Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att analysera hur svenska medier skildrar automatisering och robotisering inom biståndshandläggning. I denna studie analyseras 60 olika artiklar från olika svenska dagstidningar. Artiklarna har publicerats mellan april 2017 och februari 2021, ett urval som representerar hur diskussionerna gick efter den nya lag som tillåter automatiserade beslutsstöd i den offentliga sektorn.  Uppsatsen fokuserar på hur robotar, som RPA, konstrueras i artiklarna, vilka diskurser som kan urskiljas och vilka aktörer som formar diskurserna. Studiens teoretiska grund är ett socialkonstruktionistiskt- och diskursteoretiskt perspektiv som brukas för analys och tolkning av det empiriska materialet. Den valda metoden utgår från Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys och hans tredimensionella metod. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys används som ett komplement till den kvalitativa utgångspunkten för att kvantifiera hur ofta aktörer uttalar sig och om vad de yttrar och därmed bidra till en större kontext. Genom att analysera ord, koncept, teman och innehåll generellt, har det hittats fem olika diskurser rörande automatisering i försörjningsstöd i Sverige. Studiens resultat av analyserad empiri visar att de fem dominerande diskurserna av RPA i artiklarna, enligt storleksordning från störst till minst förekommande, var effektivisering, laglighet, profession, bemötande och kontroll. I och med att effektiviseringdiskursen överlägset var störst kan den enligt socialkonstruktionismen ses motsvara den sociala verkligheten. Majoriteten av de aktörer som i störst utsträckning uttrycker sig och därav formar diskurser i de studerade artiklarna är olika typer av chefer inom socialtjänsten och ordföranden i nämnder. Handläggares och utvecklares utrymme är synnerligen begränsat, likaså klienter och brukare av försörjningsstöd. / The purpose of this bachelor's thesis is to examine how the Swedish media portray automation and robotization in subsistence allowance. In this study, 60 different articles from various Swedish newspapers are analyzed. The articles have been published between April 2017 and February 2021, a selection that represents how the discussions went after a new law was passed which allows automated decision support in the public sector. The essay focuses on how robots, such as RPA, are constructed in the articles, which discourses can be discerned and which actors shape the discourses. The study's theoretical basis is a social constructionist- and discourse theory perspective that is used for analysis and interpretation of the empirical material. The chosen method is based on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis and his three-dimensional method. A quantitative content analysis is used as a complement to the qualitative starting point to quantify how often actors express themselves and about what they express and thereby contribute to a larger context. By analyzing words, concepts, themes and content in general, five different discourses have been found regarding automation in subsistence allowance in Sweden. The study's results of analyzed empirical evidence show that the five dominant discourses of RPA in the articles, in order of magnitude from largest to least occurring, were Efficiency, Legality, Profession, Client interaction and Control. As the Efficiency discourse was by far the largest, according to social constructionism it can be seen as corresponding to social reality.  The majority of the actors who express themselves to the greatest extent and thereby shape discourses in the studied news articles are various types of managers in social services and the chairmen of municipal committees. The  visibility of social workers working with subsistence allowance and developers of the RPA-algorithms are extremely limited, as are the users of subsistence allowance.

With the vast amount of information available on the Internet today, helping users find relevant content has become a prioritized task in many software products that recommend news articles. One such product is Opera for Android, which has a news feed containing articles the user may be interested in. In order to easily determine what articles to recommend, they can be categorized by the topics they contain. One approach of categorizing articles is using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP). A commonly used model is Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), which finds latent topics within large datasets of for example text articles. An extension of LDA is hierarchical Latent Dirichlet Allocation (hLDA) which is an hierarchical variant of LDA. In hLDA, the latent topics found among a set of articles are structured hierarchically in a tree. Each node represents a topic, and the levels represent different levels of abstraction in the topics. A further extension of hLDA is constrained hLDA, where a set of predefined, constrained topics are added to the tree. The constrained topics are extracted from the dataset by grouping highly correlated words. The idea of constrained hLDA is to improve the topic structure derived by a hLDA model by making the process semi-supervised. The aim of this thesis is to create a hLDA and a constrained hLDA model from a dataset of articles provided by Opera. The models should then be evaluated using the novel metric word frequency similarity, which is a measure of the similarity between the words representing the parent and child topics in a hierarchical topic model. The results show that word frequency similarity can be used to evaluate whether the topics in a parent-child topic pair are too similar, so that the child does not specify a subtopic of the parent. It can also be used to evaluate if the topics are too dissimilar, so that the topics seem unrelated and perhaps should not be connected in the hierarchy. The results also show that the two topic models created had comparable word frequency similarity scores. None of the models seemed to significantly outperform the other with regard to the metric.

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This report goes through the process of developing a generic article scraper which shall extract relevant information from an arbitrary web article. The extraction is implemented by searching and examining the HTML of the article, by using Python and XPath. The data that shall be extracted is the title, summary, publishing date and body text of the article. As there is no standard way that websites, and in particular news articles, is built, the extraction needs to be adapted for every different structure and language of articles. The resulting program should provide a proof of concept method of extracting the data showing that future development is possible. The thesis host company Acuminor is working with financial crime intelligence and are collecting information through articles and reports. To scale up the data collection and minimize the maintenance of the scraping programs, a general article scraper is needed. There exist an open source alternative called Newspaper, but since this is no longer being maintained and it can be argued is not properly designed, an internal implementation for the company could be beneficial. The program consists of a main class that imports extractor classes that have an API for extracting the data. Each extractor are decoupled from the rest in order to keep the program as modular as possible. The extraction for title, summary and date are similar, with the extractors looking for specific HTML tags that contain some common attribute that most websites implement. The text extraction is implemented using a tree that is built up from the existing text on the page and then searching the tree for the most likely node containing only the body text, using attributes such as amount of text, depth and number of text nodes. The resulting program does not match the performance of Newspaper, but shows promising results on every part of the extraction. The text extraction is very slow and often takes too much text of the article but provides a great blueprint for further improvement at the company. Acuminor will be able to have their in-house article extraction that suits their wants and needs. / Den här rapporten går igenom processen av att utveckla en generisk artikelskrapare som ska extrahera reöevamt information från en godtycklig artikelhemsida. Extraheringen kommer bli implementerad genom att söka igenom och undersöka HTML-en i artikeln, genom att använda Python och XPath. Datan som skall extraheras är titeln, summering, publiceringsdatum och brödtexten i artikeln. Eftersom det inte finns något standard sätt som hemsidor, och mer specifikt nyhetsartiklar är uppbyggda, extraheringen måste anpassas för varje olika struktur och språk av artiklar. Det resulterande programmed skall visa på ett bevis för ett koncept sätt att extrahera datan som visar på att framtida utveckling är möjlig. Projektets värdföretag Acuminor jobbar inom finansiell brottsintelligens och samlar ihop information genom artiklar och rapporter. För att skala upp insamlingen av data och minimera underhåll av skrapningsprogrammen, behövs en generell artikelskrapare. Det existerar ett öppen källkodsalternativ kallad Newspaper, men eftersom denna inte länge är underhållen och det kan argumenteras att den inte är så bra designad, är en intern implementation för företaget fördelaktigt. Programmet består av en huvudklass som importerar extraheringsklasser som har ett API för att extrahera datan. Varje extraherare är bortkopplad från resten av programmet för att hålla programmet så moodulärt som möjligt. Extraheringen för titel, summering och datum är liknande, där extragherarna tittar efter specifika HTML taggar som innehåller något gemensamt attribut som de flesta hemsidor implementerar. Textextraheringen är implementerad med ett träd som byggs upp från grunden från den existerande texten på sidan och sen söks igenom för att hitta den mest troliga noden som innehåller brödtexten, där den använder attribut såsom text, djup och antal textnoder. Det resulterande programmet matchar inte prestandan av Newspaper, men visar på lovande resultat vid varje del av extraheringen. Textextraheringen är väldigt långsam och hämtar ofta för mycket text från artikeln men lämnar ett bra underlag för vidare förbättring hos företaget. Allt som allt kommer Acuminor kunna bygga vidare på deras egna artikel extraherare som passar deras behov.

Mäns våld mot kvinnor kan ses som ett problem som ger konsekvenser på både individ- och samhällsnivå. Det språk som används i media kan ses påverka våra uppfattningar och tolkningar av det som rapporteras. Hur mäns våld mot kvinnor diskuteras i det offentliga rummet har därmed varit relevant att studera för att få en bild av hur debatten om ämnet ser ut. Studien har därmed syftat till att undersöka hur mäns våld mot kvinnor i parrelation framställs i debattartiklar under 2023 i Sverige med hjälp av en kritisk diskursanalys. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ dokumentstudie av svenska debattartiklar gjorts. Studiens teoretiska ramverk har varit den ekologiska förklaringsmodellen av Heise, som vidareutvecklats av UN Women, samt Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Resultatet visar två gemensamma diskurser vi benämnt Mäns våld mot kvinnor som ett samhällsproblem och Mäns våld mot kvinnor bör hanteras kollektivt. Diskurserna synliggörs på olika sätt i debattartiklarna beroende på hur skribenterna har uttryckt sig vilket vi delat in i olika teman. Fokuset i vår analys har varit på ordval och modalitet vilket är den första nivån i Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Vi har genom det kunnat se att skribenterna tenderar att använda ett förstärkande språk när de skriver om mäns våld mot kvinnor i parrelation. Våldet beskrivs främst som ett strukturellt problem vilket vi relaterat till den samhälleliga nivån i den ekologiska modellen och den tredje nivån i den kritiska diskursanalysen.

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Le pacte d’actionnaires se place dans une forme de dépendance unilatérale au contrat de société qui n’est pas sans rappeler le rapport juridique d’accessoire à principal.En effet, s’il est fondamentalement distinct du contrat de société qu’il complète, tout pacte conclu par certains actionnaires, en dehors des statuts, afin d’organiser leurs relations interindividuelles d’actionnaires, trouve nécessairement sa matière et puise sa raison d’être dans le pacte social. Ainsi, la dépendance du pacte au contrat de société se manifeste-t-elle, de la manière la plus évidente, par la caducité qu’entraîne pour le pacte l’arrivée du terme du contrat de société ou la perte de la qualité d’actionnaire d’un partenaire.Dès lors, par analogie avec la règle selon laquelle l’accessoire a vocation à suivre le sort du principal, cette dimension d’accessoire du contrat de société justifie que le pacte subisse l’influence du cadre juridique auquel le contrat de société est lui-même soumis, à savoir le droit des sociétés et, en particulier, l’ordre public sociétaire.Cette dépendance au contrat de société, par essence commune à tous les pactes d’actionnaires en raison de leur objet matériel et de leur cause, est à géométrie variable. Elle repose en effet sur divers facteurs de rattachement au contrat de société que sont l’exercice du droit de vote, la détention des actions ou la qualité d’actionnaire des partenaires, lesquels impriment, selon qu’ils s’immiscent plus ou moins profondément dans le fondement, la structure ou encore le fonctionnement de la société, différents degrés de dépendance dans la relation pacte - contrat de société.Malgré l’hétérogénéité du régime des pactes d’actionnaires, il est alors possible de dégager,à l’aune de cette dimension d’accessoire, une tendance fondamentale qui anime, en droit positif, la jurisprudence relative aux pactes. Cette ligne directrice réside dans la variabilité du degré d’emprise des règles qui encadrent le contrat de société sur le régime des pactes d’actionnaires.La jurisprudence se révèle être, en effet, d’une manière générale et par-delà la casuistique, en cohérence avec cette influence proportionnelle de l’environnement sociétaire à l’intensité du degré de dépendance que présente chaque type de pacte en fonction du facteur qui le rattache au contrat de société. Les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance marquée au contrat de société bénéficient ainsi d’une marge de liberté à la mesure de celle dont bénéficie le contrat de société pour l’aménagement de l’exercice du droit de vote ou de la perte de la qualité d’actionnaire. Au contraire, les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance modérée au contrat de société, qui organisent des cessions ou des acquisitions d’actions,sont plus largement libérés des contraintes auxquelles est soumis le contrat de société au regard du principe de libre négociabilité des actions. Quant à l’influence sur les pactes de certains autres principes d’ordre public sociétaire, tels que la prohibition des clauses léonines ou l’expertise de l’article 1843-4 du Code civil, elle demeure incertaine en droit positif. Toutefois, la jurisprudence tend à reconnaître le particularisme de ces règles et à leur retirer, en conséquence, tout caractère impératif en dehors du cadre des relations entretenues collectivement par les actionnaires avec la société. / Shareholders’ agreement falls into a form of unilateral dependence to the companyagreement that is reminiscent of the legal relationship between the incidental and itsprincipal.Indeed, although it is fundamentally separate from the company agreement, which itsupplements, any agreement concluded by certain shareholders apart from the articles ofassociation, in order to organise their inter-individual shareholders relationships, is,nevertheless, necessarily based on and permitted by the company agreement. Thus, thecontractual dependency of the shareholders’ agreement to the company agreementmanifests itself, in the most obvious way, through the obsoleteness of the shareholders’agreement caused by the termination of the company agreement or by the loss ofshareholder status by a partner.Therefore, by analogy with the rule according to which the incidental is inclined to yield to theprincipal, such kinship to the quality of accessory to the company agreement justifies the factthat the shareholders’ agreement would be under the influence of the legal framework towhich the company’s memorandum and articles of association are submitted, that is to saycorporate law and, in particular, corporate law and order.This dependence to the company agreement, which is in essence common to allshareholders’ agreements due to their material object and cause, turns out to be flexible. Itrests indeed on different connecting factors to the company agreement, such as using thevoting right, shareholding or shareholder status of partners, which imprint, according to howdeep they work into the company foundation, structure or functioning, different degrees ofdependence in the relationship between the shareholders’ agreement and the companyagreement.In spite of the heterogenic regime of the shareholders’ agreements, it is possible to outline, inrespect to this type of accessory status to the company agreement, a crucial tendency thatleads, in positive law, agreements-related case law. This guideline lies in the variability of thehold on shareholders’ agreements regime by the rules that frame the company’smemorandum and articles of association.Indeed, case law proves to be, generally speaking and beyond casuistry, consistentwith this proportional influence of the company environment to the degree of dependenceeach type of shareholders’ agreement is subject to, according to the factor connecting it tothe company agreement. The shareholders’ agreements that show a strong dependence tothe company agreement are given a leeway commensurate with the one the company’smemorandum and articles of association benefit from regarding voting right or loss ofshareholder status arrangements. By contrast, the moderately dependant shareholders’agreements, organising transfer or acquisition of shares, are more widely released from therestrictions that govern the company’s articles of association regarding the principle of freetransferability of shares. Furthermore, the influence on shareholders’ agreements of someother principles of corporate law and order, such as the leonine clause prohibition or theexpertise of Article 1843-4 of the French Civil Code, remain uncertain in positive law.However, case law tends to recognize the distinctive identity of these rules and,consequently, to clear them from any imperative property beyond the frame of therelationships that the shareholders have collectively with the company.

International water law has been unable to translate its principles into effective institutions for the management of shared water resources. National interest has often override any real commitment to the principles of international water law as reflected by the draft Articles of the ILC. Based on the theory of sovereignty, it emphasises a discretionary power to co-operate. However, the community of interest's theory is rather recommended as basis for co-operation. The draft Articles does not take sufficient account of the role domestic water policies, international relations and economics play in the co-operation of states. An integrated approach that considers social and economic effects within an environmental context is proposetL The political economy of water includes the potential of 'virtual water' through the importation of staple grains. A holistic approach, taking global trade in agriculture into account, is recommended. The SADC countries should also consider the potential of regional trade in 'virtual water'. / Law / LL. M. (Law)

(in English): The aim of this thesis is to introduce the theme of the Canary emigration to Cuba in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. For better orientation, the author has chosen time interface between the years 1860-1914. The introduction outlines the sources and secondary literature, from which the author draws and also supposed goal of work. The second chapter is devoted to the Canarian emigration from Columbus's expeditions to the first half of the nineteenth century and its gradual development. The third chapter describes the specific reasons that led to the emigration from the Canary Islands, the attention is focused on the travel conditions of immigrants, employment contracts and promotion. The fourth chapter has been devoted specifically Canarian immigrants and their impact on Cuba, including labor stratification. The fifth chapter focuses on emigration to the turn of the century, there is a special attention is paid to the topic canary societies and associations. The conclusion summarizes the achieved knowledges and changes of this emigration.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Eduardo Malheiros.pdf: 253787 bytes, checksum: 09ad32242083bf7d361de370ac6f7e68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-13 / The dissertation herein is aimed at the obtaining of a Master´s degree provided by PUC-SP, in the specific area of Comsumer Relation Rights, as a part of Collective and Diffuse Rigths, and approaches the theme Data Banks and Consumer Registers Art. 43 to 45 of the C.D.C. (Brazilian Code of Consumers´ Defense). In its first part, (Items 1 to 4), this dissertation considers general aspects of Data Banks and Consumer Registers by means of their definitions, concepts and the history of their appearance at national and international level. In its second part (Items 5 to 8), the focus is on the information contained in the Data Banks and Consumer Registers in relation to the characteristics, period of effectiveness and time limit of such information, way of communicating it to consumers and information that is sub judice . In the final part (Items 9 to 14), the subject matter falls on more objective elements relating to the judicial procedure. Starting from the juridical nature of the Data Banks and Consumer Registers, which are considered entities of public character, it approaches the abusiveness committed by such entities; constitutional tutelage that is appropriate to the matter; responsibility for damages caused for consumers and the respective tutelage type that is applicable in accordance with their juridical nature. The end part draws a conclusion that Data Banks and Consumer Registers have their validity, but this fact cannot interfer in consumers´ rights and still less allow that suppliers reach their material objectives in a distorted way, with deflection from purpose, mainly by means of coercion and threats / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo obtenção da titulação de mestre pela PUC-SP, na área específica de Direitos das Relações de Consumo, pertencente ao gênero de Direitos Difusos e Coletivos, trata do tema Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores art. 43 a 45 do C.D.C.. Em sua primeira parte (item 1 a 4), versa sobre aspectos gerais dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, através de suas definições, conceitos e histórico de surgimento a nível nacional e internacional. Na segunda parte (item 5 a 8), o enfoque é referente as informações constantes dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, no que diz respeito a suas características, vigência e prescrição, forma de comunicação ao consumidor e quando sub judice. Na parte final (item 9 a 14), a temática recai em elementos mais objetivos, no que se refere ao procedimento judicial, iniciando pela natureza jurídica dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, que são considerados entidades de caráter público, para abordar a abusividade praticada por estas entidades, qual a tutela constitucional pertinente a matéria, a responsabilidade dos danos causados aos consumidores e respectiva forma de tutela cabível em consonância com a sua natureza jurídica. O encerramento traz conclusão de validade dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, mas isto não pode interferir em direitos dos consumidores, muito menos permitir que fornecedores com desvio de finalidade, principalmente através de coação e ameaça atinjam seus objetivos materiais