This working paper was developed with the intention to provide a guideline for participatory analysis and development of commercial forest product value chains, in the context of developing countries. Basically, it was designed for identification and implementation of interventions or upgrading measures for the improvement of commercial forest product (Bamboo, Natural gum and resin, and Gum Arabic) value chains in Ethiopia and Sudan within the framework of a collaborative research project - CHAnces IN Sustainability: promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa (CHAINS). The PIP instrument could also be applied for other commercial non-timber forest products (NTFPs), by adjusting to the local contexts and environments. It can be an important guide for value chain analysts, especially in the process of designing and verifying upgrading actions through the application of tools like interviewing actors, group discussions, or facilitated workshops. This working paper particularly provides: - Background information on basic concepts of value chain analysis and development; - Review of methodological frameworks for participatory value chain analysis and development; - Practical details for participatory value chain analysis as implemented by the CHAINS project, including checklists, diagrams, and tools used in the participatory process; - Critical reflection on the practical application of the approach:1. About the working paper 7 1.1. Purpose 7 1.2. Structure of the working paper 8 2. Introduction 9 2.1. Background: value chains 9 2.2. Background: Participative Innovation Platforms 12 2.3. The context 13 2.4. Overview of the CHAINS project 14 3. Methodological approach of PIP 16 3.1. Ownership and effect 16 3.2. Stages and roles 18 3.3. Diagnostic survey 21 3.3.1. Planning the diagnostic surveys 22 3.3.2. Conducting the diagnostic surveys 24 4. PIP workshops 26 4.1.1. The workshop contents 27 4.1.2. Selection of participants 28 4.1.3. Identification of facilitators 30 4.2. The workshop sessions 32 4.2.1. Schedule of PIP workshop 32 4.2.2. Preparatory session 33 4.2.3. Session 1: Welcome and Introductory 34 4.2.4. Session 2: Vetting of the survey results and detailed VC analysis 35 4.2.5. Session 3: Identification and analysis of critical points 37 4.2.6. Session 4: Identification and analysis of possible solutions 45 4.2.7. Session 5: Development and selection of upgrading strategies 46 4.2.8. Workshop evaluation and documentation 50 5. Limits of the PIP – a critical reflection 50 6. References 52 / Das als Leitfaden gestaltete Arbeitspapier beschreibt Schritt für Schritt das Vorgehen bei der Implementierung von ‚Participative Innovation Platforms‘ (PIP). Das PIP Methodenpaket zur partizipativen Analyse und Entwicklung von Wertschöpfungsketten in Entwicklungsländern wird an Beispielen von kommerziellen Nichtholz-Waldprodukten aus Trockenwäldern Ostafrikas erklärt und gibt praktische Unterstützung zur Durchführung der PIP Workshops mit dem Ziel, Aktivitäten und Interventionen für Innovationen mit Relevanz für die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette gemeinsam mit den beteiligten Akteuren zu vereinbaren. Das PIP Konzept wurde im Rahmen des entwicklungsorientierten Forschungsprojekts CHAINS (CHAnces IN Sustainability: promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa) entwickelt, um Bambus -, Weihrauch- und Gummi arabicum Wertschöpfungsketten in Äthiopien und dem Sudan zu verbessern. Das PIP Instrument stellt die Akteure in den Mittelpunkt und kann deshalb sehr flexibel auch für andere Produkte angewendet werden. Der Leitfaden bietet: - Hintergrundinformationen zum Konzept von Wertschöpfungsketten; - Einführung in den methodischen Rahmen für partizipative Analyse und Entwicklung von Wertschöpfungsketten; - Praktische Anleitung für die partizipative Analyse von Wertschöpfungsketten nach dem im CHAINS Projekt entwickelten Methodenpaket, einschließlich Checklisten, Diagrammen und Methoden; - Kritische Reflektion zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des PIP Methodenpakets.:1. About the working paper 7 1.1. Purpose 7 1.2. Structure of the working paper 8 2. Introduction 9 2.1. Background: value chains 9 2.2. Background: Participative Innovation Platforms 12 2.3. The context 13 2.4. Overview of the CHAINS project 14 3. Methodological approach of PIP 16 3.1. Ownership and effect 16 3.2. Stages and roles 18 3.3. Diagnostic survey 21 3.3.1. Planning the diagnostic surveys 22 3.3.2. Conducting the diagnostic surveys 24 4. PIP workshops 26 4.1.1. The workshop contents 27 4.1.2. Selection of participants 28 4.1.3. Identification of facilitators 30 4.2. The workshop sessions 32 4.2.1. Schedule of PIP workshop 32 4.2.2. Preparatory session 33 4.2.3. Session 1: Welcome and Introductory 34 4.2.4. Session 2: Vetting of the survey results and detailed VC analysis 35 4.2.5. Session 3: Identification and analysis of critical points 37 4.2.6. Session 4: Identification and analysis of possible solutions 45 4.2.7. Session 5: Development and selection of upgrading strategies 46 4.2.8. Workshop evaluation and documentation 50 5. Limits of the PIP – a critical reflection 50 6. References 52

This project is a study of the wastescape - a network of waste - of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack in Odisha, India.  The study incorporates key locations, e.g. landfills, urban wastelands and waste warehouses; major actors in the formal and informal waste sector; and flows of waste through economic and social systems. Drawing from the studies, multiple interventions within the wastescape are proposed for improvement of the economic, ecologic and social situation. An important aspect of the project is the development of an approach for how to, as architects, work with big, complex, contingent networks; how to map and understand such a system; and how to determine where to intervene. To improve the existing wastescape, interventions must consciously and holistically address multiple scales; levels of formal-informal; and phases within the waste cycle. The study includes a vast amount of possible interventions. Some of the interventions are further detailed to show feasibility; impact on the wastescape; and synergies with other interventions within the wastescape. / Projektet “Wastescape of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack” är en studie av ett nätverk av skräpflöden genom Bhubaneswar och Cuttack i Odisha, Indien. Studien inkorporerar viktiga platser, t.ex. deponier, urbana ödemarker och lokaler för skräphandel; stora aktörer i den formella och informella skräpsektorn; och flöden av skräp genom ekonomiska och sociala system. Utifrån dessa studier, ett flertal interventioner i “the wastescape” föreslås för att förbättra den ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala situationen. En viktig aspekt av arbetet är utvecklingen av ett sätt att, som arkitekt, arbeta med storskaliga, komplexa och inter-beroende nätverk; hur sådana system kan kartläggas och förstås; samt hur det går att avgöra vart och hur interventioner passar in i “the wastescape”. För att förbättra “the wastescape”, interventioner måste medvetet och holistiskt adressera multipla skalor; nivåer av formell-informell; och faser i skräpets kretslopp. Studien innehåller ett stort nummer av möjliga interventioner. Några av dessa interventioner är ytterligare detaljerade för att visa på genomförbarhet; påverkan på “the wastescape”; och synergier gentemot andra interventioner i “the wastescape”.

[pt] Ao longo das últimas décadas, mais intensamente, a microscopia de força atômica (AFM) tem sido utilizada em atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, notadamente para a caracterização de materiais. Não obstante os avanços e sofisticações da técnica, a determinação do módulo de elasticidade de materiais poliméricos continua sendo um desafio dada a complexidade de caracterização de materiais complexos, comumente gerando expressivo espalhamento nos resultados de medição. Esta pesquisa de mestrado apresenta mapeamentos da morfologia e medições do módulo de elasticidade de celulose comercial (fibras de bambu e de eucalipto) e lignocelulósico, referenciados a materiais poliméricos sintéticos já caracterizados (considerados como padrão). A microscopia de força atômica (AFM), no modo peak force tapping, alternativamente fundamentada no modelo Derajaguin-Muller-Toporo, DMT (que é o modelo incorporado no software da Bruker, fabricante do equipamento AFM) e no modelo JohnsonKendall-Robert, JKR (proposto neste trabalho, fazendo-se uso de um algoritmo Matlab), foi utilizada como técnica de medição do módulo de elasticidade dos materiais investigados. A partir dos ensaios realizados, foi possível avaliar o método de medição com base em critérios metrológicos e determinar o modelo de cálculo mais apropriado para a caracterização dos materiais investigados. Para os materiais padrão utilizados como referência, e cujos valores do módulo de elasticidade são informados pelos respectivos fornecedores (E igual 2,7 mais ou menos 0,1 GPa, para o poliestireno e E igual 1,8 GPa, para a poliamida), o modelo JKR mostrou-se mais adequado para fundamentar o cálculo do módulo de elasticidade. Enquanto o modelo JKR reproduziu o valor do fabricante com 6,3 porcento, para o caso do poliestireno (E igual 2,540754 mais ou menos 0,056 GPa) e com 12,5 porcento, para o caso da poliamida (E igual 1,680050 mais ou menos 0,041 GPa), o modelo DMT produziu resultados com desvios superiores a 50 porcento do valor de referência considerado como padrão. Fundamentado nesses mesmos modelos DMT e JKR, o trabalho avaliou o módulo de elasticidade de outros materiais, mais especificamente: (i) filme de celulose extraída do eucalipto; (ii) filme de celulose microfobrilada comercial; (iii) filme de celulose microfibrilada, depositada no laboratório pela técnica de ultrassom e (iv) amostras de bambu (Dendrocalamus Giganteus), extraídas da seção externa e interna do colmo d o bambu. Os resultados são discutidos em conformidade ao rigor metrológico dos componentes estocásticos e determinísticos da incerteza associada às medições realizadas, confirmando que a microscopia de força atômica (AFM), no modo peak force tapping se apresenta como técnica promissora para ser utilizada como ferramenta metrológica para a caracterização de materiais poliméricos na escala nanométrica. / [en] Over the past few decades, more intensely, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in research and development activities, notably for the characterization of materials. Despite the advances and sophistications of the technique, the determination of the modulus of elasticity of polymeric materials remains a challenge given the complexity of characterizing complex materials, commonly generating significant spread in the measurement results. This research presents mappings of the morphology and measurements of the elasticity modulus of commercial cellulose (bamboo and eucalyptus fibers) and lignocellulosic, referenced to already characterized synthetic polymeric materials (considered as standard). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), in the peak force tapping mode, alternatively based on the Derajaguin-Muller-Toporo model, DMT (which is the model incorporated by Bruker in its AFM software) and the Johnson-KendallRobert model, JKR (proposed in this work, using a Matlab algorithm), was used as a technique for measuring the elasticity module of the investigated materials. From the tests performed, it was possible to evaluate the measurement method based on metrological criteria and determine the most appropriate calculation model for the characterization of the investigated materials. For the standard materials used as a reference, whose elasticity modulus values are reported by the respective suppliers (E equal 2.7 more or less 0.1 GPa, for polystyrene and E equal 1.8 GPa, for polyamide), the JKR model proved to be most suitable to support the calculation of the modulus of elasticity. While the JKR model reproduced the manufacturer s value with 6.3 percent, for the case of polystyrene (E equal 2.540754 more or less 0.056 GPa) and with 12.5 percent, for the case of polyamide (E equal 1.680050 more or less 0.041 GPa), the DMT model produced results with deviations greater than 50 percent from the reference value taken as standard reference values. Based on these DMT and JKR models, the work evaluated the elasticity module of other materials, more specifically: (i) cellulose film extracted from eucalyptus; (ii) commercial microfiltered cellulose film; (iii) microfibrillated cellulose film, deposited in the laboratory by and ultrasound technique and (iv) samples of bamboo (Dendrocalamus Giganteus), extracted from the external and internal section of the bamboo stem. The results are discussed in accordance with the metrological rigor of the stochastic and deterministic components of the uncertainty associated with the measurements performed, confirming that the atomic force microscopy (AFM), in the peak force tapping mode, presents itself as a promising technique to be used as a metrological tool for the characterization of polymeric materials at the nanoscale.

[ES] La evolución de la tendencia del pensamiento de la gente en los últimos años ha cambiado, llevándonos a adquirir nuevos valores enfocados en la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales y el respeto hacia el medio ambiente. Con ello, la perspectiva de producto se ha visto afectada en todos los sectores, incluido el sector de la automoción. La aparición de nuevas normas medioambientales han establecido obligaciones sobre los fabricantes de vehículos respecto a la reducción de consumo y emisiones contaminantes por lo que cada vez es más habitual identificar materiales ligeros en vehículos de uso cotidiano con la finalidad de mejorar la eficiencia energética a partir de la reducción de masa. El presente estudio pretende avanzar un paso más en la utilización de materiales compuestos centrando su temática en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales para la fabricación de componentes estructurales de vehículos que permitan la reducción de consumos desde un punto de vista sostenible. Para ello se plantea la aplicación de nuevos materiales compuestos basados en la utilización de fibras naturales, que sustituyan a los materiales utilizados tradicionalmente. En el estudio se plantea la utilización de una única matriz (epoxi) común a todos los tejidos naturales ensayados que permita realizar un estudio comparativo centrado en los tejidos, para obtener un material compuesto eficiente en su fabricación, uso y reciclaje buscando el equilibrio entre densidad, coste, resistencia y reciclabilidad. El estudio ha consistido en la realización de ensayos de tracción, compresión, flexión, impacto, dureza, cortadura y fatiga, a partir de los cuales se han podido extraer las propiedades mecánicas necesarias para realizar un modelo MEF uniaxial en el software ANSYS ACP, comparando resultados con distintas orientaciones de fibras. Tras esto, se ha dimensionado un componente utilizando el modelo MEF uniaxial para un estudio multiaxial. Este componente ha sido fabricado y posteriormente ensayado en un banco de fatiga con la finalidad de contrastar los resultados del software con los obtenidos empíricamente, y a su vez validar la aplicación. / [CA] L'evolució de la tendència del pensament de la gent als últims anys ha canviat, portant-nos a adquirir nous valors enfocats a la sostenibilitat dels recursos naturals i al respecte cap al medi ambient. A causa d'això, la perspectiva de producte s'ha vist afectada en tots els sectors, inclòs al sector de l'automoció. L'aparició de noves normes mediambientals han establit obligacions sobre els fabricants de vehicles respecte a la reducció de consum i emissions contaminants pel que cada vegada és més habitual identificar materials lleugers en vehicles d'ús quotidià amb la finalitat de millorar l'eficiència energètica a partir de la reducció de massa. El present estudi pretén avançar un pas més en la utilització de materials compostos centrant la seua temàtica en el desenvolupament de nous materials per a la fabricació de components de vehicles que permeten la reducció de consums des d'un punt de vista sostenible. Per a això es planteja l'aplicabilitat de nous materials compostos basats en la utilització de fibres naturals, que substituïsquen els materials emprats tradicionalment. En l'estudi es planteja la utilització d'una única matriu (epoxi) comú a tots els teixits naturals assajats que permeta realitzar un estudi comparatiu centrat en els teixits per obtindre un material compost eficient en la seua fabricació, ús i reciclatge, buscant l'equilibri entre densitat, cost, resistència i reciclabilitat. L'estudi ha consistit en la realització d'assajos de tracció, compressió, flexió, impacte, duresa, tallant i fatiga, a partir dels quals s'han pogut extraure les propietats mecàniques necessàries per a realitzar un model MEF uniaxial al programa ANSYS ACP, comparant resultats amb diferents orientacions de fibres. Després d'això, s'ha dimensionat un component utilitzant el model MEF uniaxial per a un estudi multiaxial. Aquest component s'ha fabricat i posteriorment s'ha assajat en un banc de fatiga amb la finalitat de contrastar els resultats del programa amb els obtinguts empíricament, i alhora ha servit per validar l'aplicació. / [EN] The evolution of the trend of people's thinking in recent years has changed, leading us to acquire new values focused on the sustainability of natural resources and respect for the environment. As a result, the product outlook has been affected in all sectors, including the automotive. The imposition of new environmental regulations has established obligations for vehicle manufacturers in terms of fuel consumption and polluting emissions, which is why it is increasingly common to identify lightweight materials in everyday vehicles, in order to improve energy efficiency through from mass reduction. This study seeks to advance the use of composite materials, focusing its theme on the development of new materials for the manufacture of structural vehicle components. For this, it is proposed the development of new composite materials based on the use of natural fibers is proposed to replace the materials traditionally used. In the work is proposed a comparative study focused on fabrics, using a single matrix (epoxy) common to all the test specimens, to obtain an efficient composite material in its manufacture, use and recycling, seeking the balance between density, cost, resistance and recyclability. During the development of the research, it has been necessary to perform tensile, compression, bending, impact, hardness, shear and fatigue tests to extract the mechanical properties necessary to make a uniaxial MEF model in the ANSYS ACP software, comparing results with different orientations fibers. After this, a component has been dimensioned using the uniaxial FEM model for a multiaxial study. This component has been manufactured and subsequently tested in a fatigue bench in order to compare the results of the software with those obtained empirically, and in turn validate the application. / Oliver Borrachero, BA. (2021). Estudio de la utilización de fibras naturales en materiales compuestos laminados para fabricación de componentes de automoción [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165809

This dissertation examines how Philippine (or Filipino) authors emphasise the need for articulating or “re/membering” cultural identity. The researcher mainly draws from the theory of Caribbean critic, Stuart Hall, who views cultural identity as an articulation which allows “the fragmented, decentred human agent” to be considered as one who is both “subject-ed” by power but/and one who is capable of acting against those powers (Grossberg 1996 [1986]: 157, emphasis mine). Applied to the Philippine context, this writer argues that, instead of viewing an apparent fragmented Filipino identity as a hindrance to “defining” cultural identity, she views the “damaged” (Fallows 1987) Filipino history as a the material itself which allows articulation of identity. Instead of reducing the cultural identity of a people to what-they-could-have-been-had-history-not-intervened, she puts forward a vision of identity which attempts to transfigure these “damages” through the efforts of coming-to-terms with history. While this point of view has already been shared by other critics (such as Feria 1991 or Dalisay 1998:145), the author’s contribution lies in presenting re/membering to describe a specific type of articulation which neither permits one to deny wounds of the past nor stagnate in them. Moreover, re/membering allows one to understand continuous re-articulations of “new” identities (due to current migration), while putting an “arbitrary closure” (Hall) to simplistic re-articulations which may only further the “lines of tendential forces” (such as black or brown skin bias) or hegemonic practices. Written as such (with a slash),“re/membering” encapsulates the following three-fold meaning: (1) a “re-membering”, to indicate “a putting together of the dismembered past to make sense of the trauma of the present” (Bhabha 1994:63); as (2) a “re-membering” or a re-integration into a group and; as (3) “remembering” which implies possessing “memory or … set [ting] off in search of a memory” (Ricoeur 2004:4). As a morphological unit, “re/membering” designates, the ways in which Filipino authors try to articulate cultural identity through the routes of colonisation, migration and dictatorship. The authors studied in this thesis include: Carlos Bulosan, Bienvenido Santos, N.V.M. Gonzalez, Nick Joaquin, Frank Sionil José, Ninotchka Rosca, Jessica Hagedorn, and Merlinda Bobis. Sixty-years separate Bulosan’s America is in the Heart (1943) from Hagedorn’s Dream Jungle (2003). Analysis of these works reveals how articulation is both difficult and hopeful. On the one hand, authors criticize the lack of efforts and seriousness towards articulation of cultural identity as re/membering (coming to terms with the past, fostering belonging and cultivating memory). Not only is re/membering challenged by double-consciousness (Du Bois 1994), dismemberment and forgetting, moreover, its necessity is likewise hard to recognize because of pain, trauma, phenomena of splitting, escapist attitudes and preferences for a “comfortable captivity”. On the other hand, re/membering can also be described as hopeful by the way authors themselves make use of literature to articulate identity through research, dialogue, time, reconciliation and re-creation. Although painstaking and difficult, re/membering is important and necessary because what is at stake is an articulated Philippine cultural identity. However, who would be prepared to make the effort? ------ Cette thèse démontre que, pour les auteurs philippins, l’articulation ou « re/membering » l'identité culturelle, est nécessaire. Le chercheur s'appuie principalement sur la théorie de Stuart Hall, qui perçoit l'identité culturelle comme une articulation qui permet de considérer l’homme assujetti capable aussi d'agir contre des pouvoirs (cf. Grossberg 1996 [1986]: 157). Appliquée au contexte philippin, cet auteur soutient que, au lieu de la visualisation d'une identité fragmentée apparente comme un obstacle à une « définition » de l'identité culturelle, elle regarde l’histoire philippine «abîmée» (Fallows 1987) comme le matériel même qui permet l'articulation d’identité. Au lieu de réduire l'identité culturelle d'un peuple à ce qu’ ils auraint pû être avant les interventions de l’histoire, elle met en avant une vision de l'identité qui cherche à transfigurer ces "dommages" par un travail d’acceptation avec l'histoire. Bien que ce point de vue a déjà été partagé par d'autres critiques (tels que Feria 1991 ou Dalisay 1998:145), la contribution de l'auteur réside dans la présentation de « re/membering » pour décrire un type d'articulation sans refouler les plaies du passé, mais sans stagner en elles non plus. De plus, « re/membering » permet de comprendre de futures articulations de « nouvelles » identités culturelles (en raison de la migration en cours), tout en mettant une «fermeture arbitraire» (Hall) aux ré-articulations simplistes qui ne font que promouvoir des “lines of tendential forces” (Hall) (tels que des préjugés sur la couleur brune ou noire de peau) ou des pratiques hégémoniques. Rédigé en tant que telle (avec /), « re/membering » comporte une triple signification: (1) une «re-membering », pour indiquer une mise ensemble d’un passé fragmenté pour donner un sens au traumatisme du présent (cf. Bhabha, 1994:63); (2) une «re-membering» ou une ré-intégration dans un groupe et finalement, comme (3)"remembering", qui suppose la possession de mémoire ou une recherche d'une mémoire »(Ricoeur 2004:4). Comme unité morphologique, « re/membering » désigne la manière dont les auteurs philippins tentent d'articuler l'identité culturelle à travers les routes de la colonisation, les migrations et la dictature. Les auteurs inclus dans cette thèse sont: Carlos Bulosan, Bienvenido Santos, NVM Gonzalez, Nick Joaquin, Frank Sionil José, Ninotchka Rosca, Jessica Hagedorn, et Merlinda Bobis. Soixante ans séparent America is in the Heart (1943) du Bulosan et le Dream Jungle (2003) du Hagedorn. L'analyse de ces œuvres révèle la façon dont l'articulation est à la fois difficile et pleine d'espoir. D'une part, les auteurs critiquent le manque d'efforts envers l'articulation en tant que « re/membering » (confrontation avec le passé, reconnaissance de l'appartenance et cultivation de la mémoire). Non seulement est « re/membering » heurté par le double conscience (Du Bois 1994), le démembrement et l'oubli, en outre, sa nécessité est également difficile à reconnaître en raison de la douleur, les traumatismes, les phénomènes de scission, les attitudes et les préférences d'évasion pour une captivité "confortable" . En même temps, « re/membering » peut également être décrit comme plein d'espoir par la façon dont les auteurs eux-mêmes utilisent la littérature pour articuler l'identité à travers la recherche, le dialogue, la durée, la réconciliation et la re-création. Bien que laborieux et difficile, « re/membering » est important et nécessaire car ce qui est en jeu, c'est une identité culturelle articulée des Philippines. Mais qui serait prêt à l'effort?

本研究透過針對台東縣都蘭社群建造傳統竹筏所記載的民族誌，探索該社群在政府授權的美麗灣民間興建營運後轉移模式(BOT)發展案中的角色與互動。研究內容包括了(1)對民間興建營運後轉移之模式的總體回顧，以及美麗灣此個案的評估。(2)在地阿美族社群對發展計畫反對的詳細論述。(3)在替代發展方案上的建議。我的田野調查包含了在社群集會與示威抗議活動上的參與觀察，但調查的重心則立基於一條阿美竹筏建造與出海的過程。本文的結論提供了一套能夠兼顧在地居民互動及外來廠商利益的發展方案，旨在透過融合相關各方的觀點以圖能夠減少衝突並促進共同利益。 / This research explores the dimensions and interactions of the Amis community under the Miramar Resort (MR) Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) development project authorized by the local county government through an ethnographic approach on the construction of a traditional bamboo raft in the township of Dulan, Taitung, Taiwan. The content of this study includes (1) A status review of the BOT policy in general and the MR development project in particular, (2) A detailed account of the local Amis community’s opposition to the project, and (3) Suggestion on alternative methods of land management. My fieldwork includes participant observation in the context of seminar meetings and activist demonstrations. However the centerpiece of the research at Dulan revolves around my personal participation in the construction of an Amis traditional bamboo raft and its launching into the ocean. Conclusions offer alternative ways for the development of an area that is interactive with indigenous peoples and outside commercial interests. The perspective taken is aimed at alleviating conflict through incorporating the views of stakeholders in the best interests of all parties involved.

Dans la Chine du IIIè siècle, les mutations politiques et intellectuelles considérables survenues après l’effondrement des Han favorisent l’éveil d’une conscience inédite de l’individu, ainsi que l’émergence de nouvelles tendances philosophiques (le néo-taoïsme de l’Étude du Mystère) et l’apparition d’une activité artistique en rupture avec la tradition qui s’est imposée durant quatre siècles d’hégémonie confucéenne. La musique, qui occupe une place d’élection dans la vie des lettrés, voit évoluer le statut et la pratique auxquels elle était jusqu’alors confinée, l’outil moralisateur au service de la concorde sociale s’affirmant désormais comme une distraction libre et privée, affranchie de ses finalités politiques et civilisatrices. Notre travail prend pour objet les conceptions de la musique qui ont vu le jour dans ce contexte de l’avènement esthétique et d’une valorisation sans précédent des émotions individuelles. En nous concentrant plus particulièrement sur Ruan Ji 阮籍 (210-263) et Ji Kang 嵇康 (223-262), figures de proue de la pléiade des Sept Sages de la Forêt de Bambous et éminents poètes, philosophes et musiciens, nous avons cherché à étudier la réflexion esthétique qui s’élabore dans leurs écrits autour des questions de l’origine et la nature de la musique, de ses fonctions morales et sociales, de son utilisation politique ou macrobiotique, de ses vertus éthiques ou diététiques, ou encore de son lien aux émotions. L’analyse textuelle est complétée par celle de pratiques ou de gestes musicaux : le sifflement chez Ruan Ji, la cithare chez Ji Kang, qui donnent corps aux discours et illustrent leur mise en œuvre concrète dans la vie de ces auteurs. De sorte que l’esthétique ne se définit plus seulement comme un discours, mais aussi comme un ethos, et que l’effort d’affranchissement de la musique est contemporain d’une d’émancipation des sujets mêmes de l’expérience esthétique. / In third-century China, the huge political and intellectual mutations occurring after the collapse of the Han dynasty result in the awakening of a new self-consciousness of man and the emergence of new philosophical trends (the so called Dark Learning), or also an artistic activity breaking off with four centuries of Confucian orthodoxy. Music, which occupies a privileged position in the life of literati, evolves as well, as far as its traditional status and practice are both concerned. No more considered a tool of moralization for the sake of civilized order or social harmony, it becomes a private and free distraction, emancipated from political or any other pragmatic purpose. The conceptions of music appearing in this context of nascent aesthetics provide the subject matter of our research. Focusing on Ruan Ji 阮籍 (210-263) and Ji Kang 嵇康 (223-262), two leading figures of the well-known literati group “the Seven Sages of the bamboo grove” who were also famous poets, thinkers and musicians, we attempt to examine their aesthetic thought throughout their main writings on music, concerning issues such as the origins and nature of music, its moral or social functions, its political or macrobiotic use, its ethical or dietetic virtues, and also its relation to man’s emotions. The textual analysis is completed by the study of musical practices or gestures (Ruan Ji’s whistling, Ji Kang’s playing the zither), that illustrate the effective application of their ideas in concrete life. Therefore, aesthetics does not only consist in a mere discourse, but becomes a kind of ethos, in which the emancipation of music is inseparable from that of the individual himself, through his aesthetic experience.

Extensive deforestations, particularly in the (sub)tropics, have led to intense soil degradation and erosion with concomitant reduction in soil fertility. Reforestations or plantations on those degraded sites may provide effective measures to mitigate further soil degradation and erosion, and can lead to improved soil quality. However, a change in land use from, e.g., grassland to forest may have a crucial impact on water balance. This may affect water availability even under humid tropical climate conditions where water is normally not a limiting factor. In this context, it should also be considered that according to climate change projections rainfall may decrease in some of these regions. To mitigate climate change related problems (e.g. increases in erosion and drought), reforestations are often carried out. Unfortunately, those measures are seldom completely successful, because the environmental conditions and the plant specific requirements are not appropriately taken into account. This is often due to data-scarcity and limited financial resources in tropical regions. For this reason, innovative approaches are required that are able to measure environmental conditions quasi-continuously in a cost-effective manner. Simultaneously, reforestation measures should be accompanied by monitoring in order to evaluate reforestation success and to mitigate, or at least to reduce, potential problems associated with reforestation (e.g. water scarcity). To avoid reforestation failure and negative implications on ecosystem services, it is crucial to get insights into the water balance of the actual ecosystem, and potential changes resulting from reforestation. The identification and prediction of water balance changes as a result of reforestation under climate change requires the consideration of the complex feedback system of processes in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. Models that account for those feedback system are Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models. For the before-mentioned reasons, this study targeted two main objectives: (i) to develop and test a method combination for site evaluation under data scarcity (i.e. study requirements) (Part I) and (ii) to investigate the consequences of prediction uncertainty of the SVAT model input parameters, which were derived using geophysical methods, on SVAT modeling (Part II). A water balance modeling approach was set at the center of the site evaluation approach. This study used the one-dimensional CoupModel, which is a SVAT model. CoupModel requires detailed spatial soil information for (i) model parameterization, (ii) upscaling of model results and accounting for local to regional-scale soil heterogeneity, and (iii) monitoring of changes in soil properties and plant characteristics over time. Since traditional approaches to soil and vegetation sampling and monitoring are time consuming and expensive (and therefore often limited to point information), geophysical methods were used to overcome this spatial limitation. For this reason, vis-NIR spectroscopy (visible to near-infrared wavelength range) was applied for the measurement of soil properties (physical and chemical), and remote sensing to derive vegetation characteristics (i.e. leaf area index (LAI)). Since the estimated soil properties (mainly texture) could be used to parameterize a SVAT model, this study investigated the whole processing chain and related prediction uncertainty of soil texture and LAI, and their impact on CoupModel water balance prediction uncertainty. A greenhouse experiment with bamboo plants was carried out to determine plant-physiological characteristics needed for CoupModel parameterization. Geoelectrics was used to investigate soil layering, with the intent of determining site-representative soil profiles for model parameterization. Soil structure was investigated using image analysis techniques that allow the quantitative assessment and comparability of structural features. In order to meet the requirements of the selected study approach, the developed methodology was applied and tested for a site in NE-Brazil (which has low data availability) with a bamboo plantation as the test site and a secondary forest as the reference (reference site). Nevertheless, the objective of the thesis was not the concrete modeling of the case study site, but rather the evaluation of the suitability of the selected methods to evaluate sites for reforestations and to monitor their influence on the water balance as well as soil properties. The results (Part III) highlight that one needs to be aware of the measurement uncertainty related to SVAT model input parameters, so for instance the uncertainty of model input parameters such as soil texture and leaf area index influences meaningfully the simulated model water balance output. Furthermore, this work indicates that vis-NIR spectroscopy is a fast and cost-efficient method for soil measurement, mapping, and monitoring of soil physical (texture) and chemical (N, TOC, TIC, TC) properties, where the quality of soil prediction depends on the instrument (e.g. sensor resolution), the sample properties (i.e. chemistry), and the site characteristics (i.e. climate). Additionally, also the sensitivity of the CoupModel with respect to texture prediction uncertainty with respect to surface runoff, transpiration, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and soil water content depends on site conditions (i.e. climate and soil type). For this reason, it is recommended that SVAT model sensitivity analysis be carried out prior to field spectroscopic measurements to account for site specific climate and soil conditions. Nevertheless, mapping of the soil properties estimated via spectroscopy using kriging resulted in poor interpolation (i.e. weak variograms) results as a consequence of a summation of uncertainty arising from the method of field measurement to mapping (i.e. spectroscopic soil prediction, kriging error) and site-specific ‘small-scale’ heterogeneity. The selected soil evaluation method (vis-NIR spectroscopy, structure comparison using image analysis, traditional laboratory analysis) showed that there are significant differences between the bamboo soil and the adjacent secondary forest soil established on the same soil type (Vertisol). Reflecting on the major study results, it can be stated that the selected method combination is a way forward to a more detailed and efficient way to evaluate the suitability of a specific site for reforestation. The results of this study provide insights into where and when during soil and vegetation measurements a high measurement accuracy is required to minimize uncertainties in SVAT modeling.:I. Development of method combination for site evaluation for reforestations in data-scarce regions .... 23 2. Motivation, objectives and study approach .... 24 2.1. Introduction and study motivation .... 24 2.1.1. Research objectives and hypotheses ..... 27 2.1.2. Study approach ..... 28 3. Site selection and characterization procedure .... 32 3.1. On large scale – landscape segmentation .... 32 3.2. On local scale - case study site selection and characterization .... 34 3.2.1. Available data and characterization of identified case study site .... 34 3.2.2. Spatial distribution of soil properties - soil structure, bulk density and porosity .... 37 4. Eco-hydrological modeling - deriving plant-physiological model parameters .... 50 4.1. Introduction .... 50 4.2. Motivation and objectives ..... 52 4.3. Methods ... 53 4.3.1. Design of greenhouse experiment .... 53 4.3.2. Derivation of climate time-series .... 56 4.3.3. Plant variables and response to water availability .... 59 4.4. Results and discussion .... 62 4.4.1. Soil sample analysis .... 62 4.4.2. Measured time-series .... 63 4.4.3. Plant response to drought stress ..... 67 4.4.4. Water balance approach and estimated time-series of plant transpiration .... 71 4.4.5. Derived SVAT model plant input parameter .... 73 5. Near-surface geophysics .... 75 5.1. Vis-NIR spectroscopy of soils .... 76 5.1.1. Methods and materials .... 77 5.1.2. Results and discussion .... 79 5.2. Geoelectrics ..... 88 5.2.1. Methods and materials .... 89 5.2.2. Results and discussion .... 94 6. Remote sensing of vegetation .... 102 6.1. Introduction .... 102 6.2. Methods and materials .... 103 6.2.1. RapidEye images and ATCOR description .... 103 6.2.2. Satellite image preparation and atmospheric correction .... 104 6.2.3. LAI field measurement and computation of vegetation indices .... 105 6.2.4. Establishment of empirical LAI retrieval model .... 106 6.3. Results and discussion .... 108 6.3.1. Vegetation index ranking .... 108 II. Uncertainty analysis of model input parameters from geophysical data .... 110 7. Deriving soil properties - vis-NIR spectroscopy technique .... 111 7.1. Motivation .... 111 7.2. Materials and methods .... 113 7.2.1. Study sites .... 113 7.2.2. Samples used for uncertainty analysis .... 114 7.2.3. Vis-NIR spectral measurement, chemometric spectral data transformation and spectroscopic modeling .... 116 7.2.4. Assessment statistics .... 118 7.2.5. Inter-instrument calibration model transferability for soil monitoring .... 119 7.2.6. Analysis of SVAT model sensitivity to soil texture .... 121 7.3. Results and discussion .... 124 7.3.1. Effect of pre-processing transformation methods on prediction accuracy .... 124 7.3.2. Effect of spectral resampling .... 125 7.3.3. Accuracy of soil property prediction .... 127 7.3.4. Spectrometer comparison .... 133 7.3.5. Inter-instrument transferability .... 134 7.3.6. Precision of spectroscopic predictions in the context of SVAT modeling ....139 7.4. Conclusion .... 146 8. Deriving vegetation properties - remote sensing techniques .... 149 8.1. Motivation .... 149 8.2. Materials and methods .... 150 8.2.1. Study site .... 150 8.2.2. RapidEye images .... 150 8.2.3. Satellite image preparation .... 152 8.2.4. Atmospheric correction with parameter variation .... 152 8.2.5. Investigation of two successive images .... 154 8.2.6. LAI field measurement and computation of vegetation indices .... 155 8.2.7. Establishment of empirical LAI retrieval model .... 155 8.2.8. Sensitivity of SVAT model to LAI uncertainty .... 157 8.3. Results and discussion .... 157 8.3.1. Influence of atmospheric correction on RapidEye bands .... 158 8.3.2. Uncertainty of LAI field measurements and empirical relationship .... 161 8.3.3. Influence of ATCOR parameterization on LAI estimation .... 161 8.3.4. LAI variability within one image .... 167 8.3.5. LAI differences within the overlapping area of successive images recorded on the same date .... 171 8.3.6. Evaluation of LAI uncertainty in context of SVAT modeling ... 174 8.4. Conclusion .... 176 III. Synthesis .... 178 9. Summary of results and conclusions .... 179 10. Perspectives .... 185 / Umfangreiche Abholzungen, besonders in den (Sub-)Tropen, habe zu intensiver Bodendegradierung und Erosion mit einhergehendem Verlust der Bodenfruchtbarkeit geführt. Eine wirksame Maßnahme zur Vermeidung fortschreitender Bodendegradierung und Erosion sind Aufforstungen auf diesen Flächen, die bisweilen zu einer verbesserten Bodenqualität führen können. Eine Umwandlung von Grünland zu Wald kann jedoch einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Wasserhaushalt haben. Selbst unter humid-tropischen Klimabedingungen, wo Wasser in der Regel kein begrenzender Faktor ist, können sich Aufforstungen negativ auf die Wasserverfügbarkeit auswirken. In diesem Zusammenhang muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass Klimamodelle eine Abnahme der Niederschläge in einigen dieser Regionen prognostizieren. Um die Probleme, die mit dem Klimawandel in Verbindung stehen zu mildern (z.B. Zunahme von Erosion und Dürreperioden), wurden und werden bereits umfangreiche Aufforstungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt. Viele dieser Maßnahmen waren nicht immer umfassend erfolgreich, weil die Umgebungsbedingungen sowie die pflanzenspezifischen Anforderungen nicht angemessen berücksichtigt wurden. Dies liegt häufig an der schlechten Datengrundlage sowie an den in vielen Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern begrenzter verfügbarer finanzieller Mittel. Aus diesem Grund werden innovative Ansätze benötigt, die in der Lage sind quasi-kontinuierlich und kostengünstig die Standortbedingungen zu erfassen und zu bewerten. Gleichzeitig sollte eine Überwachung der Wiederaufforstungsmaßnahme erfolgen, um deren Erfolg zu bewerten und potentielle negative Effekte (z.B. Wasserknappheit) zu erkennen und diesen entgegenzuwirken bzw. reduzieren zu können. Um zu vermeiden, dass Wiederaufforstungen fehlschlagen oder negative Auswirkungen auf die Ökosystemdienstleistungen haben, ist es entscheidend, Kenntnisse vom tatsächlichen Wasserhaushalt des Ökosystems zu erhalten und Änderungen des Wasserhaushalts durch Wiederaufforstungen vorhersagen zu können. Die Ermittlung und Vorhersage von Wasserhaushaltsänderungen infolge einer Aufforstung unter Berücksichtigung des Klimawandels erfordert die Berücksichtigung komplex-verzahnter Rückkopplungsprozesse im Boden-Vegetations-Atmosphären Kontinuum. Hydrologische Modelle, die explizit den Einfluss der Vegetation auf den Wasserhaushalt untersuchen sind Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) Modelle. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgte zwei Hauptziele: (i) die Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Methodenkombination zur Standortbewertung unter Datenknappheit (d.h. Grundanforderung des Ansatzes) (Teil I) und (ii) die Untersuchung des Einflusses der mit geophysikalischen Methoden vorhergesagten SVAT-Modeleingangsparameter (d.h. Vorhersageunsicherheiten) auf die Modellierung (Teil II). Eine Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung wurde in den Mittelpunkt der Methodenkombination gesetzt. In dieser Studie wurde das 1D SVAT Model CoupModel verwendet. CoupModel benötigen detaillierte räumliche Bodeninformationen (i) zur Modellparametrisierung, (ii) zum Hochskalierung von Modellergebnissen unter Berücksichtigung lokaler und regionaler Bodenheterogenität, und (iii) zur Beobachtung (Monitoring) der zeitlichen Veränderungen des Bodens und der Vegetation. Traditionelle Ansätze zur Messung von Boden- und Vegetationseigenschaften und deren Monitoring sind jedoch zeitaufwendig, teuer und beschränken sich daher oft auf Punktinformationen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Überwindung der räumlichen Einschränkung sind die Nutzung geophysikalischer Methoden. Aus diesem Grund wurden vis-NIR Spektroskopie (sichtbarer bis nah-infraroter Wellenlängenbereich) zur quasi-kontinuierlichen Messung von physikalischer und chemischer Bodeneigenschaften und Satelliten-basierte Fernerkundung zur Ableitung von Vegetationscharakteristika (d.h. Blattflächenindex (BFI)) eingesetzt. Da die mit geophysikalisch hergeleiteten Bodenparameter (hier Bodenart) und Pflanzenparameter zur Parametrisierung eines SVAT Models verwendet werden können, wurde die gesamte Prozessierungskette und die damit verbundenen Unsicherheiten und deren potentiellen Auswirkungen auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel untersucht. Ein Gewächshausexperiment mit Bambuspflanzen wurde durchgeführt, um die zur CoupModel Parametrisierung notwendigen pflanzenphysio- logischen Parameter zu bestimmen. Geoelektrik wurde eingesetzt, um die Bodenschichtung der Untersuchungsfläche zu untersuchen und ein repräsentatives Bodenprofil zur Modellierung zu definieren. Die Bodenstruktur wurde unter Verwendung einer Bildanalysetechnik ausgewertet, die die qualitativen Bewertung und Vergleichbarkeit struktureller Merkmale ermöglicht. Um den Anforderungen des gewählten Standortbewertungsansatzes gerecht zu werden, wurde die Methodik auf einem Standort mit einer Bambusplantage und einem Sekundärregenwald (als Referenzfläche) in NO-Brasilien (d.h. geringe Datenverfügbarkeit) entwickelt und getestet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war jedoch nicht die Modellierung dieses konkreten Standortes, sondern die Bewertung der Eignung des gewählten Methodenansatzes zur Standortbewertung für Aufforstungen und deren zeitliche Beobachtung, als auch die Bewertung des Einfluss von Aufforstungen auf den Wasserhaushalt und die Bodenqualität. Die Ergebnisse (Teil III) verdeutlichen, dass es notwendig ist, sich den potentiellen Einfluss der Messunsicherheiten der SVAT Modelleingangsparameter auf die Modellierung bewusst zu sein. Beispielsweise zeigte sich, dass die Vorhersageunsicherheiten der Bodentextur und des BFI einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel hatte. Die Arbeit zeigt weiterhin, dass vis-NIR Spektroskopie zur schnellen und kostengünstigen Messung, Kartierung und Überwachung boden-physikalischer (Bodenart) und -chemischer (N, TOC, TIC, TC) Eigenschaften geeignet ist. Die Qualität der Bodenvorhersage hängt vom Instrument (z.B. Sensorauflösung), den Probeneigenschaften (z.B. chemische Zusammensetzung) und den Standortmerkmalen (z.B. Klima) ab. Die Sensitivitätsanalyse mit CoupModel zeigte, dass der Einfluss der spektralen Bodenartvorhersageunsicherheiten auf den mit CoupModel simulierten Oberflächenabfluss, Evaporation, Transpiration und Evapotranspiration ebenfalls von den Standortbedingungen (z.B. Klima, Bodentyp) abhängt. Aus diesem Grund wird empfohlen eine SVAT Model Sensitivitätsanalyse vor der spektroskopischen Feldmessung von Bodenparametern durchzuführen, um die Standort-spezifischen Boden- und Klimabedingungen angemessen zu berücksichtigen. Die Anfertigung einer Bodenkarte unter Verwendung von Kriging führte zu schlechten Interpolationsergebnissen in Folge der Aufsummierung von Mess- und Schätzunsicherheiten (d.h. bei spektroskopischer Feldmessung, Kriging-Fehler) und der kleinskaligen Bodenheterogenität. Anhand des gewählten Bodenbewertungsansatzes (vis-NIR Spektroskopie, Strukturvergleich mit Bildanalysetechnik, traditionelle Laboranalysen) konnte gezeigt werden, dass es bei gleichem Bodentyp (Vertisol) signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Böden unter Bambus und Sekundärwald gibt. Anhand der wichtigsten Ergebnisse kann festgehalten werden, dass die gewählte Methodenkombination zur detailreicheren und effizienteren Standortuntersuchung und -bewertung für Aufforstungen beitragen kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie geben einen Einblick darauf, wo und wann bei Boden- und Vegetationsmessungen eine besonders hohe Messgenauigkeit erforderlich ist, um Unsicherheiten bei der SVAT Modellierung zu minimieren.:I. Development of method combination for site evaluation for reforestations in data-scarce regions .... 23 2. Motivation, objectives and study approach .... 24 2.1. Introduction and study motivation .... 24 2.1.1. Research objectives and hypotheses ..... 27 2.1.2. Study approach ..... 28 3. Site selection and characterization procedure .... 32 3.1. On large scale – landscape segmentation .... 32 3.2. On local scale - case study site selection and characterization .... 34 3.2.1. Available data and characterization of identified case study site .... 34 3.2.2. Spatial distribution of soil properties - soil structure, bulk density and porosity .... 37 4. Eco-hydrological modeling - deriving plant-physiological model parameters .... 50 4.1. Introduction .... 50 4.2. Motivation and objectives ..... 52 4.3. Methods ... 53 4.3.1. Design of greenhouse experiment .... 53 4.3.2. Derivation of climate time-series .... 56 4.3.3. Plant variables and response to water availability .... 59 4.4. Results and discussion .... 62 4.4.1. Soil sample analysis .... 62 4.4.2. Measured time-series .... 63 4.4.3. Plant response to drought stress ..... 67 4.4.4. Water balance approach and estimated time-series of plant transpiration .... 71 4.4.5. Derived SVAT model plant input parameter .... 73 5. Near-surface geophysics .... 75 5.1. Vis-NIR spectroscopy of soils .... 76 5.1.1. Methods and materials .... 77 5.1.2. Results and discussion .... 79 5.2. Geoelectrics ..... 88 5.2.1. Methods and materials .... 89 5.2.2. Results and discussion .... 94 6. Remote sensing of vegetation .... 102 6.1. Introduction .... 102 6.2. Methods and materials .... 103 6.2.1. RapidEye images and ATCOR description .... 103 6.2.2. Satellite image preparation and atmospheric correction .... 104 6.2.3. LAI field measurement and computation of vegetation indices .... 105 6.2.4. Establishment of empirical LAI retrieval model .... 106 6.3. Results and discussion .... 108 6.3.1. Vegetation index ranking .... 108 II. Uncertainty analysis of model input parameters from geophysical data .... 110 7. Deriving soil properties - vis-NIR spectroscopy technique .... 111 7.1. Motivation .... 111 7.2. Materials and methods .... 113 7.2.1. Study sites .... 113 7.2.2. Samples used for uncertainty analysis .... 114 7.2.3. Vis-NIR spectral measurement, chemometric spectral data transformation and spectroscopic modeling .... 116 7.2.4. Assessment statistics .... 118 7.2.5. Inter-instrument calibration model transferability for soil monitoring .... 119 7.2.6. Analysis of SVAT model sensitivity to soil texture .... 121 7.3. Results and discussion .... 124 7.3.1. Effect of pre-processing transformation methods on prediction accuracy .... 124 7.3.2. Effect of spectral resampling .... 125 7.3.3. Accuracy of soil property prediction .... 127 7.3.4. Spectrometer comparison .... 133 7.3.5. Inter-instrument transferability .... 134 7.3.6. Precision of spectroscopic predictions in the context of SVAT modeling ....139 7.4. Conclusion .... 146 8. Deriving vegetation properties - remote sensing techniques .... 149 8.1. Motivation .... 149 8.2. Materials and methods .... 150 8.2.1. Study site .... 150 8.2.2. RapidEye images .... 150 8.2.3. Satellite image preparation .... 152 8.2.4. Atmospheric correction with parameter variation .... 152 8.2.5. Investigation of two successive images .... 154 8.2.6. LAI field measurement and computation of vegetation indices .... 155 8.2.7. Establishment of empirical LAI retrieval model .... 155 8.2.8. Sensitivity of SVAT model to LAI uncertainty .... 157 8.3. Results and discussion .... 157 8.3.1. Influence of atmospheric correction on RapidEye bands .... 158 8.3.2. Uncertainty of LAI field measurements and empirical relationship .... 161 8.3.3. Influence of ATCOR parameterization on LAI estimation .... 161 8.3.4. LAI variability within one image .... 167 8.3.5. LAI differences within the overlapping area of successive images recorded on the same date .... 171 8.3.6. Evaluation of LAI uncertainty in context of SVAT modeling ... 174 8.4. Conclusion .... 176 III. Synthesis .... 178 9. Summary of results and conclusions .... 179 10. Perspectives .... 185 / Extensos desmatamentos que estão sendo feitos especialmente nos trópicos e sub-trópicos resultam em uma intensa degradação do solo e num aumento da erosão gerando assim uma redução na sua fertilidade. Reflorestamentos ou plantações nestas áreas degradadas podem ser medidas eficazes para atenuar esses problemas e levar a uma melhoria da qualidade do mesmo. No entanto, uma mudança no uso da terra, por exemplo de pastagem para floresta pode ter um impacto crucial no balanço hídrico e isso pode afetar a disponibilidade de água, mesmo sob condições de clima tropical úmido, onde a água normalmente não é um fator limitante. Devemos levar também em consideração que de acordo com projeções de mudanças climáticas, as precipitações em algumas dessas regiões também diminuirão agravando assim, ainda mais o quadro apresentado. Para mitigar esses problemas relacionados com as alterações climáticas, reflorestamentos são frequentemente realizados mas raramente são bem-sucedidos, pois condições ambientais como os requisitos específicos de cada espécie de planta, não são devidamente levados em consideração. Isso é muitas vezes devido, não só pela falta de dados, como também por recursos financeiros limitados, que são problemas comuns em regiões tropicais. Por esses motivos, são necessárias abordagens inovadoras que devam ser capazes de medir as condições ambientais quase continuamente e de maneira rentável. Simultaneamente com o reflorestamento, deve ser feita uma monitoração a fim de avaliar o sucesso da atividade e para prevenir, ou pelo menos, reduzir os problemas potenciais associados com o mesmo (por exemplo, a escassez de água). Para se evitar falhas e reduzir implicações negativas sobre os ecossistemas, é crucial obter percepções sobre o real balanço hídrico e as mudanças que seriam geradas por esse reflorestamento. Por este motivo, esta tese teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas adequadas para reflorestamento. Com esse intuito, foi colocada no centro da abordagem de avaliação a modelagem do balanço hídrico local, que permite a identificação e estimação de possíveis alterações causadas pelo reflorestamento sob mudança climática considerando o sistema complexo de realimentação e a interação de processos do continuum solo-vegetação-atmosfera. Esses modelos hidrológicos que investigam explicitamente a influência da vegetação no equilíbrio da água são conhecidos como modelos Solo-Vegetação-Atmosfera (SVAT). Esta pesquisa focou em dois objetivos principais: (i) desenvolvimento e teste de uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas que sofrem com a escassez de dados (pré-requisito do estudo) (Parte I), e (ii) a investigação das consequências da incerteza nos parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT, provenientes de dados geofísicos, para modelagem hídrica (Parte II). A fim de satisfazer esses objetivos, o estudo foi feito no nordeste brasileiro,por representar uma área de grande escassez de dados, utilizando como base uma plantação de bambu e uma área de floresta secundária. Uma modelagem do balanço hídrico foi disposta no centro da metodologia para a avaliação de áreas. Este estudo utilizou o CoupModel que é um modelo SVAT unidimensional e que requer informações espaciais detalhadas do solo para (i) a parametrização do modelo, (ii) aumento da escala dos resultados da modelagem, considerando a heterogeneidade do solo de escala local para regional e (iii) o monitoramento de mudanças nas propriedades do solo e características da vegetação ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, as abordagens tradicionais para amostragem de solo e de vegetação e o monitoramento são demorados e caros e portanto muitas vezes limitadas a informações pontuais. Por esta razão, métodos geofísicos como a espectroscopia visível e infravermelho próximo (vis-NIR) e sensoriamento remoto foram utilizados respectivamente para a medição de propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e para derivar as características da vegetação baseado no índice da área foliar (IAF). Como as propriedades estimadas de solo (principalmente a textura) poderiam ser usadas para parametrizar um modelo SVAT, este estudo investigou toda a cadeia de processamento e as incertezas de previsão relacionadas à textura de solo e ao IAF. Além disso explorou o impacto destas incertezas criadas sobre a previsão do balanço hídrico simulado por CoupModel. O método geoelétrico foi aplicado para investigar a estratificação do solo visando a determinação de um perfil representante. Já a sua estrutura foi explorada usando uma técnica de análise de imagens que permitiu a avaliação quantitativa e a comparabilidade dos aspectos estruturais. Um experimento realizado em uma estufa com plantas de bambu (Bambusa vulgaris) foi criado a fim de determinar as caraterísticas fisiológicas desta espécie que posteriormente seriam utilizadas como parâmetros para o CoupModel. Os resultados do estudo (Parte III) destacam que é preciso estar consciente das incertezas relacionadas à medição de parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT. A incerteza presente em alguns parâmetros de entrada como por exemplo, textura de solo e o IAF influencia significantemente a modelagem do balanço hídrico. Mesmo assim, esta pesquisa indica que vis-NIR espectroscopia é um método rápido e economicamente viável para medir, mapear e monitorar as propriedades físicas (textura) e químicas (N, TOC, TIC, TC) do solo. A precisão da previsão dessas propriedades depende do tipo de instrumento (por exemplo da resolução do sensor), da propriedade da amostra (a composição química por exemplo) e das características das condições climáticas da área. Os resultados apontam também que a sensitividade do CoupModel à incerteza da previsão da textura de solo em respeito ao escoamento superficial, transpiração, evaporação, evapotranspiração e ao conteúdo de água no solo depende das condições gerais da área (por exemplo condições climáticas e tipo de solo). Por isso, é recomendado realizar uma análise de sensitividade do modelo SVAT prior a medição espectral do solo no campo, para poder considerar adequadamente as condições especificas do área em relação ao clima e ao solo. Além disso, o mapeamento de propriedades de solo previstas pela espectroscopia usando o kriging, resultou em interpolações de baixa qualidade (variogramas fracos) como consequência da acumulação de incertezas surgidas desde a medição no campo até o seu mapeamento (ou seja, previsão do solo via espectroscopia, erro do kriging) e heterogeneidade especifica de uma pequena escala. Osmétodos selecionados para avaliação das áreas (vis-NIR espectroscopia, comparação da estrutura de solo por meio de análise de imagens, análise de laboratório tradicionais) revelou a existência de diferenças significativas entre o solo sob bambu e o sob floresta secundária, apesar de ambas terem sido estabelecidas no mesmo tipo de solo (vertissolo). Refletindo sobre os principais resultados do estudo, pode-se afirmar que a combinação dos métodos escolhidos e aplicados representam uma forma mais detalhada e eficaz de avaliar se uma determinada área é adequada para ser reflorestada. Os resultados apresentados fornecem percepções sobre onde e quando, durante a medição do solo e da vegetação, é necessário se ter uma precisão mais alta a fim de minimizar incertezas potenciais na modelagem com o modelo SVAT.:I. Development of method combination for site evaluation for reforestations in data-scarce regions .... 23 2. Motivation, objectives and study approach .... 24 2.1. Introduction and study motivation .... 24 2.1.1. Research objectives and hypotheses ..... 27 2.1.2. Study approach ..... 28 3. Site selection and characterization procedure .... 32 3.1. On large scale – landscape segmentation .... 32 3.2. On local scale - case study site selection and characterization .... 34 3.2.1. Available data and characterization of identified case study site .... 34 3.2.2. Spatial distribution of soil properties - soil structure, bulk density and porosity .... 37 4. Eco-hydrological modeling - deriving plant-physiological model parameters .... 50 4.1. Introduction .... 50 4.2. Motivation and objectives ..... 52 4.3. Methods ... 53 4.3.1. Design of greenhouse experiment .... 53 4.3.2. Derivation of climate time-series .... 56 4.3.3. Plant variables and response to water availability .... 59 4.4. Results and discussion .... 62 4.4.1. Soil sample analysis .... 62 4.4.2. Measured time-series .... 63 4.4.3. Plant response to drought stress ..... 67 4.4.4. Water balance approach and estimated time-series of plant transpiration .... 71 4.4.5. Derived SVAT model plant input parameter .... 73 5. Near-surface geophysics .... 75 5.1. Vis-NIR spectroscopy of soils .... 76 5.1.1. Methods and materials .... 77 5.1.2. Results and discussion .... 79 5.2. Geoelectrics ..... 88 5.2.1. Methods and materials .... 89 5.2.2. Results and discussion .... 94 6. Remote sensing of vegetation .... 102 6.1. Introduction .... 102 6.2. Methods and materials .... 103 6.2.1. RapidEye images and ATCOR description .... 103 6.2.2. Satellite image preparation and atmospheric correction .... 104 6.2.3. LAI field measurement and computation of vegetation indices .... 105 6.2.4. Establishment of empirical LAI retrieval model .... 106 6.3. Results and discussion .... 108 6.3.1. Vegetation index ranking .... 108 II. Uncertainty analysis of model input parameters from geophysical data .... 110 7. Deriving soil properties - vis-NIR spectroscopy technique .... 111 7.1. Motivation .... 111 7.2. Materials and methods .... 113 7.2.1. Study sites .... 113 7.2.2. Samples used for uncertainty analysis .... 114 7.2.3. Vis-NIR spectral measurement, chemometric spectral data transformation and spectroscopic modeling .... 116 7.2.4. Assessment statistics .... 118 7.2.5. Inter-instrument calibration model transferability for soil monitoring .... 119 7.2.6. Analysis of SVAT model sensitivity to soil texture .... 121 7.3. Results and discussion .... 124 7.3.1. Effect of pre-processing transformation methods on prediction accuracy .... 124 7.3.2. Effect of spectral resampling .... 125 7.3.3. Accuracy of soil property prediction .... 127 7.3.4. Spectrometer comparison .... 133 7.3.5. Inter-instrument transferability .... 134 7.3.6. Precision of spectroscopic predictions in the context of SVAT modeling ....139 7.4. Conclusion .... 146 8. Deriving vegetation properties - remote sensing techniques .... 149 8.1. Motivation .... 149 8.2. Materials and methods .... 150 8.2.1. Study site .... 150 8.2.2. RapidEye images .... 150 8.2.3. Satellite image preparation .... 152 8.2.4. Atmospheric correction with parameter variation .... 152 8.2.5. Investigation of two successive images .... 154 8.2.6. LAI field measurement and computation of vegetation indices .... 155 8.2.7. Establishment of empirical LAI retrieval model .... 155 8.2.8. Sensitivity of SVAT model to LAI uncertainty .... 157 8.3. Results and discussion .... 157 8.3.1. Influence of atmospheric correction on RapidEye bands .... 158 8.3.2. Uncertainty of LAI field measurements and empirical relationship .... 161 8.3.3. Influence of ATCOR parameterization on LAI estimation .... 161 8.3.4. LAI variability within one image .... 167 8.3.5. LAI differences within the overlapping area of successive images recorded on the same date .... 171 8.3.6. Evaluation of LAI uncertainty in context of SVAT modeling ... 174 8.4. Conclusion .... 176 III. Synthesis .... 178 9. Summary of results and conclusions .... 179 10. Perspectives .... 185

När en grupp utvecklare jobbar med samma kodbas kan konflikter uppstå med avseende på implementationen av moduler eller delsystem som varje utvecklare individuellt jobbar på. Dessa konflikter måste snabbt lösas för att projektet ska fortskrida och inte stagnera. Utvecklare som sällan kommunicerar framför ofta okompatibla moduler eller delsystem som kan vara svåra eller omöjliga att integrera i kodbasen, detta leder ofta till s.k. “integration hell” där det kan ta väldigt lång tid att anpassa ny kod till en befintlig kodbas.En strategi som man kan ta till är “continuous integration”, ett arbetssätt som erbjuder en rad fördelar när man jobbar i grupp på en gemensam kodbas. Continuous integration är möjligt att tillämpa utan verktyg eftersom detta är ett arbetssätt. Däremot kan processen stödjas av ett s.k. “CI-system” som är något av en teknisk implementation eller påtagligt införlivande och stöd för arbetsmetoden “continuous integration”.Denna rapport syftar till att ge en inblick i vad ett CI-system är och vad den principiellt består av. Vi undersöker vad ett CI-system absolut måste bestå av genom en litteraturundersökning och en marknadsundersökning. Vi ställer upp dessa beståndsdelar som “funktionella” och “icke-funktionella” krav för ett typiskt CI-system. Vi kan på så vis kvantifiera och kategorisera olika komponenter och funktionaliteter som bör innefattas i ett typiskt CI-system. I denna rapport finns även ett bihang som visar hur man kommer igång med att bygga en egen CI-server mha. CI-systemmjukvaran “TeamCity”.Slutsatsen av vår rapport är att CI-system är ett viktigt redskap som kan underlätta mjukvaruutveckling. Med hjälp av CI-system kan man stödja utvecklingsprocessen genom att bl.a. förhindra integrationsproblem, automatisera vissa delar av arbetsprocessen (kompilering av källkod, testning av mjukvara, notifikation om stabilitet av kodbas och distribution av färdig mjukvara) samt snabbt hitta och lösa integrationsfel. / When a group of developers work on the same code base, conflicts may arise regarding the implementation of modules or subsystems that developers individually work on. These conflicts have to be resolved quickly in order for the project to advance at a steady pace. Developers who do not communicate changes or other necessary deviations may find themselves in a situation where new or modified modules or subsystems are impossible or very difficult to integrate into the mainline code-base. This often leads to so called “integration hell” where it could take huge amounts of time to adapt new code into the current state of the code-base. One strategy, which can be deployed to counteract this trend is called “continuous integration”. This practice offers a wide range of advantages when a group of developers collaborates on writing clean and stable code. Continuous integration can be put into practice without the use of any tools as it is a “way to do things” rather than an actual tool. With that said, it is possible to support the practice with a tangible tool called a CI-system.This study aims to give insight into the makings of a CI-system and what it fundamentally consists of and has to be able to do. A study of contemporary research reports regarding the subject and a survey was performed in order to substantiate claims and conclusions. Core characteristics of CI-systems are grouped into “functional requirements” and “non-functional requirements (quality attributes)”. By doing this, it is possible to quantify and categorize various core components and functionalities of a typical CI-system. This study also contains an attachment which provides instructions of how to get started with implementing your own CI-server using the CI-system software ”TeamCity”. The conclusion of this study is that a CI-system is an important tool that enables a more efficient software development process. By making use of CI-systems developers can refine the development process by preventing integration problems, automating some parts of the work process (build, test, feedback, deployment) and quickly finding and solving integration issues.

This dissertation examines how Philippine (or Filipino) authors emphasise the need for articulating or “re/membering” cultural identity. The researcher mainly draws from the theory of Caribbean critic, Stuart Hall, who views cultural identity as an articulation which allows “the fragmented, decentred human agent” to be considered as one who is both “subject-ed” by power but/and one who is capable of acting against those powers (Grossberg 1996 [1986]: 157, emphasis mine). Applied to the Philippine context, this writer argues that, instead of viewing an apparent fragmented Filipino identity as a hindrance to “defining” cultural identity, she views the “damaged” (Fallows 1987) Filipino history as a the material itself which allows articulation of identity. Instead of reducing the cultural identity of a people to what-they-could-have-been-had-history-not-intervened, she puts forward a vision of identity which attempts to transfigure these “damages” through the efforts of coming-to-terms with history. While this point of view has already been shared by other critics (such as Feria 1991 or Dalisay 1998:145), the author’s contribution lies in presenting re/membering to describe a specific type of articulation which neither permits one to deny wounds of the past nor stagnate in them. Moreover, re/membering allows one to understand continuous re-articulations of “new” identities (due to current migration), while putting an “arbitrary closure” (Hall) to simplistic re-articulations which may only further the “lines of tendential forces” (such as black or brown skin bias) or hegemonic practices.<p><p>Written as such (with a slash),“re/membering” encapsulates the following three-fold meaning: (1) a “re-membering”, to indicate “a putting together of the dismembered past to make sense of the trauma of the present” (Bhabha 1994:63); as (2) a “re-membering” or a re-integration into a group and; as (3) “remembering” which implies possessing “memory or … set [ting] off in search of a memory” (Ricoeur 2004:4). As a morphological unit, “re/membering” designates, the ways in which Filipino authors try to articulate cultural identity through the routes of colonisation, migration and dictatorship. <p><p>The authors studied in this thesis include: Carlos Bulosan, Bienvenido Santos, N.V.M. Gonzalez, Nick Joaquin, Frank Sionil José, Ninotchka Rosca, Jessica Hagedorn, and Merlinda Bobis. Sixty-years separate Bulosan’s America is in the Heart (1943) from Hagedorn’s Dream Jungle (2003). Analysis of these works reveals how articulation is both difficult and hopeful. On the one hand, authors criticize the lack of efforts and seriousness towards articulation of cultural identity as re/membering (coming to terms with the past, fostering belonging and cultivating memory). Not only is re/membering challenged by double-consciousness (Du Bois 1994), dismemberment and forgetting, moreover, its necessity is likewise hard to recognize because of pain, trauma, phenomena of splitting, escapist attitudes and preferences for a “comfortable captivity”. <p><p>On the other hand, re/membering can also be described as hopeful by the way authors themselves make use of literature to articulate identity through research, dialogue, time, reconciliation and re-creation. Although painstaking and difficult, re/membering is important and necessary because what is at stake is an articulated Philippine cultural identity. However, who would be prepared to make the effort?<p>------<p><p>Cette thèse démontre que, pour les auteurs philippins, l’articulation ou « re/membering » l'identité culturelle, est nécessaire. Le chercheur s'appuie principalement sur la théorie de Stuart Hall, qui perçoit l'identité culturelle comme une articulation qui permet de considérer l’homme assujetti capable aussi d'agir contre des pouvoirs (cf. Grossberg 1996 [1986]: 157). Appliquée au contexte philippin, cet auteur soutient que, au lieu de la visualisation d'une identité fragmentée apparente comme un obstacle à une « définition » de l'identité culturelle, elle regarde l’histoire philippine «abîmée» (Fallows 1987) comme le matériel même qui permet l'articulation d’identité. Au lieu de réduire l'identité culturelle d'un peuple à ce qu’ ils auraint pû être avant les interventions de l’histoire, elle met en avant une vision de l'identité qui cherche à transfigurer ces "dommages" par un travail d’acceptation avec l'histoire. <p><p>Bien que ce point de vue a déjà été partagé par d'autres critiques (tels que Feria 1991 ou Dalisay 1998:145), la contribution de l'auteur réside dans la présentation de « re/membering » pour décrire un type d'articulation sans refouler les plaies du passé, mais sans stagner en elles non plus. De plus, « re/membering » permet de comprendre de futures articulations de « nouvelles » identités culturelles (en raison de la migration en cours), tout en mettant une «fermeture arbitraire» (Hall) aux ré-articulations simplistes qui ne font que promouvoir des “lines of tendential forces” (Hall) (tels que des préjugés sur la couleur brune ou noire de peau) ou des pratiques hégémoniques.<p><p>Rédigé en tant que telle (avec /), « re/membering » comporte une triple signification: (1) une «re-membering », pour indiquer une mise ensemble d’un passé fragmenté pour donner un sens au traumatisme du présent (cf. Bhabha, 1994:63); (2) une «re-membering» ou une ré-intégration dans un groupe et finalement, comme (3)"remembering", qui suppose la possession de mémoire ou une recherche d'une mémoire »(Ricoeur 2004:4). Comme unité morphologique, « re/membering » désigne la manière dont les auteurs philippins tentent d'articuler l'identité culturelle à travers les routes de la colonisation, les migrations et la dictature. <p><p>Les auteurs inclus dans cette thèse sont: Carlos Bulosan, Bienvenido Santos, NVM Gonzalez, Nick Joaquin, Frank Sionil José, Ninotchka Rosca, Jessica Hagedorn, et Merlinda Bobis. Soixante ans séparent America is in the Heart (1943) du Bulosan et le Dream Jungle (2003) du Hagedorn. L'analyse de ces œuvres révèle la façon dont l'articulation est à la fois difficile et pleine d'espoir. D'une part, les auteurs critiquent le manque d'efforts envers l'articulation en tant que « re/membering » (confrontation avec le passé, reconnaissance de l'appartenance et cultivation de la mémoire). Non seulement est « re/membering » heurté par le double conscience (Du Bois 1994), le démembrement et l'oubli, en outre, sa nécessité est également difficile à reconnaître en raison de la douleur, les traumatismes, les phénomènes de scission, les attitudes et les préférences d'évasion pour une captivité "confortable" .<p><p>En même temps, « re/membering » peut également être décrit comme plein d'espoir par la façon dont les auteurs eux-mêmes utilisent la littérature pour articuler l'identité à travers la recherche, le dialogue, la durée, la réconciliation et la re-création. Bien que laborieux et difficile, « re/membering » est important et nécessaire car ce qui est en jeu, c'est une identité culturelle articulée des Philippines. Mais qui serait prêt à l'effort? <p> / Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished