Fire incidents are a central issue in Saudi civil defence. Despite detailed regulation concerning firefighting equipment dealing with dwelling fires, fires occur frequently. Globally, research on dwelling fire safety is relatively new. Most studies focus on human factors, incidence and causal issues. Few studies examine management or policy-making perspectives towards managing these individual agents. Thus, a detailed study on understanding the management of these factors for dwelling fires is long overdue. The study uses an inductive approach to investigate key management issues in reducing dwelling fires in Saudi Arabia. This qualitative study consisted of twelve indepth semi-structured interviews and four focus groups with senior managers of the Civil Defence Division dealing with fire safety. A sustainability-based framework is developed to map the critical issues in generating a long-term planning solution to policy and management of fire hazard and risk in Saudi Arabia. Critical drivers of this sustainability approach are good management, regulation, governance practices: especially accountability and transparency; reduction of tribalism, bureaucracy, and burns unit efficiency. However, given the modern environment of communications, information technology and communications, and in particular public education, are viewed as important mediators between drivers and sustainability. The critical role of knowledge generation is also positioned as a mediator. The framework proposed is a paradigm shift from merely managing fire incidents on a case by case basis to a proactive risk reduction strategy. This represents an original solution to managing fire hazards at a national level and an important contribution to the fire management literature.

O presente trabalho investigou concepções de respeito de professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental e suas relações com a construção de relações de respeito mútuo na sala de aula e com o desenvolvimento da autonomia moral infantil. O principal referencial teórico foi a Epistemologia Genética, especialmente o Desenvolvimento Moral na obra de Jean Piaget. A coleta de dados foi realizada com treze professores de diferentes instituições escolares e foi organizada em duas etapas, sendo a primeira o registro escrito a respeito de uma situação narrada em terceira pessoa, que serviu de base para a realização de uma entrevista semiestruturada, orientada pelo método clínico piagetiano. Os dados coletados permitiram a análise a partir de duas categorias principais: a relação entre o professor e o aluno e a construção de um ambiente sociomoral. Em cada uma destas instâncias foram verificadas concepções de respeito relacionadas às dimensões do respeito unilateral e do respeito mútuo e refletiu-se sobre suas interferências para o cotidiano escolar. / This thesis has investigated primary teachers' respect conceptions and how these concepts relate to building relations of mutual respect in the classroom and the development of child moral autonomy. Genetic Epistemology is the theoretical basis of this research, particularly Moral Development in the work of Jean Piaget. Data collection was conducted with thirteen teachers from diverse educational institutions and organized in two steps: first, written records about a situation narrated in the third person were made; second, a semi-structured interview, based on previously collected data and guided by Piagetian clinical method, was conducted. This collected data allowed the analysis from two main categories: the relations among teachers and students and the construction of a cooperative environment. In each of these categories, conceptions of respect related to the dimensions of unilateral and mutual respect were noted as well as their interference on the school routine was observed.

As a high school teacher I took to authoritarian methods in order to give students education and ultimately formation. It was an original force that made me react to chaos and harassment in classroom. In the essay, I examine my own reactions and frustrations in my efforts to create endurable and friendlier environment in class. The discussion is about authority and freedom and to what extent it is reasonable to use authoritarian methods to facilitate for students to reach potential freedom. The conclusion is that methods that can be described as authoritarian are not consistent with modern education, but teachers have to get means and resources to meet all pupils. An other conclusion is that we have to change perspective from the individual teacher to an overall discussion on authority and freedom in high school education. / Uppsatsen utgår från ett exempel där den dagliga samvaron präglas av kaos och trakasserier och där jag som lärare använder mig av auktoritära metoder för att ge elever en möjlighet att klara studierna på gymnasiet. I essäform beskriver jag mina tankar och utmaningar för att skapa ett bättre arbetsklimat i skolklassen. Diskussionen handlar om auktoritet och frihet, om utbildning och bildning och i vilken utsträckning det är rimligt att ta till auktoritära metoder för att ungdomar ska kunna nå sin potentiella frihet. Samhället lägger stort ansvar på enskilda lärare när det gäller att få arbetet att fungera i klassrummet. Min slutsats är att auktoritära metoder inte har en plats i dagens skola men att lärare måste få resurser för att kunna möta alla elever och att frågan om hur vi ska förstå begreppet auktoritet som medel för att elever ska kunna nå sin potentiella frihet bör diskuteras och behandlas inte bara inom skolan utan även i samhället i ett vidare sammanhang.

This research explored the systems psycho-dynamics or group dynamics manifesting in meetings of a self-managed group within a bank. It also investigated the influence of these dynamics on the group's intra- and intergroup relationships.. The literature review explored the dynamics manifesting in groups in general, and reviewed relevant research that has been conducted. A qualitative study explored how these dynamics are manifesting in this group and how they are influencing the intra- and intergroup relationships. The results indicate that there are complex system psycho-dynamics manifesting in this self-managed group. They are influencing its intra- and intergroup relationships and rendering the group less effective in terms of its achieving its primary task. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / MA (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

A presente tese é resultado do estudo sobre as autoridades tradicionais no intuito de compreender o conceito de poder tradicional no século XX, especificamente nos distritos de Mandlakazi e Chibuto, em Moçambique. Baseia-se parcialmente em testemunhos orais colhidos em entrevistaspresenciais realizadasno ano de 2017 nos respectivos distritos aos grupos focais (líderes tradicionais), chefes dos líderes tradicionais, conselheiros, dentre outros.Baseia-se também em pesquisa bibliográfica e em documentação de arquivo. O objetivo foi observar as diversas formas de expressão do poder tradicional, desde os primórdios de sua existência, no período colonial e no período da construção do Estado nação. Foram analisadas diferentes situações históricas e as sucessivas alterações ocorridas com os representantes locais do poder, quando sua autoridade é colocada em posição subordinada primeiro às instituições vinculadas ao Estado português, e depois ao Estado moderno moçambicano. Em 1975, a construção do estado-nação, e o afastamento desta autoridade tradicional, não trouxe algo relevante na criação do homem novo, senão o desmoronamento das comunidades diante da política implantada pelo governo. Em 1992, a ideia de reconhecimento da autoridade tradicional se funde para coesão da sociedade depois da guerra civil (1977-1990), e para preencher o vazio administrativo. O governo coopta do poder colonial para se afirmar.A legislação deixou à responsabilidade da comunidade de legitimar a autoridade tradicional, nesse processo ambíguo resultante da competitividade política (FRELIMO -RENAMO) na democracia vigente. / The thesis is the result of the study of traditional authorities in order to understand the concept of traditional power in the twentieth century, specifically in the Mandlakazi and Chibuto districts of Mozambique. It is based in part on oral testimonies collected in face-to-face interviews performed in 2017 in the respective districts from focus groups (traditional leaders), chiefs of traditional leaders, counselors, among others. It is also based on bibliographic research and archival documentation. The objective was to observe the diverse forms of expression of traditional power, from the beginnings of its existence, in the colonial period and in the period of the construction of the Nation- state. Different historical situations and successive changes occurred with the local representatives of power were analyzed, when their authority is placed in subordinate position first to the institutions linked to the Portuguese State, and then to the modern Mozambican State. In 1975, the construction of the Nation-state, and the removal of this traditional authority, did not bring something relevant in the creation of the new man, but the collapse of the communities before the policy implanted by the government. In 1992, the idea of recognition of traditional authority was fused for the cohesion of society after the Civil War (1977-1992), and to fill the administrative void. The government co-opts colonial power to assert itself. The legislation left it to the community to legitimize traditional authority, in that ambiguous process resulting from political competitiveness (FRELIMO-RENAMO) in the current democracy.

S’inscrivant dans le regain d’intérêt récent des historiens pour la question de l’autorité, que l’on peut définir, d’après le Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle de Larousse, comme le « droit ou pouvoir de commander, de se faire obéir », cette thèse étudie l’autorité de l’Etat à travers le prisme de l’autorité de trois de ses représentants en province (les préfets, les sous-préfet et les maires), de 1800, date de la réorganisation de l’administration par Napoléon Bonaparte, à la fin du Second Empire. Il s’agit, ainsi, de déterminer dans quel cadre et de quelle manière les préfets, les sous-préfets et les maires s’efforçaient d’obtenir l’obéissance de la population à leur personne, au régime qu’ils représentaient et à l’Etat qu’ils personnifiaient, ainsi que d’identifier les difficultés auxquelles ils étaient confrontés. Afin de disposer d’un terrain d’enquête suffisamment large pour couvrir des situations différentes, tout en restant relativement restreint, de manière à mener des analyses aussi précisément contextualisées que possible, nous avons fait le choix d’inscrire ce travail dans le cadre géographique des quatre départements lorrains (Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle et Vosges). Etudier la relation d’autorité entre administrateurs et la population en province implique, tout d’abord, de rendre compte du cadre, fixé par l’Etat, dans lequel s’inscrivait l’autorité de ses représentants. Le modèle qui fut élaboré sous le Consulat et l’Empire d’une autorité déléguée forte, qui reposait sur des pouvoirs étendus, sur les compétences professionnelles des administrateurs, mais aussi sur leurs savoir-faire sociaux et relationnels, a été précisément analysé. S’il a ensuite globalement été préservé par tous les régimes qui se sont succédés jusqu’en 1870, ce modèle n’en connut pas moins un certain nombre d’évolutions et d’inflexions, dont on a cherché à rendre compte. Ce cadre fournissait aux administrateurs un certain nombre d’outils pour s’imposer, et de consignes à respecter, mais il ne leur précisait pas comment procéder concrètement. La thèse s’attache donc à examiner, dans un deuxième temps, la manière dont ils exerçaient leur autorité au quotidien. L’analyse des outils qu’ils utilisaient pour construire et entretenir leur autorité montre qu’ils recouraient non seulement à leurs compétences professionnelles, mais aussi à leurs qualités personnelles ou encore à leur statut de représentant de l’autorité de l’Etat. Mais les administrateurs devaient aussi faire face à un certain nombre de difficultés – concurrence des autres personnes détenant une autorité, crises graves qui remettaient en cause leur ascendant (les invasions et occupations de 1814-1815) et contestations de la part de leurs administrés – qui mettaient leur autorité à l’épreuve et pouvaient avoir des conséquences sur leurs carrières. / Considering the historians’ recent growing interest for the topic of authority, which can be defined, according to Larousse’s Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle, as « the right or the power to order, to be obeyed », this thesis aims at studying the authority of the state through the angle of the authority exerted by three of its representatives in the province (the prefects, the sub-prefects and the mayors), from 1800, when Napoleon Bonaparte reorganized the french administration, till the end of the Second Empire. This dissertation will endeavour to analyse in which frame and how the prefects, the sub-prefects and the mayors managed to make the population obey both to their persons, the regime they represented and the state they embodied, as well as to identify the difficulties they were confronted with. To study a wide range of situations, but in a relatively restricted area, so as to analyse them as precisely as possible, we decided to focus on the four departments of Lorraine (Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle et Vosges). First, studying the relationship between the civil servants and the population implies to examine the framework, elaborated by the state, in which the authority of its representatives was exerted. The model, built during the Consulate and the first Empire, of a strong delegated authority, based on extended powers, on the professional expertise of the administrators, as well as on their social competences, has been precisely analysed. Even if it was globally maintened by all the following regimes up to 1870, this model knew, nevertheless, some transformations and modulations, which we tried to examine. The administrators found in this frame some tools to assert their authority on the people, and some instructions to obey, but no definite ways to proceed. Thus, the thesis secondly attempts to examine how they exerted their authority on a daily basis. Looking at the way they built and maintened their authority, we realize they used not only their professionnal skills, but also their individual qualities and their status of the state representative. But the administrators had to face up to some difficulties – competition with the other persons who had some authority, hard crises which questionned their influence (the invasions and the occupations of 1814-1815) and citizens’ protests – which put their authority to the test and could impact their careers.

No description available.

Si la transgression se rencontre dans l’historiographie, elle n’a cependant jamais donné lieu à une véritable théorisation. C’est l’objet de cette thèse d’en dresser une définition qui en fait la contestation d’une loi en appui sur une volonté, la conscience d’une possible sanction, la projection d’un au-delà normatif et une capacité de nuisance contre l’autorité. La validité du concept a été éprouvée en le confrontant aux rapports de police quotidiens rédigés dans le Nancy occupé de 1940 à 1944. L’objectif est d’étudier comment la transgression se transforme en un phénomène d’envergure au point d’apparaitre comme une nouvelle normalité. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse des conditions de la déviance dresse l’état des lieux d’une société provinciale en temps de guerre et les mutations physiques et humaines du territoire urbain. Les champs de la transgression dévoilent, ensuite, le caractère protéiforme de la désobéissance au niveau politique, des opinions, de la violence, de l’économie, des mœurs, des mobilités, des identités et des attitudes. On y croise à la fois les phénomènes de collaboration, de Résistance, de déportation, les comportements journaliers de survie aussi bien que les imaginaires et les représentations. Enfin, l’analyse approche le transgresseur à hauteur d’homme pour dresser une sociologie du crime, construire le portrait-type du déviant et approcher des figures singulières de résistants, de Justes, ou de conformiste critique. Au final, les 1550 jours d’occupation plongent Nancy dans un hors-temps où l’« a-normal » est la règle. L’angle de la transgression permet de comprendre les stratégies mises en œuvre par le corps social pour tenter de s’y adapter / Although transgression has already been dealt with in historiography, its theorising has never been fully and thoroughly achieved. This thesis aimt at providing a definition that will be read as the result of a law-challenging will combined with the awareness of looming threats, the ability to build up strategy beyond a normative framework together with the ability to undermine existing power. The concept has been tested and validated through 1940-1944 daily police reports that were written in then German-occupied Nancy. The aim is to study how transgression becomes and overwhelming phenomenon so that it almost looks like conventional normality. First, the study of the way deviance was implemented gives us information about war-time provincial society and about physical changes in urban landscape. Transgression thus reveals its multifaceted aspects in political disobedience, opinions, violence, economics, morals, transport, identity and behaviour. There we’ll follow the markers of collaboration with the nazis, resistance, deportation, survival behaviour as well as psyche and mental representations. Last the transgressor will be analysed on a human scale in order to build up a sociology of crime, draw up the typical profile of deviant people and make you closer to notable figures of resistants fighters, those entitled « Righteous among the nations » and meet conventional yet critical citizens. Those 1550 days in German-occupied Nancy give the opportunity to steep yourself into times when ab-normality was the rule. The view through the prism of transgression should allow us to better understand the strategies implemented by society to fit with the situation

Environ 3500 conseils d’enfants et de jeunes interviennent aujourd’hui auprès des collectivitéslocales en France. Initiée dans les années 60 et 70, cette forme d’implication et d’engagement s’estconsidérablement développée au point de devenir un vecteur important de la participation des jeunes, unvecteur de transmission et d’éducation aux valeurs de l’engagement, de l’action publique locale et de lacitoyenneté.Peu d’investigations, pourtant, sont allées ausculter, de l’intérieur, dans les assemblées plénières, dans lesgroupes de travail, la manière dont se déroulent ces échanges. C’est ce que cette recherche s’est proposé deréaliser.Le travail présenté ici repose sur une observation d’environ neuf mois d’un conseil de jeunes et plusspécifiquement d’un groupe de travail de ce conseil. Ce sont les modalités de décision, au sein du groupeValorisation, qui ont servies de base à une analyse qualitative. Comment se prennent les décisions entre lesjeunes et les animateurs du dispositif ? Quelle part les jeunes ont-ils dans ces prises de décision ? Si les jeunesimpliqués (étudiant d’environ 22 ou 23 ans pour la plupart) sont bien inscrits dans un rôle de décision par lacollectivité qui les accueille, la recherche montre une réalité beaucoup plus nuancée. Sur la durée, laparticipation se révèle évolutive et inégale. Dans le quotidien, les jeux d’acteurs, l’humour, le poids del’institution…, se révèlent des déterminants importants des prises de décision.Au final de cette navigation dans un univers de projet collectif, malgré une bonne foi affichée, la collectivitésemble pouvoir atteindre le pont d’arrivé qu’elle s’était fixé. Elle propose ainsi aux jeunes impliqués un espacede participation relativement restreint, dans lequel la revendication d’autonomie ne tarde pas à poindre. / Approximately 3500 councils of children and youth councils take actions with local authorities inFrance today. Introduced in the 60s and 70s, this form of implication and commitment has considerablydeveloped. It became an important vehicle for the participation of the young people, a vehicle for transmissionand education in the values of the commitment, the local public service and the citizenship.Few investigations, nevertheless, went to examine, from the inside, in plenary meetings and in working groups,the way these exchanges are taking place. It is what is studied in this research.The work presented here is based on an observation, about nine months of a youth council and morespecifically a workgroup of this council. The modalities of decision, in the group Valuation, were used as a baseto a qualitative analysis. How are decisions, between the young people and the facilitators of the device, taken? What part do they have in this decision-making ? If the involved young people (students about 22 or 23 yearsold for the most part) are well registered in a role of decision by the community that hosted them, the researchshows a far more nuanced reality. The participation is evolutionary and uneven on duration. In everyday life,actors' sets, humour, weight of the institution, are shown to be important determinants of decision-making.In the end of this browsing in a universe of collective project, despite a displayed good faith, the communityseems to achieve the arrival bridge it had set. It is thus proposed to the involved young people, a relativelyrestricted space for participation, in which the demand for autonomy is not long in appearing.

On the basis of the new Migration Law, the present article analyzes which were the main problems in the application of previous regulation, taking in count the legal and migratory situation of foreigners that move to Peru, such as the political and regulatory deficiencies in this field. After this, the article analyzes the new law, its contribution, its deficiencies, and the changes that were being implementing already. / A propósito de la Nueva Ley Migratoria, el presente artículo analiza cuáles eran las problemáticas en la aplicación de la normativa antigua, tomando en cuenta la situación legal y migratoria de los extranjeros que radican en territorio peruano, así como las deficiencias políticas y legislativas en este ámbito. Luego de ello, se analizará la nueva normativa, sus aportes, deficiencias, y los cambios que ya se venían implementando.