了解外籍教師的看法。本研究根據計畫行為理論中的變項，包含：態度、主觀規範，以及認知行為控制等項目，分析在台外籍人士何以選擇到學前教育機構，任教英語的行為動機，及其背後原因。本研究發現，學前教育備受來台外籍人士歡迎的原因，包括：台灣學前教育階段英語教師市場需求大，教學資格門檻不夠嚴格、入行容易，薪資待遇佳，尤其是學前教育階段特殊的教學方式，能夠提供較具彈性的上班時間與生活方式，都是造成學前教育機構吸引來台外籍教師任教的原因。研究進一步發現，台灣的教育政策至今仍缺乏對於學前教育機構外籍英語教師聘用等方面，有效的管理與輔導。本論文最後建議，台灣公部門必須對於所有相關機構與個人，諸如：學前教育單位、英語為母語及其他外籍教師、與學生家長等，進行明確的規範，落實學前教育英語教師的任教資格、加強本地雇主與外師之間勞資雙方工作條件的透明度、甚至落實對非法雇主的取締及違法者處分等，都是改善台灣學前教育英語學品質，保障學童受教權及外籍教師工作權的重要途徑。

Growing issues such as climate crises, social injustice and neglection of basic human rights have created a new type of consumption, namely ethical consumption. Ethical consumption was initially mainly concerned for environmental issues but has in later years starting to include a variety of pressing issues. Ethical consumption was also initially mainly connected to groups of extremists, but with the increasing availability of ethical products in mainstream outlets, ethical consumption has shifted to be a mainstream consumer game. Mainstream ethical consumption has largely been neglected in previous research where the field is lacking knowledge in form of qualitative behavioral data. Departing from the gap, this study will mainly focus on exploring the motives for ethical consumption in the mainstream consumer segment. We will examine several driving forces in form of altruistic-based motives, egoistic-based motives, and non-value-based motives. However, in order to give this an additional dimension we also want to examine the level of morality of ethical consumption by using five ethical theories. This approach has been overlooked in previous ethical consumption research and it will question the basic assumption that ethical consumption is the morally correct thing to do. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the motivational factors for ethical consumption and through the lens of ethical theories examine the level of morality of this behavior. In order to fulfill this purpose we have conducted a qualitative study within the context of organic groceries in the Swedish market. Organic groceries is a branch of ethical consumption that few studies has examined before, and that applies especially to the Swedish market. 14 mainstream consumers have been interviewed were all of these were frequent buyers of organic groceries. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured fashion which was then analyzed by the use of thematic analysis. Furthermore, the study was guided by an exploratory inductive approach where subjectivity played a significant part. The results show that ethical consumption is driven by altruistic-based motives in form of social justice, where consumer want their consumption to benefit other. However, it is far from the only motive because ethical consumers are equally driven by egoistic motives. The result show that consumers are driven strongly by the sense of self- satisfaction created by the force of social norms, health and wellbeing, and product quality. This duality of motives creates a paradoxical tension in form of a win-win situation where the consumers strive for both the benefit of self as well as the benefit of others. Furthermore, ethical consumption is driven by habitual behavior where the consumers rely much on mental shortcuts in their purchases. Consumers are also not well- informed about ethical products and labels and therefore rely heavily on mythical benefits. In addition, when examining the level of morality of ethical consumption we can conclude that it is on level between mediocre to high. From a consequentialist and a non- consequentialist perspective the level of morality is fairly high, but from a character-based perspective the morality stumbles.

Förlossningsrädsla har tidigare främst undersökts hos kvinnor som lever i heterosexuella relationer, och på senare tid även kommit att inkludera deras manliga partners upplevelser av rädsla. Förlossningsrädsla kan påverka negativt under familjebildningen, vilket gör den viktig att uppmärksamma i alla familjekonstellationer. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur förlossningsrädsla erfars och tar sig uttryck hos lesbiska/bisexuella kvinnor och transpersoner, samt vad olika typer av bemötande i vården får för betydelse för dem och deras rädsla. Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio deltagare. De transkriberade intervjuerna bearbetades genom tematisk analys med en induktiv ansats.  Analysen resulterade i fem huvudteman som handlar om förlossningsrädslan, omkringliggande aspekter och hur bemötande i vården påverkar rädslan; Mina förlossningsrädslor, Naturlighet, cisnormer och femininitet, Vägen till barn, Att vara sårbar och utsatt under en förlossning och Bemötande i vården. Resultatet visar på att deltagarnas förlossningsrädsla är lik den som rapporterats i forskning i stort, men att det delvis tillkommer vissa nya aspekter för denna grupp. Förlossningsrädslan influeras av deras erfarenheter av bemötande i vården och den större omgivande sociala kontexten som påverkar genom processer av normer, minoritetsstress, hetero- och cisnormativitet och diskriminering. För vissa deltagare har förlossningsrädslan dessutom påverkats av att ha deltagit vid en partners förlossning. / Förlossningsrädsla hos lesbiska/bisexuella kvinnor och transpersoner - Förekomst, upplevelser och erfarenheter

The work deals with the comparison of classes that have taken part in an adaptation course to those that have not. The theoretical part describes a class as a small social group and refers to its structure. It also deals with group dynamics and explains developmental stages of a small social group. Further, the theoretical part of the thesis focuses on class climate, environment and atmosphere. It describes the adaptation course and defines its aims as well. The practical part of the thesis contains a description and an analysis of questionnaires that were assigned to the first year classes of the four-year grammar schools in the early days of the school year 2011/2012 and in the beginning of November the same year. Based on the analysis of questionnaires, this part also deals with identifying differences among these classes. It points out that the differences among these classes are small but, nevertheless, the adaptation courses are of benefit to the whole class.

Ce travail propose une réflexion sur les obstacles, souvent "invisibles", qui contribuent à maintenir les femmes aux niveaux inférieurs de la hiérarchie professionnelle. Ce phénomène a été baptisé « plafond de verre ». L’asymétrie des profils professionnels entre hommes et femmes est interrogée à partir d’une approche constructiviste multidisciplinaire profitant des contributions conjointes de l’histoire, de la philosophie, de la sociologie et de la psychologie sociale. L'introduction théorique propose une réflexion sur les déterminants historiques et psychosociaux de l’asymétrie du masculin et du féminin dans leurs rapports au pouvoir et au travail. Les théories des Représentations Sociales (Moscovici, 1961), de l'Identité Sociale (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) serviront de cadre conceptuel à l’ensemble du travail. Les antécédents psychosociaux du « plafond de verre » sont étudiés au travers d’une série de 6 études. La première explore le vécu et les représentations des femmes évoluant dans un contexte professionnel masculin tel que la politique et montre l’existence chez elles d’une tension entre les normes instrumentales en vigueur dans ce contexte et l’approche relationnelle qu’elles voudraient promouvoir. La deuxième et la troisième études explorent respectivement les représentations sociales de l’« emploi idéal pour soi » et de la « réussite » chez des jeunes universitaires (garçons et filles) en partant du présupposé qu’afin de mieux comprendre les stratégies différenciées de mobilité ascendante chez les deux sexes, il est important d’interroger les représentations sociales liées à la sphère professionnelle que les uns et les autres possèdent avant d’y être intégré-e-s. Enfin, trois études empiriques testent l’hypothèse générale selon laquelle la sous-représentation des femmes aux niveaux supérieurs de la hiérarchie sociale pourrait résulter des discordances qui existent entre, d’une part, les normes de genre endossées par les individus (i.e. féminine vs. masculine) ainsi que le niveau d’identification au genre et, d’autre part, les normes sous-tendant la culture des organisations. Les résultats suggèrent l’existence d’une telle incompatibilité normative et de son impact potentiel sur les stratégies de mobilité ascendante./Adopting a constructivist and multidisciplinary perspective, the present dissertation questions the “hidden obstacles” contributing to maintain women in the lower positions of the professional ladder, a phenomenon called “glass ceiling”. Framing our work in the social representations theory (Moscovici, 1961) and the social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), we address the asymmetry in men’s and wome’s careers trough 6 study. Study 1 explores the representations of Belgian politician women with regard to their personal professional experiences and their relation to the normatively masculine political functioning. Furthermore, a second set of studies starts from the idea that, in order to understand women’s and men’s professional mobility strategies, we have to take social representations related to the professional domain into account. Hence, study 2 and 3 explore respectively the social representations of « an own ideal job » and of « a successful life » amongst young students of both sexes. Finally, studies 4, 5, and 6 test the general hypothesis that the lack of women in positions of power could be partially due to the incongruence between potentially conflicting social norms. Namely, while work settings seem to induce a social norm favoring instrumental social orientations, women socialization is still characterized by the existence of prescriptions about relational orientations. Results suggest the existence of this normative inconsistency together with its potential impact on women’s professional mobility strategies. / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished