Perceptual rivalry refers to visual phenomena that are characterised by alternations between different percepts, despite an unchanging sensory input. Two common types of perceptual rivalry are (i) reversible figures — two-dimensional stable images that when viewed, are perceived to switch between different interpretations, and (ii) binocular rivalry — the alternations in image dominance resulting from the presentation of conflicting stimuli, one to each eye. Several investigators have suggested that these rivalling phenomena are mediated by similar neural mechanisms. Such a view, however, has not only been inadequately substantiated, but has also yet to be assessed in the context of a directly testable neurophysiological model. Miller and Pettigrew have proposed a novel, high-level interhemispheric switch (IHS) explanatory model of binocular rivalry. This model conceptualises the perceptual alternations as being mediated by alternations between one hemisphere’s selected image and the other hemisphere’s selected (rival) image. To assess their hypothesis, caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) was used. CVS is a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive brain stimulation technique that unilaterally activates high-level attentional areas. In accordance with the IHS model, CVS was found to significantly affect predominance (the duration that one image is perceived relative to the other, within a given viewing period) during conventional binocular rivalry with horizontal/vertical gratings and with orthogonal oblique gratings. The present thesis therefore aims, through the use of CVS, to extend this IHS model of binocular rivalry to reversible-figure alternations and propose a general IHS model of perceptual rivalry. Chapter 1 provides a detailed literature review of the field within the context of comparing both perceptual rivalries. In Chapter 2, investigations are presented on two different reversible figures — the perspective-reversing Necker cube and the figure–ground reversing Rubin’s vase–faces illusion. In these experiments, CVS was found to significantly change observers’ predominance compared to their baseline predominance. These results demonstrate that interhemispheric switching also mediates the alternations of these visual phenomena, in addition to binocular rivalry, thereby extending the IHS model to one of perceptual rivalry in general. Moreover, the findings are interpreted in a cognitive neuroscience context, including a novel proposal of a forebrain framework for the IHS model. Chapter 3 presents CVS experiments that address the issue of percept–to–hemisphere selection and the reproducibility of CVS effects, following Miller’s initial work on two types of conventional binocular rivalry. In planned analyses, significant predominance changes were not found in horizontal/vertical rivalry, oblique rivalry and Necker-cube rivalry. In post-hoc analyses that accounted for study-design differences between Miller’s original experiments and the present experiment, CVS was again not shown to induce significant predominance changes in any of the rivalry types. Assessment of directional predominance changes following CVS appeared to suggest an arbitrary selection of percept–to–hemisphere in all rivalry types, although no firm conclusions could be drawn from the obtained data on this issue. Nevertheless, the experiments further extend upon Miller’s earlier work by examining the inter- and intra-individual reproducibility of CVS-induced effects on predominance. Such reproducibility was found to be low and potential reasons for this are discussed. The experiments in Chapter 4 examine a type of binocular rivalry in which dichoptic presentation of Díaz-Caneja stimuli yields rivalry among four different stable images: half-field rivalry between the images presented to the eyes, and coherence rivalry in which aspects of each eye’s presented image are perceptually regrouped into rivalling coherent images. Each of these rivalries was found to occur for about half the given viewing time. Furthermore, CVS significantly shifted the predominance of perceived coherent images (coherence rivalry) but not half-field images (eye rivalry). This finding suggests that coherence rivalry (like conventional rivalry according to previous experiments) is mediated by interhemispheric switching at a high level, while eye rivalry is mediated by intrahemispheric mechanisms, most likely at a low level. In addition, it is proposed that Díaz-Caneja stimuli induce ‘meta-rivalry’ whereby these discrete high- and low-level competitive processes themselves rival for visual consciousness. The current thesis thus presents a novel meta-rivalry model of multistable binocular rivalry. It also presents the first direct evidence that interhemispheric switching mediates reversible-figure alternations, thereby supporting a generalised IHS model of perceptual rivalry. It is argued that both models provide a parsimonious exploratory framework within which specific predictions can be made and readily tested. Finally, the findings of all experiments in the current thesis are summarised.

Increasing involvement with students at the University of Namibia has indicated their overall difficulty with comprehending and recalling information from oral content lectures. It has also been observed that in general very little attention is given to the development of listening skills in L2 ESP and EAP courses. For this study, I conducted a quasi-experiment to determine whether the recognition and interpretation of discourse markers will enhance students' listening comprehension in academic lectures. Students were tested to determine their comprehension of content information in a video-taped lecture. Qualitative data were collected by means of a questionnaire. After an intervention period of eight weeks, where the experimental group received strategy training in the recognition and interpretation of discourse markers in spoken texts, both groups were again tested. Their results were statistically compared. I also looked at related findings of other researchers. Finally, aspects for possible future research will also be considered. / English Studies / MA - (Specialisation in TESOL)

Submitted by Fabricio Abdo Nakad (fabricionakad@gmail.com) on 2018-01-15T12:53:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGPP_Dissertação_Fabricio_Gabriel.pdf: 812700 bytes, checksum: b776e6705ddee1e3798ce63fc6d39c7f (MD5) / Rejected by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br), reason: Prezados, Alguns itens deverão ser ajustados no trabalho: 1. A paginação começa na introdução, porém, todos os elementos pré-textuais devem ser contados. 2. Na folha de aprovação o "campo de conhecimento", "data" e "banca examinadora" devem estar inseridos à esquerda. 3. Esta faltando o abstract. Qualquer dúvida estou à disposição. Mayara 3799/3438 on 2018-01-16T22:52:04Z (GMT) / Submitted by Fabricio Abdo Nakad (fabricionakad@gmail.com) on 2018-01-17T18:37:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGPP_Dissertação_Fabricio_Gabriel.pdf: 1509698 bytes, checksum: 7614b8201ac3da3453ebb7931eb71f8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-18T21:34:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGPP_Dissertação_Fabricio_Gabriel.pdf: 1509698 bytes, checksum: 7614b8201ac3da3453ebb7931eb71f8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-19T17:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGPP_Dissertação_Fabricio_Gabriel.pdf: 1509698 bytes, checksum: 7614b8201ac3da3453ebb7931eb71f8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-20 / O presente trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de responder a pergunta “como fazer a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) chegar nas salas de aula?”, tendo em vista os principais desafios relacionados ao processo de implementação do documento da Base, decorrentes, em grande parte, do fato de o Brasil ser um país de realidades socioeconômicas e costumes bastante díspares, além de o sistema de educação básica nacional ser constituído de uma rede extensa, distribuída por um território vasto e diverso. Foram levantados os principais modelos teóricos de implementação de políticas públicas, o contexto do tema no Brasil e o resultado prático em outros países que já adotaram uma base curricular comum. Buscou-se, em remate, propor soluções para viabilizar o processo de implementação da BNCC. / The present work was carried out with the purpose of answering the question “how to make the ‘Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC)’ reach the classrooms?”, considering the main challenges related to the implementation process of the Base’s document, due, in large part, the fact that Brazil is a country with very different socioeconomic realities and mores, and the national basic education system consists of an extensive network, spread over a vast and diverse territory. Were analyzed the main theoretical models for the implementation of public policies, the context of the theme in Brazil and the practical result in other countries that have already adopted a common curricular basis. It was sought, in closing, to propose solutions to make viable the process of implementation of the BNCC.

This thesis investigates policy formulation and implementation processes in Zambia. A number of issues emerge with respect to the weaknesses of the system and how policy decisions worsened Zambia's economic performance instead of improving it. The Kaunda era policies of nationalization had an adverse impact on productivity of industries as well as affecting the resource flow from donors and business houses. On the other hand President Chiluba's reforms in the 1990s have had both positive and negative impacts on the people of Zambia. The rapid privatization and liberalization affected employment levels thereby worsening the poverty levels. Further, the liberalization brought in stiff competition from other countries forcing most manufacturing companies to close down. The policy environment based on the Bretton Woods Institutions seems not to be working as result of not taking into account the local Zambian situation. On the other hand, there were positive macroeconomic developments such as growth in GDP, lowering of inflation and stabilizing of exchange rates as from 1996. This has however not improved the living standards of the people. In Zambia, the shifts back and forth between strong and weak planning institutions have negatively affected policy development and implementation. There has been uncoordinated policy development; as a result, some policies in the major sectors are contradictory while in other cases policies are not linked to the resource envelope, making them un-implementable. Secondly, the institutional framework for policy development is not effective. There is generally lack of coordination among ministries, provinces and other stakeholders in planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of development programmes. This thesis urges that the improving planning capacities at the national, provincial and district levels should improve the processes of policy development and implementation in Zambia, which will in turn help to reduce poverty. Further, the districts should be the centre for the bottom-up process. In order to carryout this responsibility, efforts should be made to improve their capacities. As for the top-down process, the Sector Advisory Groups should continue to participate in the planning, monitoring and evaluation so as to contribute to policy formulation and implementation. These should be coordinated by the National Development Coordinating Committee (NDCC) through a Planning Bureau. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

The complexity of credit-money is conceived as the central issue in the banking-macro nexus, which the author considers as a structural as well as process component of the evolving economy. This nexus is significant for the stability as well as the fragility of the economic system, because it connects the monetary with the real domain of economic production and consumption. The evolution of credit rules shapes economic networks between households, firms, banks, governments and central banks in space and time. The properties and characteristics of this evolutionary process are discussed in three sections. First, the author looks into the origins of the theory of money and its role for contemporary monetary economics. Second, he briefly discusses current theoretical foundations of top-down as well as bottom-up approaches to the banking-macro nexus, such as dynamic stochastic general equilibrium and agent-based models. In the third part he suggests an evolutionary framework, building on a generic rule-based approach, to arrive at standards for bottom-up foundations in agent-based macroeconomic models with a banking sector. (author's abstract)

In this paper, top-down and bottom-up processing were studied regarding their effect on speech-in-noise. Three cognitive functions were also studied (divided attention, executive functioning, and semantic comprehension), and the effect they have on the speech processing and on each other. The research questions asked were if a difference in speech-in noise perception can be observed regarding the different levels of top-down and bottom-up support, if speech-in-noise is related to any of the researched cognitive abilities, and if there exists any correlation between these abilities. The method is a within-subject experimental design, consisting of four different tests: PASAT, to measure attention, LIT, to measure semantic comprehension, TMT, to measure executive functioning and SIN, to measure speech-in noise. The results showed a significant difference between top-down and bottom-up processing, a significant difference between top-down processing in decreasing and increasing conditions could also be seen. A negative correlation between the benefit of top-down support and the semantic comprehension task was found. Regarding the cognitive abilities a few correlations were found; the semantic comprehension task had a positive correlation to both the central executive task and the attentional task, the attentional task had a negative correlation to the central executive task, and both of the central executive subtasks had a positive correlation to each other. Most of the findings were expected, built on earlier cognitive hearing theories and studies.

Abstract Bachelor thesis in political science by Alexander Hassan, autumn 2008, “Effects of external factors on a nations democratisation process during the transition from authoritarian to electoral democratic rule – A categorical analysis” Supervisor: Tomas Sedelius In recent years globalization has become a hot topic in understanding the world we live in today. Globalization has indeed had a great impact on international relations and with it a great influence on the domestic conditions that determine a nation’s possibilities. It is therefore rational to hold true that this also would apply to a nation’s democratic process. This basic notion is what lies as a foundation for the thesis, where the purpose of the study is to examine the relatively new field of the international context and its significance on democratisation. The aim of the study is to examine and determine, through a categorical analysis, the different forms and roles that the external factors can take during the process leading up to the transition and implementation of an electoral democracy, the most basic form of democracy. The thesis thus has demanded the study and infusion of all discourses within the field of democratisation processes, as the only way to produce the roles and forms of the international contexts impact on the domestic process is through the study and determination of the different domestic spheres associated with the process. The different forms of external influences have been studied within the confines of the third wave of democracy, and their roles in the democratic process determined depending on the respective domestic spheres they affect. The significant result of the studies where chiefly that all forms of external influence have the possibility to affect the democratisation process indirectly as well as directly. Where direct influence is exerted within the political sphere of the nation; where the actual transition takes place, and the indirect influence is exerted through the socio-economical and cultural sphere; which exerts its influence in the process through the political sphere.  The results thus show that it is hard to draw the conclusion that an indirect form of influence would be superior to the direct approach or vice versa, as both are prevalent in successful democratic transitions.

2017年，零撲殺政策在未考量國內現況下貿然實施，造成收容所過度擁擠、收容品質驟降。為舒緩收容壓力及兼顧動物權益，中央政府積極提倡多元認養政策作為地方施政重點。然而認養行為涉及民眾觀念、意願及資源，難以在短期內提升成效，加上家戶飼養能量似瀕臨飽和，未來發展成疑。 A市以「工作犬計畫」為推動流浪犬認養之策略，且短期內認養率升幅最高，率先達成零撲殺目標，故本文以此為個案，藉「由下而上」政策執行分析途徑，透過文獻分析、深度訪談、參與觀察、問卷調查及焦點團體訪談等研究方法，了解工作犬計畫之內容及執行過程、工作犬佔個人認養率之比例與後續飼養品質等情形，並剖析影響前述成效之關鍵，以供其他縣市參考。最後總結上述發現，對相關政策行動者提出建議，並就整體流浪犬政策議題提出未來研究思考方向。 / 英文文獻 Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intention to Action: The Theory of Planned Behavior. In J. Kuhl, & J. Beckmann (Ed.), Action Control From Cognition to Behavior (pp. 11-39), New York: Springer Verlag. Barrett, S., & C. Fudge (1981). Examining the Policy-Action Relationship. Fudge & Barrett, Policy and Action: Essays on the Implementatino of Public Policy (pp.3-32). London: Methuen. DeLeon, P. (1999). The Missing Link Revisited: Contemporary Implementation Research. Policy Studies Review, Vol.16, 311-338. Downey, H. & S. Ellis (2008). Tails of animal attraction: incorporating the feline into the family. J. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 61, 434–441. 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The objective of the thesis is to discuss how the theoretical and organisational premises of the gender approaches of development programmes affect their possibilities to empower women and to enhance gender equality. This will be done through a study of the gender approaches of six development programmes for democratic and economic governance in the water and sanitation sector located in Angola, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and Philippines respectively. The programmes strive towards the achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals and are financed by the Spanish Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund. The programmes‟ gender approaches are defined as: the way the programmes interpret the concepts of women‟s empowerment and gender equality; the way they incorporate the concepts into their programme design and organisational structure, and; the activities and strategies implemented to enhance women‟s empowerment and gender equality in the programme areas. The analysis of the gender approaches of the programmes will be centred on the five theoretical assumptions which together state that a) a gender approach based on a collective postulation, with; b) adequate mechanisms for women‟s influence and; c) a purposeful involvement of men, backed-up by; d) adequate resource and responsibility allocation, and; e) a gender integrated design enabling evaluation and monitoring, is more probable to empower women. The main findings of the thesis are that: 1) all of the six gender approaches of the programmes are fundamentally individualistic and driven by efficiency rationales; 2) women‟s possible influence is generally limited and partial because of inadequate scope of participatory spaces; 3) men are not considered in any of the gender approaches; 4) the responsibility allocation for gender issues is the most important organisational feature for the implementation of the approaches, but it is weak in the majority of the programmes; 5) the integration of gender in the programme design and the funding mechanisms appear to not affect the implementation directly. Based on the results of the thesis it is concluded that both the theoretical and organisational premises of the gender approaches create small possibilities for the programmes to empower women and to enhance gender equality. The results also point to what appears to be fundamental structural weaknesses in the present gender interpretation, integration and implementation of international development agencies.

La perspective d’un développement durable, si nous nous référons à l’accentuation de l’ensemble des phénomènes qu’il était supposé endiguer depuis son entrée en scène il y a une quarantaine d’années, semble devoir être à nouveau questionnée. Par la même, ceci nous invite à douter de la capacité des États et des entreprises à répondre seuls aux enjeux qu’il soulève. En ce sens, notre recherche, d’inspiration qualitative et interprétativiste, va s’intéresser à la diffusion récente de cette perspective auprès d’associations non nativement impliquées sur le sujet. Ceci afin d’étudier ce que les représentations et les préconisations de ces acteurs, concernant des enjeux qui dépassent le cadre de leur objet social, sont susceptibles de lui apporter. Nous plaçant dans le cadre des sciences de gestion, nous nous intéresserons dans le même temps aux dispositifs de gestion qui, au sein de ces organisations, exercent une influence sur leurs représentations et, par extension, sur leurs actions. Une double perspective théorique sera mobilisée pour cela. D'un côté, la théorie de la structuration développée par Anthony Giddens, qui nous permettra de conjuguer habilement des aspects à la fois très globaux, propres à des systèmes sociaux, et individuels. De l’autre, les travaux de Boaventura De Sousa Santos qui nous obligeront en permanence à faire un pas de côté par rapport à ce qui apparaît comme prédominant et devoir prédominer. / The perspective of sustainable development – if we refer to the accentuation of the phenomena that it was supposed to contain since its emergence forty years ago – seems to have to be questioned again. Thereby, invite us to doubt about the capability of states and companies to respond alone to the grand challenges it raises. In this sense, our qualitative and interpretative research will focus on the recent diffusion of this perspective among associations which are non-natively involved on the matter. This would serve to study what the representations and recommendations of these actors, concerning issues which go beyond their social purpose, are likely to bring to it. By placing ourselves in the context of management sciences, we will at the same time be interested in the management systems that, within these organizations, have an influence on their representations, and by extension on their actions. A double theoretical perspective will be mobilized to that purpose. On the one hand, the theory of structuration developed by Anthony Giddens, will allow us to skillfully combine aspects that are both very global, specific to social systems, and individual. On the other hand, the work of Boaventura De Sousa Santos, will require us to constantly step aside from what appears predominant and must prevail.