檔案是人類智慧的結晶，亦是歷史與知識的寶庫，具有行政稽憑、法律信證、史料供證及學術研究的價值。倘能有效開發推廣運用，辦理各項檔案推廣活動，藉以宣揚檔案內所存在的知識與價值，喚起社會大眾對檔案的重視與瞭解，進而達到應用檔案的目的，則是實現檔案功能與價值的重方法。 本研究首先透過「文獻分析法」彙整探討有關檔案推廣的意義、目的、途徑等基礎理論，以及探析美國、英國、加拿大等五國檔案推廣的現況。其次以「訪談法」訪問我國檔案管理局、國史館、國史館台灣文獻館、中央研究院近代史研究所胡適紀念館、教育部、外交部、中國國民黨黨史館、上海商業儲蓄銀行等單位，以瞭解各單位檔案推廣之情形。再其次透過少量「問卷調查法」，從訪談單位中的四個單位，抽樣調查曾參與檔案推廣活動之使用者，分析探討其參與經驗與心得、建議。最後以「比較法」將我國與英美等五國有關檔案推廣的項目作一分析比較，歸納出各國具有特色及最常使用之推廣項目，進而導出最適合我國檔案推廣之策略。 根據本研究調查結果提出六點結論：(一)檔案推廣為各檔案管理單位施政目標之一；(二)特殊的節慶日為檔案推廣最佳時機；(三)檔案推廣確實可達預期之效益；(四)網路推廣已成為時代潮流；(五)策略聯盟及招募志工為解決困境的最佳途徑；(六)檔案推廣的項目應更多元化及生活化。 針對前項研究結果提出七項建議：(一)擴大整合社會資源與志工招募；(二)推動全國性的檔案週/月活動；(三)加強培養學童時期檔案的觀念；(四)強化檔案網路推廣及網站內容；(五)加強充實質量兼優的館藏資源；(六)積極創意發展檔案之附加價值；(七)積極輔導單位建置史料陳列室。 / Archives are the accumulation of human wisdom and the treasury of history and knowledge. They are used for administrative, legal, historical and academic purposes. In order to allow the public to know the full capacity and value of archives, there should be archival promotions so that their importance is seen and understood by all. This research compiles archival promotion theories, such as meaning, purpose and channel, through literature analysis to delve into the status quo of current archival promotion in five countries including the US, England, and Canada. This research also conducts interview surveys of the National Archives Administration, Academia Historica, Taiwan Historica of Academia Historica and Academia Sinica, Hu Shih Memorial Hall of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State History Office of The Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and The Shanghai Commercial & Savings Bank, Ltd., to gain an understanding of archival promotion practiced by each unit. Through questionnaire surveys, this research adopts a sampling survey of users from four units receiving the interviews who once participated in archival promotion activities, analyzing and exploring their participation experience, to obtain their feedback and suggestions. Finally, this research uses a comparison method to analyze and compare archival promotion practices in Taiwan with those of the preceding five countries, to further induce the most characteristic and frequently used promotional items as well as to find adequate strategies suitable for Taiwan’s archival promotion. The research results include six conclusions: (1) Archival promotion is one of the administrative goals implemented by each unit in charge of the national archives administration; (2) Special festivals and holidays are the best occasions for archival promotion; (3) Archival promotion can achieve expected benefits; (4) Internet promotion has become a trend; (5) Strategic alliance and recruitment of volunteers is the best solution channels to a predicament; and (6) Archival promotion should be diverse and practiced in daily life. These findings thus propose the following seven suggestions: (1) Expand the integration of social resources and volunteer recruitment; (2) Promote national archives weekly/monthly activities; (3) Strengthen the cultivation of school children’s archival concept; (4) Strengthen the promotion of archival internet and website contents; (5) Strengthen the collections and resources that meet both quality and quantity demands; (6) Develop archival value-added actively and creatively; and (7) Actively assist the related units in establishing a historical sources exhibition room.

This thesis examines how images are used and evaluated in a Swedish archival context. Images as of today are very common in society. They are nearly everywhere, particularly in our phones and computers. Therefore the written word is slowly losing it's sovereignty as a carrier of information. With this background the study examines if the images role also have changed in an archival setting. The following work is a qualitative research study that examines three Swedish archives: the Regional State Archive in Uppsala, Swedish Labour Movement's Archives and Library in Stockholm and the Centre for Business History in Stockholm. Furthermore the study examines how the institutions organize images and how they make them accessible for the public. It also examines what role the image play as a carrier of information in the archive. In more general terms the study also investigates what function the image can have for people in society. The comparison of the archival institutions is a methodological foundation for this study. Semi- structured interviews were conducted with archivists from the three institutions and works as the main source. For the analysis this study uses document theory and a few concepts derived from Terry Cook's archival theory, namely evidence, memory, identity and community. In terms with the previous research made on the subject this study comes to the result that images have different terms for archiving than other materials, most specifically papers documents. The examined archival institutions are today using the same tools for organizing images as they use for other documents. This can have negative effects on the ability the image has as a carrier of information. In the long run this could cause the image to become a marginalized part of the archive as a whole. The conclusion this mater's thesis presents is that the image has a potential as a source of information. Especially for groups that aren't previously represented in the archive through traditional paper documents. The image may therefore contribute to the archival pluralism and diversity, as long as the images are treated with the terms they demand as an archival document. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival Science.

The purpose of this thesis is to reveal the age-related norms which control the process of making public archives accessible. It focuses on physical access and visitors at the physical archival institutions. More specifically, it examines which groups are not included in the archival institutions’ target groups and why this is the case, the archival employees’ views on visitors’ needs and the archival institutions’ action space regarding the process of making archives accessible. The theoretical framework for this thesis is a combination of a norm critical and an intersectional perspective. The main method used is qualitative interviews with employees at archival institutions. Two different archival institutions have been examined, which are both departments of public authorities. The main result of the thesis is that there exist normative systems within the archival institutions which favour elderly people and people within the academic world. Age also matters less for people within the academic world. Accordingly, people outside of these groups can be regarded as non-target groups. Factors which can contribute to exclusion are also non-western origin and to be occupied at daytime. The explanations to why some groups are excluded are lack of resources and knowledge, a reactive approach, and the institutions’ opening hours. Regarding visitors’ needs, many visitors need help searching for material and formulating their needs, which they can also expect to be helped with. Needs which the archival employees can not satisfy are extensive reading of handwriting or carrying out research for the visitor. In general, it seems that people within the archival institutions’ target groups are more likely to get the exact help they need. The archival employees have a relatively great action space when it comes to making archives accessible, as the policy documents don’t mention this activity in detail. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

Community archives have developed in response to gaps in the documentary record and the real and perceived limitations of state-funded archives. These communities, whether defined by location, shared identity, or common interests, recognize the vital role of records in building collective memory and the importance of having access to their history. Informed by postmodern and postcolonial intellectual concerns, archivists have explored such themes and taken a greater interest in community archives as models of archiving that offer new opportunities and tools for capturing diversity and multiple perspectives on the past. This thesis traces the history of archival thought in relation to community by examining the dichotomy between community and mainstream archives. It explores the breakdown of the dichotomy, as exemplified in recent models of independent community archives and participatory archives. Case studies of the Boissevain Community Archives and Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre test the hypothesis that archivists stand to benefit from a historical perspective on community archives, one that takes into account the ongoing production of community and the role of archives, archivists, and community members in that production. Throughout, this thesis reaffirms the value of historical analysis in archival studies, arguing that it enriches understandings of the provenance of records created, maintained, and preserved by community. / October 2016

Les espaces scéniques de la Cour de France sont abordés dans la continuité des trois derniers règnes de l’Ancien Régime, à partir d’un ensemble de sources le plus exhaustif possible. Cette nouvelle approche, résolument globale, repose sur le constat que les études précédentes ne se fondaient que rarement sur une identification précise de la nature même des sources qu’elles utilisaient et privilégiaient toujours des sondages ponctuels. A l’inverse, la présente thèse propose d’abord une analyse typologique des sources documentaires, tout particulièrement le considérable fonds des archives de la Maison du roi et des documents textuels, iconographiques et imprimés qu’elle a produits, ainsi que des rares vestiges conservés. Elle met en place des protocoles de travail adaptés à ces sources anciennes et au volume considérable du fonds : restitution virtuelle, base de données-calendrier documentant les lieux de représentation et répétition, interdisciplinarité nécessaire en raison de l’intrication des questions théâtrales, politiques, administratives, artisanales. Un lieu ne peut en effet se comprendre et se restituer sans la connaissance des techniques et méthodes de réalisation, des enjeux curiaux, des pratiques scéniques, et des traditions. La thèse expose quelques résultats significatifs de l’efficacité de cette méthodologie, tant pour le règne de Louis XIV aux sources lacunaires mais souvent considérées comme trop connues, que pour les règnes ultérieurs, très documentés. Notre connaissance des pratiques scéniques, des machines, de l’éclairage, par exemple, s’en trouve enrichie. Apparaît également une constance remarquable des pratiques adaptatives et empiriques de la Cour de France, après la « tabula rasa » de 1659 et les premières voies ouvertes, très vite abandonnées. De la masse des archives comptables, corroborant d’autres sources, se lit enfin une tentative sans fin de la part des Menus-Plaisirs pour gérer efficacement et économiquement une quantité croissante de lieux et matériels, inflation sans doute liée aux prétentions d’une Cour qui se voit comme la plus puissante d’Europe, alors même que la Maison royale ne fait que s’endetter jusqu’en 1789. Cette thèse entend donc ouvrir la voie à de futures recherches sur les spectacles à la Cour de France, ainsi qu’à une meilleure connaissance des lieux grâce aux nouvelles technologies. / The scenic spaces of the Court of France are studied in the continuity of the last three reigns in the Ancien Régime, from a set of sources as exhaustive as it can be. This new approach, global, is induced by the observation that previous studies were rarely based on a precise identification of the very nature of the sources they used and always favored short surveys. Conversely, this dissertation proposes a typological analysis of the documentary sources, especially the huge collection of the archives from the House of the King and the textual, iconographic and printed documents that this administration has produced, as well as rare remains of scenic material. It sets up working protocols adapted to these old sources and to the large volume of the archives : virtual restitution, database-calendar documenting the places for performance and rehearsal, interdisciplinarity required by the entanglement of the theatrical, political, administrative and artisanal ways. A place can not be understood and restituted without the knowledge of the techniques and methods of creation, the curial issues, the stage practice, and the traditions. The dissertation presents some significant results of the effectiveness of this methodology, both for the reign of Louis XIV with its lacunar sources but often considered too well known, as for later reigns, well documented. Our knowledge of scenic practice, machines, lighting, for example, is increased. There is also a remarkable consistency of adaptive and empirical practices of the Court of France, after the "tabula rasa" of 1659 and the first open ways, very quickly abandoned. The collection of accounting records, which corroborate other sources, shows an endless attempt from the Menus-Plaisirs to manage efficiently and economically a growing amount of places and materials, inflation likely linked to the claims of a Court which sees itself as the most powerful in Europe, even though the Royal House is only going into debt until 1789. The dissertation intends to pave the way for future research on shows at the Court of France, as well as to a better knowledge of places, thanks to new technologies.

En 1975, à Londres, Jean Genet se lance dans la rédaction de Divine, scénario d'un projet qui devait réunir le manager et producteur anglais, Christopher Stamp, et la jeune rock star, David Bowie. Ce document, tout juste exhumé, vient s'ajouter à la série des tentatives cinématographiques de Genet : Haute surveillance (1947), Mademoiselle (1951), Le Bagne (1952-55), le Bleu de l'œil connu également sous le titre de la Nuit venue (1975-78), Le Langage de la muraille (1981-83), conçu comme une série télévisée, également son célèbre court métrage, Un chant d'amour (1950), ainsi que le livre-vidéo Témoins (1980-82) réalisé pour Danièle Delorme. Genet vit une époque où le cinéma contamine tout : les écrivains, comme son ami Cocteau, les philosophes, comme le compagnon Sartre, vivent à l'heure du cinéma. Des années quarante aux années quatre-vingt, Genet se consacre à l'écriture cinématographique parfois durant plus de deux ans des premières ébauches de synopsis aux phases de production les plus avancées. Ces textes rendent compte de cette tentation d'écrire le film. Sans préjugé, il s'essaie à tous les genres : le film érotique, le film noir, la comédie musicale et la fiction documentée qu'il ne cesse de déplacer sans respect pour aucun code. Il s'agira de réévaluer ce corpus enrichi selon trois axes problématiques : l'historique, le génétique et le figural, afin d'en révéler toutes les puissances à l'œuvre et de les confronter à ses romans, son théâtre et ses essais. Genet travaille le cinéma, le cinéma travaille Genet. / In 1975 in London, Jean Genet begins the writing of Divine, the catalyst for a project which was supposed to unite the producer and manager Christopher Stamp with the young rock star David Bowie. This document, just exhumed, adds to the series of Jean Genet's cinematographic attempts: High surveillance (1947), Mademoiselle (1951), Le Bagne (1952-55), The Blue of the Eye - also known as The Night has Come (1975-1978), The Language of the Walls (1981-83) - conceived as a television series, his famous short movie A Song of Love (1950), as well as his video-book Witnesses (1980-1982) realised for Danièle Delorme. Genet lived in a time where cinema contaminated everything: writers - such as his friend Cocteau, philosophers - like the companion Sartre, live at the hour of cinema. From the 1940's to the 1980's, Genet dedicates himself to cinema writing, going sometimes for more than two years from the rough outlines of the synopsis to the more advanced production phases. These texts are a rendering of this temptation to write a film. Without prejudice, Genet explores ail genres - erotic, film noir, musical, documented fiction - in an incessant displacement, with no respect for any code. This is a reevaluation of an enriched corpus - according to three problematics - historical, genetical and figural - in order to reveal ail the powers at stake and confront them to his novels, his theater and his essays. Genet works the cinema, the cinema works Genet.

Cette thèse présente une étude historique : l’apparition du papier au Moyen Orient. L’identification des centres de fabrication papetières de cette région, les différentes méthodologies constatées, puisées dans des sources arabes anciennes. Une étude analytique : analyses des sujets présents dans les firmans d’Alep qui contiennent plusieurs sujets traitant de la vie politique, économique, religieuse, militaire et sociale de cette ville. Ces sujets nous donnent une idée plus claire et réelle de ce qui s’est passé dans cette région et d’une manière plus large dans l’empire ottoman. Une étude technique des papiers filigranés des collections ottomanes conservées au centre des archives de Damas : de manière à peu près constante, les papetiers d’Occident se sont appliqués à signer leur production en utilisant une marque inscrite en filigrane dans la feuille à sa fabrication. Cette marque qui s’exprime par le dessin d’une figure ou des lettres, constitue en quelque sorte l’enseigne du papetier. Des solutions de conservation préventive par la surveillance climatique et la sensibilisation des différents acteurs : chercheurs, responsables et lecteurs sur les bonnes pratiques de consultation. Des solutions de conservation curatives sont proposées par l’utilisation de méthodes de restaurations reconnues au niveau international et par la création d’un type de reliure de conservation économiquement et techniquement transposable en Syrie pays où cet artisanat est absent. / This thesis presents a historical study: the appearance of the paper in the Middle East. Identification of paper mills manufacturing centers of this region, the different methodologies identified, drawn from ancient Arabic sources. An analytical study: analysis of subjects in the firmans Aleppo containing several topics dealing with political, economic, religious, military and social life of the city. These subjects give us a clearer and real idea of what happened in this region and more broadly in the Ottoman Empire. A technical study paper watermarks Ottoman collections housed at the center of Damascus archives: in order almost constant, papermakers west have applied to sign their production using a registered trademark implicit in the sheet manufacture. This brand is expressed through drawing of a figure or letters, is something of the sign in the paper. Preventive conservation solutions for climate monitoring and awareness of various stakeholders: researchers, managers and players on good consultation practices. Curative conservation solutions are offered by the use of methods restorations internationally recognized and the creation of a type of conservation economically and technically binding transposable Syria country where the craft is away.

Le fonds d’archives Jean-René Brutsch, logé au Défap à Paris, a inspiré la présente étude portant sur la transculturation en contexte missionnaire au Cameroun. L’analyse de ce concept conduit à croiser et à renouveler les regards sur les diverses modalités et formes de religiosité générées par la rencontre entre les cultures autochtones et la proposition occidentale chrétienne, ainsi que la créativité multiforme qui en découle.L’hypothèse soutenue est que toute entreprise mettant en contact des peuples ou des manières de penser différentes mobilise nécessairement des transactions culturelles à l’issue desquelles les deux parties se trouvent transformées. Le choix de traiter de ce thème à travers l'expérience de Jean-René Brutsch, le missionnaire qui l’a constitué durant ses différents séjours au Cameroun de 1946 en 1960, est justifié par la richesse et la pertinence du contenu de ces archives. Deux centres d’intérêt majeurs se dégagent de l’exploitation du fonds Brutsch à savoir, l’historiographie et la missiologie. (etc.] / The fond Jean-René Brutsch’s archives, based in Defap at Paris, inspired this study carried out on transculturation in Cameroonian missionary context. The analysis of this concept leads to cross and to renew views on diverse modalities and forms of religiosity, which generated from the meeting between local cultures and western proposal, thus the multiform creativity emanating from it. The foregoing hypothesis upholds that any undertaking bringing together different peoples and different modes of thought inevitably galvanizes cultural transactions where the different parties end up being inevitably transformed. The choice of studying this theme through the experience of Jean-René Brutsch, the missionary who constituted them during his various sojourn in Cameroon from 1946 to 1960, is made feasible by the richness and relevance of the content of these archives. Two main centers of interest emerge from the exploitation of Brutsch’s collections, namely, historiography and missiology. [etc.]

<p> </p><p>The European Union has lead to higher collaboration between the European countries, more exchange of information and a tendency to centralize more political decisions. There is also a tendency to try to create legislations that are more similar in each nation.</p><p> </p><p>This paper aims at giving an idea about the challenges that the nations might meet when working towards higher archival collaboration within the European Union. The report by the European Commission “<em>Report on archives in the enlarged European Union - Increased archival collaboration in Europe: action plan” </em>from 2005<em> </em>states that there is a need for higher European collaboration within the field of archives. The goal is to create a gateway for the citizens to have easy access to archival information from the different member states.</p><p> </p><p>There are some obstacles for this to easily work. To start with the member nations have different cultural traditions and legislations when it comes to freedom of information. It has also got to do with technical issues such as which computer systems, file types and structures et c that are allowed.</p><p> </p><p>This paper takes its starting point in the field of digital deliveries to the national archives of Sweden and The United Kingdom. A comparison has been made to show the difference of how these countries proceed with their archival work to give an idea about how these differences can affect the wish for higher collaboration within the European Union.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

The European Union has lead to higher collaboration between the European countries, more exchange of information and a tendency to centralize more political decisions. There is also a tendency to try to create legislations that are more similar in each nation.   This paper aims at giving an idea about the challenges that the nations might meet when working towards higher archival collaboration within the European Union. The report by the European Commission “Report on archives in the enlarged European Union - Increased archival collaboration in Europe: action plan” from 2005 states that there is a need for higher European collaboration within the field of archives. The goal is to create a gateway for the citizens to have easy access to archival information from the different member states.   There are some obstacles for this to easily work. To start with the member nations have different cultural traditions and legislations when it comes to freedom of information. It has also got to do with technical issues such as which computer systems, file types and structures et c that are allowed.   This paper takes its starting point in the field of digital deliveries to the national archives of Sweden and The United Kingdom. A comparison has been made to show the difference of how these countries proceed with their archival work to give an idea about how these differences can affect the wish for higher collaboration within the European Union.