Esta pesquisa aborda, a partir de uma perspectiva bioarqueológica comparativa, a problemática das mudanças nos padrões de subsistência associados à intensificação da agricultura e suas implicações no processo de complexificação social na costa dos Andes Centrais. Para tanto, se examinaram indicadores de patologia oral, estresse nutricional e isótopos estáveis, e outros dados paleodietéticos e arqueológicos de 09 populações pré-históricas da costa dos Andes Centrais datadas para o período Formativo (~3000-1 a.C.). Os resultados mostram que as dietas a predomínio de carboidratos são muito antigas na região, inclusive nos sítios litorâneos e que o processo de complexificação ocorreu em presença da agricultura como base econômica. As formações teocráticas do 3ro e 2do milênios a.C. floresceram baseadas na agricultura de tubérculos, leguminosas, árvores frutíferas e milho em menor quantidade (abaixo de 20%), apelando a técnicas agrícolas adaptadas às características de aridez dos vales da bacia do Pacífico. Uma drástica mudança na dieta costeira andina ocorreu entre 500-1 a.C., quando o milho passa ser o principal produto de subsistência ao nível regional em concomitância com o aparecimento de governos seculares. / From a comparative bioarchaeological perspective this research addresses the issue of changes in subsistence patterns associated with the intensification of agriculture on the coast of the Central Andes and their implications to the social complexity process. Markers of oral pathology and nutritional stress were examined, along with stable isotopes, and other paleodietetic and archaeological data of 09 prehistoric coastal populations dated to the Formative period (~3000-1 BC). The results show that the predominance of rich carbohydrate diets is very old in the region, also on shoreline settlements, and the process of complexity was based in agriculture as an economic basis. The theocratic societies of 3rd and 2nd millennium BC flourished based on agriculture of tubers, legumes, fruit trees and corn in smaller quantities (below 20%), using farming techniques highly adapted to the aridity of the Pacific basin valleys. A drastic change in the Andean coastal diet occurred between 500-1 BC, when the corn became the main regional staple concomitant to the appearance of secular governments

[pt] A dissertação apresenta a possibilidade do surgimento de um novo paradigma internacional, baseado nos processos de integração regional e em suas instituições supranacionais que ameaçam a noção clássica de soberania estatal. Faz-se uma revisão das diferentes teorias da integração tomando a experiência européia como marco referencial. Posteriormente, no contexto das experiências de integração latino-americana, concentra-se na Comunidade Andina de Nações e no Mercosul, descrevendo sua estrutura e desenho institucional. Em particular, consideram-se os mecanismos de solução de controvérsias como meio garantidor dos compromissos assumidos pelos Estados, analisando a predominância das características supranacionais ou intergovernamentais dessas instituições. O estudo focaliza as implicações da adoção de cada uma das alternativas, tanto em relação à Comunidade Andina e ao Mercosul, quanto aos respectivos Estados que as adotaram, tendo em conta que ambos os organismos estão em constante mudança e construção institucional. / [en] The dissertation presents the possibility of the emergency of a new paradigm of international order based on processes of regional integration and the supranational institutions that challenge the classic notion of State sovereignty. The different Integration theories and conceptual approaches taking the European Union as a referential framework are reviewed. Then, in the context of Latin American integration experiences, it concentrates in the Andean Community and Mercosur, addressing their performance and institutional design with special emphasis in their dispute settlement mechanisms. Analyzing the predominance of supranational or intergovernmental characteristics for these institutions. The study focuses on the implications of the adoption of each of the alternatives in the Andean Community and the Mercosur, and in the corresponding State members that implemented them, considering the dynamic character of both organisms, constantly changing and building institutions.

Cette thèse, par son approche multidisciplinaire et l'interprétation d'une quantité importante de données industrielles, apporte de nouveaux éléments dans la compréhension des systèmes de bassin d'avant-pays, en particulier dans le domaine andino-amazonien du nord-Pérou. Elle propose un nouveau modèle stratigraphique et structural de cette région, et reconstitue l'histoire de la déformation et de la sédimentation tout en les quantifiant, données indispensables pour modéliser les systèmes pétroliers et réduire les risques en exploration. Les résultats montrent que l'architecture structurale du bassin d'avant-pays de Marañon, le plus grand des Andes centrales, évolue latéralement d'une zone de wedgetop au SE à une zone de foredeep au NW. Au SE, il forme un prisme de chevauchements en partie érodé, connecté aux bassins wedgetop de Huallaga et Moyabamba. Cet ensemble constitue un seul système de bassin d'avant-pays, déformé par l'interférence d'une tectonique de couverture à vergence Est et d'une tectonique de socle en grande partie à vergence Ouest. Le raccourcissement horizontal total varie entre 70 et 76 km. La vergence Ouest de cette tectonique de socle est contrôlée par l'héritage de l'orogénèse Gondwanide (Permien moyen). Nous montrons qu'elle est à l'origine des importants séismes crustaux et destructeurs dans le bassin de Moyabamba. La tectonique de couverture, à vergence Est, présente un fort raccourcissement et est limitée aux bassins wedgetop de Huallaga et Moyabamba, où elle est contrôlée par la distribution géographique d'un important niveau d'évaporites d'âge permien terminal scellant les structures de l'orogénèse Gondwanide. Vers le NW, la déformation du bassin Marañon s'amortit progressivement, ce qui se manifeste par la transition vers une zone de dépôt de type " foredeep ". La déformation, bien que peu importante, y est toujours active et responsable de séismes de faible profondeur. D'un point de vue sédimentaire, cette thèse a permis de différencier quatre mégaséquences d'avant-pays dans le bassin de Marañon, définies à partir de corrélations stratigraphiques de puits et des discontinuités régionales identifiées en sismique. Une coupe structurale traversant le système Marañon-Huallaga a été restaurée en trois étapes depuis l'Eocène moyen pour reconstituer et quantifier la propagation du système de bassin d'avant-pays. Les quatre mégaséquences d'avant-pays et la restauration séquentielle montrent que le système Marañon-Huallaga s'est développé depuis l'Albien en deux étapes séparées par une importante période d'érosion durant l'Eocène moyen. Elles ont enregistrées successivement les soulèvements des cordillères occidentale et orientale des Andes du nord-Pérou, et celui de l'Arche de Fitzcarrald. D'un point de vue quantitatif, les taux de sédimentation calculés montrent une augmentation progressive depuis l'Albien, interrompue par l'érosion de l'Eocène moyen. Les modélisations pétrolières 2D, réalisées à partir d'une révision des systèmes pétroliers et de la restauration séquentielle du système Huallaga-Marañon, valorisent une grande partie des résultats obtenus dans cette thèse en simulant l'expulsion des hydrocarbures aux différentes étapes de la déformation du système Huallaga-Marañon et en montrant ses zones de piégeage potentielles. / This thesis, through its multidisciplinary approach and the interpretation of a large amount of industrial data, brings new elements in the understanding of foreland basin systems, especially in the Andino-Amazonian field of northern Peru. It proposes a new stratigraphic and structural model of this region, reconstructs and quantifies the history of the deformation and sedimentation that constitutes the key data to model the petroleum systems and to reduce the risks in exploration. The results show that the structural architecture of the Marañon Foreland Basin, the largest of the central Andes, evolves laterally from a wedgetop zone in the SE to a foredeep zone in the NW. In the SE, it forms a thrust wedge partly eroded, connected to the wedgetop basins of Huallaga and Moyabamba. This set constitutes a single foreland basin system, deformed by the interference of an east-verging thin-skinned tectonics and a largely west-verging tectonics. The total horizontal shortening varies between 70 and 76 km. The western vergence of this thick-skinned tectonics is controlled by the inheritance of the Gondwanide orogeny (Middle Permian). We show that it is at the origin of the important crustal and destructive earthquakes in the Moyabamba basin. The east-verging thin-skinned tectonics shows a strong shortening and is confined to the wedgetop basins of Huallaga and Moyabamba, where it is controlled by the geographical distribution of a large level of Late Permian evaporites sealing the structures of the Gondwanide orogenesis. Towards the NW, the deformation of the Marañon basin is progressively amortized, which is reflected in the transition to a foredeep type deposition zone. The deformation, although not very important, is still active and responsible for shallow earthquakes. From a sedimentary point of view, this thesis has made it possible to differentiate four foreland mega-sequences in the Marañon basin, defined from well stratigraphic correlations and regional discontinuities identified in seismic. A structural section through the Marañon-Huallaga system has been restored in three stages since the Middle Eocene to reconstruct and quantify the propagation of the foreland basin system. The four foreland mega-sequences and the sequential restoration show that the Marañon-Huallaga system developed since the Albian during two stages separated by an important period of erosion during the Middle Eocene. They recorded successively the uplifts of the western and eastern Cordilleras of the Andes of northern Peru, and that of the Arch of Fitzcarrald. From a quantitative point of view, the calculated sedimentation rates show a gradual increase since the Albian, interrupted by the erosion of the Middle Eocene. The 2D petroleum modeling, carried out from a revision of the petroleum systems and the sequential restoration of the Huallaga-Marañon system, valorizes a large part of the results obtained in this thesis by simulating the expulsion of the hydrocarbons at the different stages of the deformation of the Huallaga-Marañon system, and showing its potential trapping areas.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-08-25T01:09:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoThomaz.pdf: 751334 bytes, checksum: de6a4e3ca0b874a0ab4c99a997fedb73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-25T01:09:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoThomaz.pdf: 751334 bytes, checksum: de6a4e3ca0b874a0ab4c99a997fedb73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / URCAMP - Universidade da Região da Campanha / O presente estudo investiga o nível de convergência de práticas contábeis em empresas industriais dos países do MERCOSUL e da Comunidade Andina. Partindo de uma base teórica com a qual se identificou o atual estágio de adoção das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade, nos países destes dois blocos econômicos, foi possível comparar a convergência normativa com a prática contábil. Para tanto, analisou-se a mensuração e a evidenciação dos principais elementos patrimoniais numa amostra de trinta empresas industriais, nos países destes dois blocos econômicos sul-americanos. A amostra foi escolhida por critérios de intencionalidade e acessibilidade, sendo os dados obtidos a partir das páginas web dos órgãos nacionais encarregados de controlar e fiscalizar os mercados de capitais, em cada um dos países pesquisados. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise descritiva, para elaboração de quadros-resumos relativos às práticas contábeis das empresas de cada país, no que concerne à mensuração e evidenciação dos seguintes elementos patrimoniais: Contas a Receber de Clientes (Receitas), Estoques, Investimentos, Imobilizado e Intangível. As análises realizadas possibilitaram que se identificasse o atual estágio de convergência em termos de normas e práticas contábeis, nos dois blocos econômicos. Em geral, observou-se que a prática contábil, nas empresas pesquisadas, ainda é muito heterogênea nos diferentes países. Enquanto que, em alguns países, constatou-se convergência quase total às normas internacionais emitidas pelo IASB, em outros, este processo parece distante. Observou-se também que a adoção das normas internacionais não significa a observância e a convergência na prática. Por fim, foi possível perceber que há ainda um caminho a percorrer, para que, nos países do MERCOSUL e da Comunidade Andina, as práticas contábeis estejam completamente harmonizadas, convergindo aos padrões de contabilidade internacionalmente aceitos. / The present study investigates the level of accounting convergence practices in businesses in the countries of Mercosul and the Andean community. Departing from a theoretical basis in which we have identified the current stage of use of the International Accounting Standards in countries from these two economical segments, it was possible to compare the convergence regulations with the accounting practices. To do so, we have analyzed the measurement and the disclosure of main assets in 30 companies in these South American countries. This countries were sampled by intentionality criterion and accessibility, the data was acquired from the web pages of national entities in charge of controlling the capital markets in each of the sampled countries. The collected data was submitted to descriptive analysis and summary maps were made concerning the accounting practices of the companies in each country in what concerns the measurement and disclosure of the following assets: accounts receivable (revenue) stocks, investment, intangibles and fixed assets. The analysis carried out, made it possible to identify the current stage of convergence concerning regulations and accounting practices in these countries. It was verified that accounting practices are very different in the countries sampled. While in some countries we found almost total convergence with the accounting practices issued by the IASB, in some others this process was somewhat distant. It was also observed that the adoption of International regulations does not mean convergence in practice. Finally we observed that there is a long way for the accounting practices of the Mercosul countries and Andean Community to be harmonized, and converge with the internationally accepted accounting standards.

O boom do consumo e da produção de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) é um fenômeno recente que representa a transição de um cultivo andino negligenciado e subutilizado durante séculos para um supercultivo moderno do século XXI, dado o seu aporte nutricional. Nesse sentido, a presente tese apresenta e discute questões que o boom da quinoa suscita acerca das tendências das mudanças no uso da terra no Peru ― país que se tornou o maior produtor e exportador mundial do produto a partir de 2014. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa realizaram-se dois estudos. O primeiro deles objetivou analisar a dinâmica da expansão do cultivo de quinoa e identificar as mudanças no uso da terra resultantes do boom da quinoa, assim como determinar se tais mudanças ameaçam a agrobiodiversidade na principal região produtora de quinoa: Puno. O segundo estudo buscou calcular o impacto do boom da quinoa na expansão do seu cultivo, em termos de área ocupada, além de discutir os mecanismos pelos quais a expansão da demanda internacional por este produto ocasiona mudanças no uso da terra no Peru. Ambos os estudos se basearam em dados disponibilizados por entidades e órgãos oficiais do Peru, os quais foram coletados separadamente para as 18 regiões produtoras de quinoa, no período de 1995-2014. Para a análise dos dados, construíram-se mapas temáticos com as variáveis: área cultivada e variação porcentual anual de área cultivada. Também foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: estatística descritiva, Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e exponential smoothing. Os resultados evidenciaram que o boom da quinoa no Peru começou em 2009, sendo que, a partir desse ano, a configuração da área cultivada com quinoa foi alterada drasticamente. Já no ano de 2014, inicia-se um período de expansão sem precedentes na história de sua produção. Cabe destacar, nesse sentido, que se o boom da quinoa não tivesse ocorrido, no ano de 2014 teria sido cultivada uma área 43% menor de quinoa do que foi efetivamente observado. A partir disso, foram constatados três fenômenos: (i) a evolução de uma nova geografia da produção de quinoa; (ii) a redução do uso de práticas agrícolas tradicionais (p.ex.: rotação de cultivos, descanso do solo) decorrente da intensificação da produção de quinoa; e (iii) a tendência de competição pelo uso da terra para produção de cultivos Andinos na região Puno (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Dessa forma, a expansão do mercado internacional de quinoa a partir de 2008 já começa a revelar suas consequências sobre as mudanças no uso da terra no Peru: (i) efeito de deslocamento (migração de atividades de um lugar para outro de uma maneira a ocasionar mudanças no uso da terra em novas localidades), (ii) efeito rebote (mudanças no uso da terra com as medidas adotadas para incrementar a eficiência da produção e aumento do número de empresas atuando no setor), e (iii) efeito cascata (perturbações que afetam o sistema terrestre em decorrência da substituição de áreas destinadas à produção de outros cultivos em condições agroecológicas específicas). Ao trazer uma perspectiva sobre a relação entre a intensificação do comércio internacional da quinoa e a expansão de terra cultivada no Peru, este trabalho contribui para a literatura, ainda em construção, sobre consequências das mudanças no uso da terra na sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrobiológicos. / The boom in consumption and production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a recent phenomenon that represents the transition from a neglected and underutilized Andean crop for centuries to a modern supercrop of the 21st century due to its exceptional nutritional value. In this context, the present thesis presents and discusses issues raised as a resut of the quinoa boom regarding trends in land-use change in Peru, which, as from 2014, has become the world’s largest producer of quinoa. Therefore, two studies were carried out. The first study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the expansion of quinoa cultivation and to identify land use changes resulting from the quinoa boom, as well as to determine whether such changes threaten agrobiodiversity in the major quinoa producing region: Puno. The second study aimed to calculate the impact of the quinoa boom on the expansion of quinoa production in terms of cultivated area, and to discuss the mechanisms by which the growing international demand for this product causes land use changes in Peru. Both studies are based on data available from official sources. Data were collected separately for the quinoa producing regions, 18 in total. It covers the period from 1995 to 2014. Data were analyzed using thematic maps with the following variables: harvested area and annual variation in the percentage of harvested area. There were also used the following statistical techniques: descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and exponential smoothing. The findings showed that the quinoa boom in Peru began in 2009. From this year, the configuration of the area cultivated with quinoa has changed drastically, but the year 2014 marked the beginning of an unprecedented period in the history of the production of this crop. In this regard, it should be noted that if it had not occurred the quinoa boom, the area cultivated with quinoa in 2014 would have been 43% less than the observed quantity. From this, it was found three phenomena: (i) the evolution of the new geography of quinoa production in Peru; (ii) the diminished use of traditional farming practices (eg.: crop rotation with rest for the soil) due to the intensification of quinoa production; and (iii) the trend towards increased land use competition for Andean crop production in the Puno region (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Thus, the growing international quinoa trade since 2008 has started to reveal the consequences of land use changes in Peru: (i) displacement effect (migration of activities from one place to another, causing land use changes in new locations); (ii) rebound effect (land use changes in response to the measures introduced to improve production efficiency and the increase in the number of companies operating in the sector); and (iii) cascade effect (disorders that affect the land system as a result of the substitution of land area used to produce other crops in specific agro-ecological conditions). With the perspective on the link between the intensification of international trade of quinoa and the expansion of cultivated land in Peru, this study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the consequences of land use changes on the sustainability of agrobiological systems.

Neste estudo analisamos a diversidade e endemismos da flora lenhosa das florestas estacionais decíduas (FEDs) do norte e centro do Perú. Caracterizamos a diversidade das plantas lenhosas ao longo dos vales, para definir os valores de conservação da área a nível nacional. Os resultados indicam que as FEDs do vale do Marañón apresentam valores significativamente altos em endemias em relação às outras FEDs do Perú e FEDs vizinhas e o padrão de endemismos e estrutura populacional das espécies variam no gradiente geográfico e altitudinal. Em constraste, as FEDs do vale do rio Tambo, centro do Perú, são moderadamente ricas em espécies do que a média das FEDs neotropicais e apresentam escassos endemismos. Esta região necessita de mais esforços de pesquisas para conhecer mais profundamente os elementos da biodiversidade. Neste estudo, também realizamos a caracterização dendro-anatômica do lenho das árvores de 87 espécies, sendo o primeiro registro da anatomia da madeira das árvores dos dois vales. Das análises do lenho das 183 espécies registradas nas florestas do norte e centro do Perú, só 157 apresentam anéis de crescimento e precisam ser analisadas em detalhe com outras pesquisas de desenvolvimento cambial e técnicas tradicionais de análises dendrocronológicas. A derivação desta informação pode alcançar alto impacto em estudos de variabilidade climática e aplicações na conservação. Assim mesmo, a análise preliminar dendrocronológica das taxas de crescimento do tronco revelam que as árvores de Cedrela kuelapensis apresentam as taxas de crescimento mais altas e ressaltam como um excelente recurso para programas de reflorestamento nos vales interandinos, além, das populações endêmicas de Cordia iguaguana e Esenbeckia cornuta são principalmente de exemplares jovens. Esperamos que as informações dos cinco capítulos constituam-se uma eficiente e importante ferramenta para melhorar a gestão dos recursos florestais dos vales estudados. / In this study we analyzed the diversity and endemism of the woody flora of Seazonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) in northern and central Peru. We characterized the diversity of woody plants along the valleys to define the conservation values of the area at the national and international levels. The results indicate that the SDTF s of the Marañón Valley show surprisingly high values in endemics in relation to other SDTF s in Peru and neighboring SDTFs, and the pattern of endemism and population structure of the species varies in geographic and altitudinal grades. In contrast, the SDTFs of the Tambo River Valley, central Peru, are moderately rich in species that average the neotropical SDTFs and have scarce endemism. This region needs more efforts to get to know the elements of biodiversity more deeply. In this study, we also performed the dendroanatomic characterization of 87 species and is the first report of the anatomy of the wood for the two valleys. From the analysis of the wood of the 183 species recorded in the forests of northern and central Peru, only 157 have growth rings and need to be analyzed in detail with other studies of exchange rate development and traditional techniques of dendrochronological analysis. The derivation of this information can reach high impact in studies of climatic variability and conservation applications. Likewise, the preliminary dendrochronological analysis of growth rates reveals that Cedrela kuelapensis showed the highest growth rates and stands out as an excellent resource for reforestation programs in the inter-Andean valleys, in addition, Cordia iguaguana and Esenbeckia cornuta endemic populations are mainly from young individuals. We hope that the information in the five chapters constitutes in efficient and important tool to improve the management of forest resources in the valleys studied.

The aim of teh work is to determine the causes of a long-term increase in production and distribution of cocaine in the Andean states and heroin in the Southeast and Southwest Asia, despite repression and active national drug policy, as well as international organizations. This paper describes the process of cultivation and drug production, distribution channels of drugs coming on the consumer markets. It explains and analyze the reasons and causes of involvement in drug trafficking and drug industry and its consequences for social and economic situation of individual countries, describes the national drug policy and the drug policy of international community and shows the connection of the drug trade with other elements of international crime.

Ce travail interroge la nature multidimensionnelle du processus mémoriel qui fait suite au conflit armé interne du Pérou (1980-2000). Il met en évidence la fluidité du statut de victime qui varie selon le contexte social d’énonciation et le type de discours auquel il correspond. Le regard que portent les militants de défense des droits de l’Homme sur les paysans des Andes, principales victimes de la guerre, est confronté aux regards que portent ces derniers sur eux-mêmes et sur leur place dans la société nationale. L’analyse des modalités et des enjeux politiques, sociaux et économiques des commémorations collectives autour de El Ojo que Llora (L’Œil qui pleure), un monument aux morts érigé à Lima puis reproduit dans une communauté paysanne des Andes, constituent un premier axe de ce travail. L’attention portée aux conceptions de la personne amène, dans un second temps, à aborder la complexité des expériences individuelles de la guerre et du rapport au monde des survivants. Le passage de la sphère publique à l’ethnographie de l’entre soi permet de mettre au jour l’importance que jouent, dans la construction mémorielle de ces communautés paysannes de l’Apurímac, les relations quotidiennes entre voisins et celles qui sont nouées avec les proches décédés durant le conflit. L’étiologie de certaines maladies, notamment, constitue un langage alternatif qui permet de parler de la guerre et de ses protagonistes autrement qu’à travers leur évocation explicite. Ainsi, vivants, morts et souffrants apparaissent comme autant de figures structurantes de cette recherche qui oscille entre dits et non-dits. / This work examines the multidimensional nature of the memory process that took place following Peru's internal armed conflict (1980-2000). It highlights the fluidity of the status of victimhood, which varies according to the social context of enunciation and the type of discourse to which it corresponds. The perspective of human right activists regarding Andean peasants, the main victims of the war, is compared with the manners in which these people see themselves and their place in national society. The first axis of this work is an analysis of the modalities and the political, social and economic stakes involved in the collective commemorations around El Ojo que Llora (The Eye that Cries), a monument to the dead erected in Lima, and then reproduced in an Andean peasant community. The attention placed on conceptions of the individual then leads to the second section that addresses the complexity of individual experiences’ of the war and the relationship to the world of those who survived. The shift from the public sphere to an ethnography of people among themselves allows for an emphasis on the important role of everyday relationships between neighbors, and other people linked to those who died during the conflict, in the construction of memory in Apurimac peasant communities. The etiology of some illnesses, noticeably, constitutes an alternative language that allows for talk about the war and its protagonists without explicit reference to them. Thus, the living, the dead and the suffering appear as other structuring figures of this research that shifts between what is said and left unsaid.

Dans les systèmes chevauchants la tectonique, l'érosion et la sédimentation interagissent pour créer des reliefs et des bassins syntectoniques. Le but de ce travail est d'aider à mieux comprendre et quantifier le contrôle exercé par ces trois phénomènes sur 1) la morphologie des reliefs; 2) la localisation des dépôts sédimentaires et les types de dépôt; 3) la localisation de la déformation. Dans ce but, et dans la première partie de mon travail, j'ai procédé au développement d'un modèle numérique comportant une simulation de la croissance incrémentale des plis par propagation de faille, couplée à une loi de diffusion rendant compte des transports superficiels (érosion et sédimentation). Ceci permet d'étudier la répartition de l'érosion et de la sédimentation en fonction de l'activité tectonique et des relations entre plissement/chevauchement. La mise en oeuvre des modélisations permet aussi une analyse de l'évolution des systèmes chevauchants. L'application à l'exemple du Subandin de Bolivie, montre que 1) L'évolution du prisme tectonique et la formation des grands bassins sont pour une grande part contrôlées par la géométrie du prisme initial ainsi que par celle du plan de décollement régional; 2) Les phénomènes superficiels qui permettent la formation de vastes bassins syntectoniques influencent la localisation de la déformation, en contrôlant la géométrie de la surface du prisme. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail la méthodologie mise au point, est appliquée aux Siwalik de l'Ouest Népal. Dans cette région, où le système chevauchant est de mieux en mieux contraint par des études de terrain, on observe également de vastes bassins transportés inégalement répartis sur la zone d'étude. Les modélisations montrent que le paramètre contrôlant au premier ordre le développement des bassins transportés est le pendage du plan de décollement. Un fort pendage du plan de décollement, qui induit une forte épaisseur des écailles tectoniques, favorise l'apparition de vastes bassins transportés. Dans le cas contraire, où le pendage du plan de décollement est faible, la forte pente de surface du prisme favorise l'érosion et les réactivations hors séquence. Ces résultats sont confirmés grâce aux coupes équilibrées effectuées dans l'Ouest Népal qui montrent que les bassins transportés se développent au-dessus d'un prisme tectonique épais (5500 m), alors que là où le système tectonique, incorporant des écailles, n'est plus épais que de 4000 m, on observe des réactivations d'un chevauchement interne. Les modélisations montrent , aussi, que le développement latéral des structures frontales par le biais de plis par propagation de faille, contrôle les morphologies du synclinal et du crêt situes en position interne. Ceci est confirmé par une étude morphostructurale qui montre que la structure frontale est constituée de tronçons assez courts qui se relaient et que la sédimentation et la morphologie du système sont contrôlés par ces relais. Dans les Siwalik de l'Ouest Népal, existe une lacune de sismicité, et les vitesses de raccourcissement instantanées sont faibles (2-7 mm/an). L'étude des terrasses alluviales des bassins syntectoniques, montre 1) que le remplissage holocène du Dun de Deukhury est largement dépendant de la localisation de l'activité tectonique le long des chevauchements limitant ces bassins, et formant des "barrages tectoniques"; 2) que l'enregistrement des variations climatiques est masqué par l'importance des phénomènes tectoniques; 3) que les vitesses de surrection de ces terrasses alluviales, déduites de datations au C14, permettent de calculer des vitesses moyennes de raccourcissement de l'ordre de 15 à 20 mm/an pour la période holocène; 4) qu'il existe de nombreuses réactivations hors séquence, se localisant le long d'un chevauchement intermédiaire, le MDT. Les faibles déformations actuelles déduites de mesures GPS ne sont donc pas représentatives de la déformation de cette partie de la chaîne himalayenne sur une longue période. Ces différences de vitesses entre déformations actuelles et déformations moyennes telles qu'elles sont enregistrées dans cette partie du Népal, témoignent d'un rallentissement momentané de la déformation qui pourrait être en accord avec une période intersismique d'un cycle sismique. Des périodes de relatif calme tectonique comme la période actuelle pourraient être suivies de période où l'activité tectonique est plus intense (le futur proche?). L'alternance de la localisation du raccourcissement le long des structures chevauchantes, frontales ou en position plus interne, suivrait un cycle de quelques milliers d'années. Une étape du cycle serait caractérisée par une activité tectonique concentrée sur le chevauchement frontal; une autre étape verrait l'activité tectonique se répartir équitablement entre la structurefrontale et un chevauchement en position interne.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal