Este trabalho busca aprofundar a análise sobre os aspectos autoritários do sistema político brasileiro durante o período conhecido como Milagre Econômico (1969-1973), cujo suporte ideológico foi fundamentado e sustentado pela Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e Desenvolvimento, produzida pela Escola Superior de Guerra. Através de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica de autores que se debruçaram sobre o tema, dos manuais de segurança nacional e, sobretudo dos planos econômicos que correspondem ao período estudado, em especial o Plano de Ação Econômica, Programa Estratégico de Desenvolvimento e o Primeiro Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento, percebemos o quanto o autoritarismo político foi necessário para que os governos militares impusessem um novo modelo econômico, que se de um lado propiciou o rápido desenvolvimento da economia e a redução da inflação, por outro, desvalorizou os salários dos trabalhadores, aumentou o processo de endividamento e de concentração de renda, aumentando ainda mais a desigualdade social no Brasil. Nossa pesquisa analisa também de que forma ocorre a renovação da tradição autoritária brasileira, do ponto de vista do sistema político que historicamente sempre reprimiu com violência movimentos de contestação a ordem vigente. Agora através da forte repressão política as forças de oposição aos militares, sob a égide do combate ao comunismo internacional no contexto da guerra fria. Por fim, o trabalho de pesquisa mostra que a acumulação capitalista do período estudado (1969-1973), só foi possível pelo emprego da violência institucional colocada em prática pelo Estado Autoritário, sob o comando das forças armadas. / This study seeks to deepen the analysis of the authoritarian aspects of the Brazilian political system during the period known as the Economic Miracle (1969-1973), whose ideological support was reasoned and supported by the National Security Doctrine and Development, produced by the War College. Through extensive literature survey of authors who have studied the subject, manuals and national security, especially economic plans that correspond to the period studied, in particular the Economic Action Plan, Strategic Program Development and the First National Development Plan, realize how the political authoritarianism that was necessary for the military government to impose a new economic model, which is a side facilitated the rapid development of economy and reducing inflation, on the other hand, played down the wages of workers, increased the process of borrowing and concentration of income, further increasing social inequality in Brazil. Our research also analyzes how is the renewal of the Brazilian authoritarian tradition, from the standpoint of the political system that has historically repressed violently protest movements established order. Now through strong political repression of opposition forces to the military, under the aegis of the fight against international communism in the context of the Cold War. Finally, the research work shows that the capital accumulation of the period studied (1969-1973), was made possible by the use of institutional violence put in place by authoritarian rule, under the command of the armed forces.

A presente pesquisa trata sobre alguns dos principais legados e heranças que o regime militar de 1964-1985 trouxe ao Brasil. Num primeiro momento abordou-se a formação sócio-política da América Latina, se restringindo mais especificamente à América do Sul, chegando-se ao período que genericamente conhecemos por populismo. E, na sequência, um panorama histórico dos regimes militares que permearam a vida política de várias nações sul-americanas, como Peru, Chile e Argentina, a partir da década de 1960. A análise torna-se centrada no Brasil, a partir da exposição da participação dos militares na política nacional, desde a proclamação da República, em 1889, passando-se pela República Velha, a Era Vargas (1930-1945) e pelo período democrático, iniciado em 1946, até a renúncia de Jânio Quadros, em 1961. Ao chegar-se no período de João Goulart (1961-1964), a análise se torna mais detalhada por aquele ter sido o governo derrubado pelo golpe de 1964. Segue-se um panorama histórico bastante abrangente dos cinco presidentes-generais que governaram o Brasil entre 1964 a 1985: Castelo Branco; Costa e Silva; Médici; Ernesto Geisel; e João Figueiredo. Naquele momento, o trabalho se detém num exame mais acurado do milagre econômico; dos anos de chumbo; da distensão ou abertura; e da transição democrática, com o movimento das Diretas-Já e o Colégio Eleitoral que elegeu Tancredo Neves, presidente da República, em 1985. Após esta longa retomada histórica, são abordados os legados e as heranças do regime militar ao espaço geográfico-territorial brasileiro tomando-se como fio norteador o conceito e o processo de modernização conservadora/centralizadora. Este processo é analisado desde as suas raízes, na Revolução de 1930 e início da Era Vargas, destacando-se o Estado Novo varguista (1937-1945), prosseguindo-se pelo período democrático pós-1946, tratando-se, em especial, do outro governo de Getúlio Vargas (1951-1954) e o de Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1960). E chega-se ao regime militar iniciado em 1964. O foco desta parte do trabalho são as políticas territoriais adotadas e implementadas pelo governo federal ao longo dessas diferentes fases político-institucionais do Brasil e que afetaram o território nacional trazendo reflexos até hoje, bem como a implantação, estruturação e a consolidação de redes por parte dos governos militares pós- 1964 como a de transportes, a urbana, a de telecomunicações, a elétrica, etc., procurando-se salientar que essa modernização autoritária, imposta pelo governo central brasileiro, apresentou notória continuidade apesar das mudanças político-institucionais que o Brasil experimentou naquelas décadas, fazendo-se então um balanço dos legados e das heranças que esse modelo modernizante, reforçado sobremaneira pelo regime militar, trouxe ao espaço geográfico e território brasileiro, em nome da unificação e da integração nacionais. Finalmente, este trabalho faz uma breve retomada histórica da Geografia Política e da Geopolítica,desde o século XIX até ao século XX, posteriormente adentrando-se no pensamento geopolítico brasileiro, desde a década de 1930 até a visão triunfalista do Brasil-Potência dos anos 1970, com especial destaque ao pensamento de Golbery do Couto e Silva. E depois, as críticas à esta visão triunfalista e ao pensamento geopolítico no Brasil, com a necessidade de se repensar a Geografia Política em nosso país. / The present research about some major legacies to the 1964-1985 military regime brought to Brazil. At first approached the formation social and policy of Latin America, if restricting more specifically to South America, the period generally known as populism. And, as a result, a history of the military regimes that permeated the political life of several South American Nations, such as Peru, Chile and Argentina, from the early 60s. The analysis becomes centered in Brazil, from the exposure of military participation in national politics, since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889, passing by the old Republic, the Vargas Era (1930-1945) and the democratic period, which started in 1946, until the resignation of President Jânio Quadros in 1961. Upon arriving in the period of João Goulart (1961-1964), the analysis becomes more detail for that have been the Government overthrown by the coup détat of 1964. Below is a comprehensive historical overview of the five Presidents-generals who ruled Brazil between 1964 to 1985: Castelo Branco; Costa e Silva; Medici; Ernesto Geisel; and João Figueiredo. At that time, the work comes to a halt in a more accurate examination of the \"economic miracle\"; the \"years of lead\"; the \"bloating\" or opening; and the democratic transition, with the movement of the \"direct\" and the electoral college that elected Tancredo Neves, President of the Republic, in 1985. After this long historical resume, are covered and the legacies of the military regime to the geographical space-Brazilian territorial taking as \"guiding wire\" the concept and the conservative modernization process/centering. This process is analyzed from its roots in the revolution of 1930 and early Vargas highlighting New Vargas State (1937-1945), continuing the democratic period post 1946, dealing, in particular, of another Government of Getúlio Vargas (1951-1954) and the Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1960). And arrive at the military regime started in 1964. The focus of this part of the job are territorial policies adopted and implemented by the federal Government over these different political and institutional stages of Brazil and that affected the country bringing reflections until today, as well as deployment, structuring and consolidation of networks by military governments post 1964 as urbanization, transports, telecommunications, electric , etc., should be noted that this authoritarian modernization, imposed by the central Government of Brazil, presented notorious continuity despite political and institutional changes that Brazil experienced in those decades, doing a legacy and balance of the legacies that this model of modernization greatly reinforced by the military regime, brought to the geographical space and Brazilian territory, in the name of national integration and unification. Finally, this work makes a brief resumption of political geography and Geopolitics since the 19th century until the 20th century, later entering in the Brazilian geopolitical thinking, since the 1930 until the vision \"triumphalist\" of \"Brazil-power\" of the 70´s, with special emphasis on thought of Golbery do Couto e Silva. And then, the criticism of this vision \"triumphalist\" and geopolitical thinking in Brazil, with the need to rethink the political geography in our country.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilson Montrose de Aguiar Junior.pdf: 1205352 bytes, checksum: 7a4b174f3861e06bff4ab9da85f55d30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / From the state of the art of researches that say - using the theoretical framework developed by political scientist Nicos Poulantzas -, for the most part, the political hegemony within the power bloc in Brazil has been exercised by the banking and financial fraction. This hegemony, which began in the nineties, is maintained even during the Lula and Dilma governments. From this foundation, we sought to investigate how were appreciated in Congress (fundamentally the Chamber of Deputies, secondly in the Federal Senate) the interests of the banking and financial fraction. The choice of the examined interests was made from editions of the document Agenda of the Financial Sector , prepared by the National Confederation of Financial Institutions. We listed some topics and analyzed more than one hundred and twenty bills introduced during the period of Lula and Dilma governments (2003-2015). We also analyzed the speeches of deputies in which occurred keywords like financial system , bank profits , spread , tax wedge , Bradesco and Itaú . The obtained results show that the contrary projects were more than twice the favorable projects. However, the approval rates of projects (contrary or favorable) were low when presented by the Legislative and high when presented by the Executive. Regarding the speeches, there is a clear predominance of negative reviews about the banking and financial fraction. It was concluded then that, corroborating previous theories, the banking and financial fraction has difficulty to legitimize itself at the Legislative, where other classes and class fractions are present. The Executive gives it greater shelter. However, it is noticeable also that the banking and financial fraction has organized and mobilized itself in recent years to be legitimized at the Legislative too / O estado das artes das pesquisas que se utilizam do referencial teórico elaborado pelo cientista político Nicos Poulantzas, afirmam, em sua maioria, que a hegemonia política no interior do bloco no poder no Brasil tem sido exercida pela fração bancário-financeira. Esta hegemonia, iniciada nos anos noventa, mantém-se mesmo durante os governos Lula e Dilma. A partir deste embasamento buscou-se investigar como foram apreciados no Congresso Nacional (fundamentalmente na Câmara dos Deputados, secundariamente no Senado Federal) os interesses da fração bancário-financeira. A escolha dos interesses examinados se fez a partir das edições do documento Agenda Legislativa do Sistema Financeiro , elaborada pela Confederação Nacional das Instituições Financeiras. Elencamos alguns temas e analisamos mais de cento e vinte projetos de lei apresentados durante o período dos governos Lula e Dilma (2003-2015). Também analisamos os discursos de deputados nos quais constassem algumas palavras-chave como sistema financeiro , lucro dos bancos , spread , cunha fiscal , Bradesco e Itaú . Os resultados a que chegamos demonstram que, os projetos contrários foram mais que o dobro dos favoráveis. Contudo, as taxas de aprovação dos projetos (contrários ou favoráveis) foram baixas quando apresentados pelo Legislativo e altas quando apresentados pelo Executivo. Em relação aos discursos há um claro predomínio de avaliações negativas sobre a fração bancário-financeira. Concluiu-se então que, corroborando teses anteriores, a fração bancário-financeira tem dificuldades para se legitimar no Legislativo, local onde outras classes e frações de classes estão presentes. O Executivo lhe confere maior guarida. Entretanto, se verifica também que a fração bancário-financeira tem se organizado e mobilizado em anos recentes para também se legitimar no Legislativo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilson Montrose de Aguiar Junior.pdf: 1205352 bytes, checksum: 7a4b174f3861e06bff4ab9da85f55d30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / From the state of the art of researches that say - using the theoretical framework developed by political scientist Nicos Poulantzas -, for the most part, the political hegemony within the power bloc in Brazil has been exercised by the banking and financial fraction. This hegemony, which began in the nineties, is maintained even during the Lula and Dilma governments. From this foundation, we sought to investigate how were appreciated in Congress (fundamentally the Chamber of Deputies, secondly in the Federal Senate) the interests of the banking and financial fraction. The choice of the examined interests was made from editions of the document Agenda of the Financial Sector , prepared by the National Confederation of Financial Institutions. We listed some topics and analyzed more than one hundred and twenty bills introduced during the period of Lula and Dilma governments (2003-2015). We also analyzed the speeches of deputies in which occurred keywords like financial system , bank profits , spread , tax wedge , Bradesco and Itaú . The obtained results show that the contrary projects were more than twice the favorable projects. However, the approval rates of projects (contrary or favorable) were low when presented by the Legislative and high when presented by the Executive. Regarding the speeches, there is a clear predominance of negative reviews about the banking and financial fraction. It was concluded then that, corroborating previous theories, the banking and financial fraction has difficulty to legitimize itself at the Legislative, where other classes and class fractions are present. The Executive gives it greater shelter. However, it is noticeable also that the banking and financial fraction has organized and mobilized itself in recent years to be legitimized at the Legislative too / O estado das artes das pesquisas que se utilizam do referencial teórico elaborado pelo cientista político Nicos Poulantzas, afirmam, em sua maioria, que a hegemonia política no interior do bloco no poder no Brasil tem sido exercida pela fração bancário-financeira. Esta hegemonia, iniciada nos anos noventa, mantém-se mesmo durante os governos Lula e Dilma. A partir deste embasamento buscou-se investigar como foram apreciados no Congresso Nacional (fundamentalmente na Câmara dos Deputados, secundariamente no Senado Federal) os interesses da fração bancário-financeira. A escolha dos interesses examinados se fez a partir das edições do documento Agenda Legislativa do Sistema Financeiro , elaborada pela Confederação Nacional das Instituições Financeiras. Elencamos alguns temas e analisamos mais de cento e vinte projetos de lei apresentados durante o período dos governos Lula e Dilma (2003-2015). Também analisamos os discursos de deputados nos quais constassem algumas palavras-chave como sistema financeiro , lucro dos bancos , spread , cunha fiscal , Bradesco e Itaú . Os resultados a que chegamos demonstram que, os projetos contrários foram mais que o dobro dos favoráveis. Contudo, as taxas de aprovação dos projetos (contrários ou favoráveis) foram baixas quando apresentados pelo Legislativo e altas quando apresentados pelo Executivo. Em relação aos discursos há um claro predomínio de avaliações negativas sobre a fração bancário-financeira. Concluiu-se então que, corroborando teses anteriores, a fração bancário-financeira tem dificuldades para se legitimar no Legislativo, local onde outras classes e frações de classes estão presentes. O Executivo lhe confere maior guarida. Entretanto, se verifica também que a fração bancário-financeira tem se organizado e mobilizado em anos recentes para também se legitimar no Legislativo

Cette recherche s’inscrit au croisement de deux problématiques des études urbaines : le gouvernement urbain et les services publics en réseau. Elle étudie le cas de la gestion des déchets ménagers en Égypte à travers trois études de cas (Le Caire, Giza et Alexandrie) où la délégation du service à des entreprises européennes a transformé la gestion urbaine. Avant les Révoltes, l’Égypte, malgré des réformes de libéralisation économique et politique de façade, était demeurée un régime autoritaire et centralisé. Dans ce contexte d’une absence a priori de gouvernement urbain, comment assurer l’adaptation locale et la réponse aux besoins locaux d’une politique publique ? Proposant une grille de lecture du gouvernement urbain, nous étudions sa formation et/ou transformation et les conditions de la territorialisation des politiques publiques à travers la réforme de la gestion des déchets. Définissant ce service public comme « réseau mou », nous postulons qu’il a des caractéristiques propres à modeler le gouvernement urbain dans sa dimension institutionnelle et horizontale. Trois résultats peuvent être tirés de cette recherche. Tout d’abord, si l’État, pendant le processus de réforme, jouait un rôle central, une partie du service lui échappe dans l’implantation de la politique. Deuxièmement, ce réseau « mou » peut atteindre des objectifs de service public au même titre que les réseaux « durs » traditionnels (eau, assainissement, etc.) dans le cadre. Troisièmement, que y compris dans un régime autoritaire, ce service public particulier, a stimulé la formation de gouvernements urbains dans une forme d’autonomie vis-à-vis de l’État / This research is situated at the crossover between two issues in urban studies: urban government and networked public infrastructure. It explores the case of solid waste management reform in Egypt, through three case studies (Cairo, Giza and Alexandria) where the privatization of public utilities involving European companies has affected urban management. Before the Arab Spring (as the uprisings were called), Egypt was governed under an authoritarian and centralized regime, despite some surface economic and political reforms. In this context of an a priori absence of urban government, how can public policy be locally adapted to fit local needs? Developing a framework of analysis related to urban government, we study its formation and/or transformation and the condition through which public policies are translated into action on the ground through the reform of solid waste management. Defining this public utility as a ‟soft-network″, we postulate that it has characteristics, which allow it to shape urban government in its institutional and horizontal dimensions. Three results can be drawn from the research. Firstly, we show that the State played a central role, during implementation at the local level. However, the State lost control of a part of the utility management in the process. Secondly, this ‟soft-network″ was able to attain the objectives of a public utility, just as traditional ‟hard-networks″ do (water, sanitation, etc.). Thirdly, even under an authoritarian regime, this specific public networked utility did indeed participate in the local formation of urban government in Egypt in a kind of autonomy from the State.

一九九0年代的台灣，社會福利政策突然成了輿論的焦點。儘管政府、學術界或社會團體，對如何規劃台灣的社會福利藍圖，有不同的看法，但對於加強福利保障此一發展目標，則有普遍的共識。身為福利發展的後進國，西方福利國家的發展經驗值得我們借鏡；而往後福利政策的計劃與實施，更必需面對四十年來威權體制下的福利發展歷史，及所遺留下來的種種問題。 　　本論文研究一九四九年到一九九0年間，台灣地區威權體制下的福利政策。就如所有社會科學的研究一般，除了資料的蒐集外，作者如何表達、呈現出問題的意義，往往決定了一篇論文的面貌。筆者基本上認為，要了解某一政策的產出，必需將其放在國家機關與民間社會的關係脈絡中分析。這種關係在相當程度上，是受國內外政經結構的變化所制約的；而且，政策並非獨立地存在。無論是在決策或實踐階段，不同政策間往往存在若干有機的聯結，彼此互相競合及影響。因此，本文的研究步驟，首先是分析威權體制下，國家機關與民間社會的特殊關係；接著將焦點放在福利政策與政治、經濟、社會政策問的關聯方面。希望藉由此種方式，了解在威權體制下福利政策的意義。 　　在內容方面，本論文共分七章：第一章論述威權體制的分析途徑、關於福利國家發展的研究成果，以及本論文的架構；第二章對台灣社會福利的現況作重點式的整理，也是對威權體制下福利發展結果的概述，第三、四、五、六章分別分析軍公教人員、勞工、農民與弱勢群體的福利政策；第七章結論部份，則是整合前述各章節，對四十餘年來台灣的福利發展，作一總體性的分析。

一九四九年國民黨政府遷臺後﹐在臺灣所實行的統治型態是介於民主與極 權之間的威權體制。它的特徵包括有限的政治參與、一黨支配、低度的政 治動員等。臺灣在國民黨的執政下﹐以三民主義為統治的意識型態基礎﹐ 具備政治、軍事強人身份的兩位蔣總統為統治核心﹐而國家建構(na- tion building )的終極目標則是：在國共鬥爭中重新奪回歷史正統的地 位。這樣的統治企圖影響了往後中央政府的組織架構﹐除了國會長期不改 選之外﹐行政體制的發展也遭受不同程度的扭曲：在官僚系統方面﹐黨政 關係的糾葛使行政無法中立；常任文官的考選違背公平公正公開的原則﹐ 另為外省籍人士與軍人開方便之門；政務官無法進入國民黨中央的決策核 心﹐重要政策的決定權仍由老一輩的革命菁英所把持( 唯一例外的是財政 、經濟政策﹐國民黨的威權控制此地便顯得力不從心﹐因此具專業背景的 技術官僚得以獲得較大的自主權 )﹐使得決策品質粗糙且不符社會需求。 在政府組織方面﹐初期國民黨因為並無長久居留的打算﹐所以政府內出現 許多臨時性機構﹐而且以「委員會」型態出現的一級單位特多﹐疊床架屋 的情況非常嚴重﹐尤其組織規範多半是以行政命令取代法律﹐成為不折不 扣未法制化的「黑機關」；其次﹐因為經濟建設是國民黨政府進行國家建 構過程中的發展主軸﹐因此負責設計經濟建設計畫的機關成為政府組織中 最重要、權力最大的部門﹐其職權範圍甚至超過負責經濟行政事務的經濟 部與主管金融政策的財政部。從一九四九年成立的生管會起至目前的經建 會止﹐雖然今天其功能與地位已不如從前﹐但基本上它仍是政府組織之中 相當重要的機構。隨著強人已逝與威權體制的解體﹐轉型期中的中央行政 體系正面臨一個新的發展階段。唯有調整「大有為政府」的牧民心態﹐消 除行政權的篡奪性格﹐「國民政府」的民主行政才有實現的一天。

Der vierte Band der Potsdamer Textbücher bringt erstmals den klassischen Text der Politikwissenschaft zum Thema diktatorische Herrschaftssysteme in deutscher Sprache. Juan Linz reflektiert darin die Debatten um Totalitarismus und Demokratie und beschreibt die autoritäre Herrschaft als eigenständige Form politischer Machtausübung. Es ist eine exzellente Auseinandersetzung mit den politischen Phänomenen des 20. Jahrhunderts, die sich durch theoretische Tiefe, empirische Fülle und methodische Klarheit auszeichnet.

Is the risk of civil conflict related to the quality of government? This dissertation contributes to the quantitative research on this topic. First, it provides a more nuanced account of the role of the government in influencing the risk of civil conflict. In doing so, the dissertation bridges a gap between the quantitative literature, which primarily focuses on types of regimes, and the qualitative literature, which emphasizes variations in how political authority is exercised within these institutions. Second, the dissertation introduces novel measures of the quality of government, and tests their association with civil peace across countries, over time. The dissertation consists of an introductory chapter and four separate essays. Essay I examines the risk of conflict across different types of authoritarian regimes. The statistical results suggest that single-party regimes have a lower risk of civil conflict than military and multi-party authoritarian regimes. The finding is attributed to the high capacity for coercion and co-optation within single-party institutions. Essay II studies whether cross-national variations in the occurrence of civil conflict are due to differences in the quality of government. The essay finds that governments that are not able to carry through such basic governing tasks as protecting property rights and providing public goods, render themselves vulnerable to civil conflict. The focus of Essay III is on patronage politics, meaning that rulers rely on the distribution of private goods to retain the support necessary to stay in power. The statistical results suggest that patronage politics per se increase the risk of conflict. The conflict-inducing effect is mediated by large oil-wealth, however, because the government can use the wealth strategically to buy off opposition. Essay IV argues that patronage politics can also lead to violent conflict between groups. The results from a statistical analysis, based on unique sub-national data on inter-group conflict in Nigeria, are consistent with this argument. Taken together, the findings of this dissertation suggest that both the form and degree of government have a significant influence on the risk of civil conflict.

Political success in semi-democratic countries has two aspects: shifting the balance of power in one’s favor and maintaining it. This thesis seeks to examine how the AKP has succeeded in shifting the balance of power in its favor while its predecessor the Welfare Party did not. Focusing on electoral success, existing research primarily lists center-periphery conflict, moderation, class struggle, party organization, and failures of others as the main determinants. Yet the significance of reining in the power of the Kemalist state structure has been mostly disregarded. Therefore, with a comparison of the AKP (2002-2007) and the Welfare Party (1996-1997) governments, this study tests one assertion using most-similar systems research design that in semi-democratic political settings with strong authoritarian actors, political parties that build broad coalitions via group specific policy promises will be more likely to shift the balance of power in favor of themselves than actors that lack such connections.