Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência das características físico-químicas e celulares do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação, bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, do número de lactações e do crescimento bacteriano em quartos mamários sadios na composição do leite, examinaram-se 617 amostras de leite, sendo 418 amostras provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano e 199 amostras obtidas de quartos mamários sadios com crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e os seguintes parâmetros avaliados: pH, eletrocondutividade, cloreto, lactose, índice cloretos/lactose, gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, Califórnia Mastitis Tes (CMT) e contagem de células somáticas. Demonstrou-se a significativa influência do primeiro mês de da lactação sobre as características físico-químicas do leite, pois os valores de pH foram menores nos três primeiros dias de lactação e passaram a aumentar de maneira gradual, a eletrocondutividade diminuiu nos primeiros cinco dias de lactação, os teores de cloretos e o índice cloretos/lactose diminuem, ocorre um aumento abrupto dos teores de lactose nos dois primeiros dias, depois esse aumento passa a ocorrer de maneira gradual, os teores de gordura variaram nos primeiros dias e diminuíram a partir do 7º dia de lactação, os teores de proteína e sólidos totais diminuem, A fase da lactação também apresentou significativa influência sobre a freqüência de reações do CMT e na contagem de células somáticas. A freqüência de reações negativas do CMT foi maior nas primeiras 12 horas de lactação e a contagem de células somáticas diminuíram conforme o evoluir do primeiro mês. As características físico-químicas e celulares do leite sofreram influência do número de lactações, para as seguintes variáveis: cloretos que foi maior nas pluríparas, lactose que foi maior nas primíparas, índice cloretos/lactose que foi maior nas pluríparas e proteína que foi maior nas pluríparas. Demonstrou-se no leite proveniente de quartos mamários sadios e em cujas amostras houve crescimento bacteriano a influência do resultado do exame microbiológico sobre a composição do leite, pois os valores pH, eletrocondutividade, proteína e contagem de células somáticas foram maiores nas amostras de leite com crescimento bacteriano e a freqüência de reações negativas ao Califórnia Mastitis Test-CMT foram menores nas amostras de leite em que houve crescimento. Considerando-se as primeiras 24 horas após o parto foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência para as características físico-químicas e celulares do colostro de bovinos sadios, da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo: pH - entre 6,37 ± 0,14 e 6,43 ± 0,23; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,24 ± 0,61 e 6,00 ± 0,16 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 154,10 ± 29,03 e 155,50 ± 56,66 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 3,14 ± 0,66 e 3,69 ± 0,77 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 4,80 ± 3,99 e 5,22 ± 1,84; Gordura - 1,35 ± 1,17 e 2,90 ± 2,29 g/dl; Proteína - entre 8,09 ± 2,35 e 10,95 ± 1,24 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 13,01 ± 1,98 e 18,18 ± 3,20 g/dl, e número de células somáticas - entre 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 e 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 87,8 e 96,30 %; meia cruz entre 0,00 e 4,87 %; uma cruz 0,00 %; duas cruzes - 0,00 % e três cruzes - entre 3,70 e 7,31 %. Entre o 2º e 7º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,50 ± 0,15 e 6,61 ± 0,16; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,12 ± 0,66 e 5,72 ± 0,69 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 89,97 ± 24,80 e 114,40 ± 39,28 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,18 ± 0,50 e 4,42 ± 0,57 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,23 ± 1,78 e 2,94 ± 2,03; Gordura - 2,06 ± 1,50 e 3,09 ± 2,19 g/dl; Proteína - entre 4,09 ± 0,35 e 4,83 ± 0,66 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 12,07 ± 1,33 e 12,98 ± 1,93 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 555.553 ± 1.265.531 e 874.677 ± 1.443.014 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativa: - entre 72,34 e 87,20 %; meia cruz - entre 2,00 e 6,38 %; uma cruz - entre 2,00 e 8,51 %; duas cruzes - entre 2,32 e 8,51 % e três cruzes - entre 2,12 e 14,00 %. Entre o 8º e 30º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,61 ± 0,12 e 6,71 ± 0,13; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,14 ± 0,53 e 5,23 ± 0,59 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 92,58 ± 29,08 e 96,73 ± 28,86 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,42 ± 0,51 e 4,74 ± 0,41 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,11 ± 0,96 e 2,20 ± 1,01; Gordura - 1,96 ± 0,99 e 2,49 ± 1,27 g/dl; Proteína - entre 3,56 ± 0,29 e 4,02 ± 0,72 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 11,23 ± 1,13 e 11,70 ± 1,27 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 93,10 e 93,54 %; meia cruz - entre 0,00 e 5,17 %; uma cruz - entre 0,00 e 1,61 %; duas cruzes - entre 1,61 e 1,72 % e três cruzes - entre 0,00 e 3,22 %. / With the aim to establish reference values of the physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, the number of lactations, and the bacterial growth within health mammary glands on milk composition, 617 milk samples were examined: 418 were obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth and 199 samples obtained from health mammary glands with bacterial growth. Milk samples were collected aseptically before milking and the following parameters were evaluated: pH, electrical conductivity, chlorate, lactose, chlorate/lactose ratio, fat, proteins, total solids, California Mastitis Test (CMT), and somatic cell count. Significant influences was demonstrated during the first month of lactation relative to the physicochemical characteristics, since the pH values were lower during the first three days of lactation and were increased gradually; electrical conductivity was reduced during the first five days of lactation; the levels of chlorate and the chlorate/lactose ratio were reduced; there was an abrupt increase in the levels of lactose during the first two days, after which this increase was gradual; the levels of fat were varied during the first days and were reduced with effect from the 7th day of lactation; the levels of protein and total solids were reduced. The lactation phase also demonstrated significant influence on the frequency of CMT reactions and the somatic cell count. The frequency of the negative CMT reactions was higher during the first 12 months of lactation while the somatic cell count was reduced during the same period. The physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk were influenced by the number of lactations for the following variables: chlorate was higher in pluriparous cows; lactose was higher in primiparous cows; the chlorate/lactose ratio was higher in pluriparous cows, and protein was elevated in pluriparous cows. It was demonstrated that milk obtained from healthy mammary glands with bacterial growth within the samples influenced the milk composition since the pH values, electrical conductivity, protein, and the somatic cell count were higher in samples from milk bacterial growth, and the frequency of negative California Mastitis Test reactions were lower in samples with bacterial growth. Considering the first 24 hours after partition the following reference values were established for physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk of Jersey cows raised in the State of São Paulo: pH, between 6.37 ± 0.14 and 6.43 ± 0.23; electrical conductivity, between 5.24 ± 0.61 and 6.00 ± 0.16 mS/cm; chlorates, between 154.10 ± 29.03 and 155.50 ± 56.66 mg/dl; lactose, between 3.14 ± 0.66 and 3.69 ± 0.77 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 4.80 ± 3.99 and 5.22 ± 1.84; fat, between 1.35 ± 1.17 and 2.90 ± 2.29 g/dl; protein, between 8.09 ± 2.35 and 10,95 ± 1.24 g/dl; total solids, between 13.01 ± 1.98 and 18.18 ± 3.20 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 and 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 cells/ml. The frequency of occurrence of negative CMT reactions was: negative, between 87.8 and 96.30%; half cross, between 0.00 e 4.87%; one cross, 0.00 %; two crosses, 0.00 %; and three crosses, between 3.70 e 7.31%. The following reference values were established between the 2nd and 7th day of lactation: pH, between 6.50 ± 0.15 and 6.61 ± 0.16; electrical conductivity, between 5.12 ± 0.66 and 5.72 ± 0.69 mS/cm; chlorates, between 89.97 ± 24.80 and 114.40 ± 39.28 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.18 ± 0.50 and 4.42 ± 0.57 g/dl; chlorate/lactose ratio, between 2.23 ± 1.78 e 2.94 ± 2.03; fat, between 2.06 ± 1.50 and 3.09 ± 2.19 g/dl; protein, between 4.09 ± 0.35 and 4.83 ± 0.66 g/dl; total solids, between 12.07 ± 1.33 and 12.98 ± 1.93 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 555.553 ± 1.265.531 and 874.677 ± 1.443.014 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 72.34 and 87.20%; half cross, between 2.00 and 6.38%; one cross, between 2.00 and 8.51 %; two crosses, between 2.32 and 8.51%; and three crosses, between 2.12 and 14.00%. The following reference values were established between the 8th and 30th day of lactation: ph, between 6.61 ± 0.12 and 6.71 ± 0.13; electrical conductivity, between 5.14 ± 0.53 and 5.23 ± 0.59 mS/cm; chlorates, between 92.58 ± 29.08 and 96.73 ± 28.86 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.42 ± 0.51 and 4.74 ± 0.41 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 2.11 ± 0.96 and 2.20 ± 1.01; fat, between 1.96 ± 0.99 and 2.49 ± 1.27 g/dl; protein, between 3.56 ± 0.29 and 4.02 ± 0.72 g/dl; total solids, between 11.23 ± 1.13 and 11.70 ± 1.27 g/dl; and the number of somatic cells, between 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 93.10 and 93.54 %; half cross, between 0.00 e 5.17%; one cross, between 0.00 and 1.61%; two crosses, 1.61 and 1.72%; and three crosses, between 0.00 and 3.22%.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-19T10:50:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Silvio Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 1225497 bytes, checksum: d2f9db78af36de26e8b7a7201b2e6407 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T10:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Silvio Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 1225497 bytes, checksum: d2f9db78af36de26e8b7a7201b2e6407 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / It evaluated the prevalence and potential risk factors for the occurrence of ticks in dogs from January 2000 to December 2014 in two private veterinary clinics, located in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Fifteen hundred records were systematically sampled from an unknown population. Fifteen hundred records were systematically sampled from an unknown population. Statistical analysis was performed considering the outcome variable, tick presence (group 1) and positive tick + negative tick / positive hemoparasite (group 2) and the explanatory variables, sex, age, race, size, neighborhood, and clinic. An exploratory analysis was made to verify the distribution of the prevalence of ticks and their range of 95% confidence, considering all the explanatory variables for the presence of ticks. Differences in the prevalence also were testing by reason proportions test. Bivariate and multivariate analysis by logistic regression models were using to verify the relationship of the outcome of interest and their potential risk factors through the prevalence ratio (PR). The adopted modeling strategy was based on the bivariate analysis. After then, variables were selected to be included in the multivariate model. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) were estimated to indicated the most parsimonious multivariate model. All statistical analysis was performed in the statistical package R. Of all the 1,500 records of dogs in 264 (17.60% [95% CI: 15.67, 19.52]) had the infestation by ticks in group 1 and 372 (24.80% [95% CI: 22 61, 26.98]) in group 2. Sex and age were not considered risk factors. There were differences in parasitism between races within groups 1 and 2. Males Cocker Spaniel, medium-sized and Bangu were the variables with the highest prevalence in both groups. German Shepherd race does not configured risk factor for ticks, confirmed by the most parsimonious model (PR = 1.77 [95% CI: 0.44, 07.10]). The Cocker Spaniels as well as animals living in Bangu had 7.5 [95% CI: 3.01, 18.53] and 1.7 [95% CI: 1.20, 2.32] times, respectively, more chance to be parasitized by ticks. The prevalence of hemoparasite transmitted by ticks should be considered as supplementary data for ticks epidemiological studies in dogs. This is the first study to rank the dog breeds in relation to the prevalence of parasitism by ticks. / Foi avaliada a preval?ncia e os potenciais fatores de risco para a ocorr?ncia de carrapatos em c?es no per?odo de janeiro de 2000 ? dezembro de 2014 em duas cl?nicas veterin?rias particulares, localizadas na zona oeste do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Mil e quinhentos prontu?rios foram amostrados sistematicamente de uma popula??o desconhecida. A an?lise estat?stica foi realizada considerando as vari?veis desfecho, presen?a de carrapato (grupo 1) e carrapato positivo + carrapato negativo/ hemoparasito positivo (grupo 2) e as vari?veis explicativas, sexo, idade, ra?a, porte, bairro e cl?nica. Para verificar a exist?ncia de fatores de risco, foram utilizadas desde testes de infer?ncia de Qui-Quadrado (??) at? o ajuste de modelos de regress?o log?sticas. Dos 1500 prontu?rios em 264 (17,60% [IC95%: 15,67; 19,52]) haviam registro de infesta??o por carrapatos no grupo 1 e 372 (24,80% [IC95%: 22,61; 26,98]) no grupo 2. As vari?veis sexo e idade, em ambos os grupos n?o foram consideradas potenciais fatores de risco. Houve diferen?a no parasitismo entre as ra?as dentro dos grupos 1 e 2. Machos de Cocker Spaniel Ingl?s, porte m?dio e Bangu foram as vari?veis com maiores preval?ncias de registros em ambos os grupos. Pastor Alem?o foi a ?nica ra?a que n?o configurou como potencial fator de risco para a presen?a de carrapato. No modelo mais parcimonioso apenas a ra?a Pastor Alem?o (RP=1,77 [IC95%:0,44; 07,10]) n?o se apresentou como potencial fator de risco. A ra?a Cocker Spaniel assim como animais que residem no bairro Bangu apresentaram 7,5 [IC95%:3,01;18,53] e 1,7 [IC95%:1,20; 2,32] vezes, mais chances de serem parasitados por carrapatos respectivamente. A preval?ncia de hemoparasitoses transmitidas por carrapatos deve ser considerada como dados complementares para estudos epidemiol?gicos de carrapatos em c?es. Esse ? o primeiro estudo a ranquear ra?as de c?es quanto ? preval?ncia de parasitismo por carrapatos.

The aim of Master work is to valuate Lithuanian black and white cows productivity and milk composition considering the blood dimensions of holstein breed. All data had been made through statistical analysis by EXCEL computation as well as by statistical package „R“ (http://www.r-project.org) in the LVA Laboratory of Animals Research of Breeding Worth and Selection. It was stated that the average of the Holsteinization grade of the researched cows in stock was 79,38 percent, and only 7,1 percent of the researched cows average of the Holsteinization grade didn’t reach 50 percent. Intermediate correlation between the milk productivity and milk protein was found an unfavourable but statistical reliable coherence (r=-0,346, p<0,001) The highest milk productivity was by cows with Holsteinization grade of 87,5-98,5 percent, the best milk fat consistence in percent 62,5-74,0 percent of Holsteinization grade cows, and the best milk protein consistence was by cows with Holsteinization grade reaching up to 50 percent. Having developed holsteinization grade in a stock, the percent of cows productivity was set the little statistical reliable coherence (r=0,224, p<0,01). The greatest number of somatic cells (532,7 thousand/ml.) was found in milk of cows which had the holsteinization grade to 50 and 50,0-62,4 percent.

In dieser Studie wurden erstmals die Auswirkungen von Zucht auf Kurzköpfigkeit auf ein breites Spektrum von Lebensbereichen brachyzephaler Hunde strukturiert untersucht. Hierzu wurde ein gegliederter Fragebogen für Tierbesitzer entwickelt. Erstmalig werden Validität und Reliabilität eines solchen Instruments zur Untersuchung von Symptomen einbezogen. Das Ziel der Arbeit war (1) die Konstruktion und Validierung eines internetbasierten Fragebogens für Tierbesitzer, der alle wichtigen Bereiche berücksichtigt, in denen brachyzephale Hunde Probleme zeigen; sowie die Bestimmung der Reliabilität des Fragebogens, (2) die Durchführung der Besitzerbefragung mit dem validierten Fragebogen und (3) die Analyse der Ergebnisse der Besitzerbefragung und Bestimmung von Häufigkeit und Schwere der Symptome bei den betroffenen Hunden. An der Befragung nahmen 100 Tierbesitzer teil, deren Hunde zur chirurgischen Behandlung des Brachyzephalen Syndroms an die Klinik für Kleintiere der Universität Leipzig überwiesen worden waren (61 Besitzer von Möpsen, 39 Besitzer von Französischen Bulldoggen). Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind: 100 % der Hunde haben bei Belastung laute Atemgeräusche, zwei Drittel sogar in Ruhe. Fast die Hälfte der Hunde hat in Ruhe Anzeichen für angestrengte Atmung. 41 % haben mindestens einmal wöchentlich Erstickungsanfälle und über ein Drittel ist schon mindestens einmal in ihrem Leben aufgrund von Atemnot umgefallen. Betroffene Tiere leiden an hochgradiger Belastungs- und Hitzeintoleranz. Die Belastbarkeit bei warmen Umgebungstemperaturen nimmt ab und die nach Belastung zur Erholung erforderliche Zeit steigt an. 88 % der Hunde sind nur eingeschränkt belastbar, 87 % beim Spielen; im Sommer können über ein Drittel der Hunde maximal 10 Minuten am Stück spazieren gehen, im Winter können über zwei Drittel der Hunde mindesten 30 Minuten spazieren gehen; bei 94 % der Hunde verschlimmern sich die Atembeschwerden bei warmen Temperaturen und zwar ab einer mittleren Temperatur von 19°C. Da diese Ergebnisse die hohe Temperaturabhängigkeit der Belastbarkeit zeigen, sollten für die Zuchtzulassung vorgeschriebene Belastungstests zukünftig bei eindeutig definierten Umgebungstemperaturen durchgeführt werden. Die Befragung der Tierbesitzer identifizierte ausgeprägte Atemnot während des Schla-fes als eine häufige schwerwiegende Beeinträchtigung. Ein Teil dieser Hunde entwickelt spezielle Strategien, um eine Verschlimmerung der obstruktiven Atemprobleme im Schlaf zu vermeiden. 31 % aller Hunde können nur schlafen, wenn sie ihr Kinn erhöht ablegen können; 24 % aller Hunde versuchen zeitweise im Sitzen zu schlafen und ver-meiden das Hinlegen, 6 % können nur mit geöffnetem Maul schlafen, da sie durch die pathologisch verkürzte Nase beim Schlafen keine Luft bekommen. Französische Bulldoggen haben signifikant häufiger Probleme beim Fressen als Möpse. 46 % aller Hunde zeigen Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Futteraufnahme (Französische Bulldoggen zu 59 %, Möpse zu 38 %). Verschlucken und Erbrechen bzw. Regurgitieren sind sehr häufig genannte Probleme. Rückwärtsniesen (reverse sneezing) scheint ein weiteres durch Brachyzephalie ausge-löstes Problem zu sein. 73% der brachyzephalen Hunde zeigen Rückwärtsniesen, 25% davon täglich. Bisher ist vermehrtes Rückwärtsniesen als Symptom des Brachyzepha-len Syndroms in der Literatur nicht beschrieben. Alle brachyzephalen Hunde dieser Studie litten an tierschutzrelevanten Einschränkungen elementarer Grundbedürfnisse. Die teilweise hochgradigen Störungen in den Be-reichen Atmung, Bewegung, soziale Interaktion, Futteraufnahme, Schlafen und Thermo-regulation reduzieren die Lebensqualität erheblich. Alle Tiere hatten in mindestens einem der untersuchten Bereiche deutliche Einschränkungen. Diese Untersuchung wirft die Frage auf, ob die Zucht brachyzephaler Hunde mit den Ansprüchen eines modernen Tierschutzes überhaupt vereinbar ist.

There is currently no strategic marketing plan for stud or commercial breeders of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. This study aims to determine what strategic marketing plans can be employed that could be successful for the different levels of Drakensberger cattle farmers. The analysis set off by a literature review of the beef industry in South Africa. Currently domestic production serves 85% of the local beef market. The literature review showed that, irrespective of breed or geographical area, specific characteristics, such as fertility, adaptability and temperament, could be identified as critical success factors for the beef industry. The Drakensberger as competitive breed of cattle, is also analysed within a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), while the beef industry is analysed by means of Porter's 5-forces model. From the results conclusions were made on the farming profile of the Drakensberger farmers, their marketing orientation, as the important elements relevant to a marketing plan of the Drakensberger breed of cattle. This includes attractive promotional and advertising possibilities, pricing and product promotion activities. A number of marketing recommendations are also made to improve the market share of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

There is currently no strategic marketing plan for stud or commercial breeders of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. This study aims to determine what strategic marketing plans can be employed that could be successful for the different levels of Drakensberger cattle farmers. The analysis set off by a literature review of the beef industry in South Africa. Currently domestic production serves 85% of the local beef market. The literature review showed that, irrespective of breed or geographical area, specific characteristics, such as fertility, adaptability and temperament, could be identified as critical success factors for the beef industry. The Drakensberger as competitive breed of cattle, is also analysed within a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), while the beef industry is analysed by means of Porter's 5-forces model. From the results conclusions were made on the farming profile of the Drakensberger farmers, their marketing orientation, as the important elements relevant to a marketing plan of the Drakensberger breed of cattle. This includes attractive promotional and advertising possibilities, pricing and product promotion activities. A number of marketing recommendations are also made to improve the market share of the Drakensberger breed of cattle in South Africa. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti veislės įtaką karvių pieno produktyvumui, pieno sudėčiai ir kokybei. Darbo uždaviniai: Įvertinti veislės įtaką visos kontroliuojamos Lietuvos pieninių galvijų populiacijos karvių produktyvumui, pieno sudėčiai ir kokybei pagal somatines ląsteles; įvertinti veislės įtaką tiriamosios juodmargių karvių bandos produktyvumui, pieno sudėčiai ir kokybei pagal somatines ląsteles. Pienininkystė yra viena iš prioritetinių žemės ūkio vystymo krypčių. Pieningumas, pieno sudėtis bei kokybė priklauso nuo genetinių ir negenetinių faktorių. Didžiausią įtaką pieno rodikliams turi pašarai ir šėrimas - 50 - 60 proc., genetiniai faktoriai lemia - 25-27 proc., o likusi dalis priklauso nuo galvijų laikymo ir priežiūros technologijų. Lietuvoje yra 16 karvių veislių. Daugiausia auginama Lietuvos žalųjų ir juodmargių veislių karvių. Lietuvos juodmargių karvių pieningumas yra didesnis už žalųjų ir žalmargių, o riebalų ir baltymų kiekis yra aukštesnis žalųjų ir žalmargių veislių karvių grupėje. Produktyvumo kontrolės ir apskaitos duomenimis pati produktyviausia iš juodmargių yra Švedijos juodmargių galvijų veislė, o iš žalųjų - Estijos žalosios. Baltymų ir riebalų didžiausi kiekiai stebimi Anglerų veislės karvių piene. Aukščiausias pieno baltymingumas nustatytas Olandijos juodmargių karvių, o daugiausiai riebalų randama Danijos juodmargių veislės piene. Geriausia pieno sudėtis pagal baltymus ir riebalus yra Džersio veislės karvių. Somatinės ląstelės, procesų vykstančių pieno... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the work: Estimate the influence of the breed on cow's milk productivity, milk constitution and quality. The task of the work: Estimate the influence of breed all controlled for Lithuanian dairy cattle population cows’ productivity, milk constitution and quality according somatic cells; estimate the influence of breed research black and white cows cattle productivity, milk constitution and it quality according somatic cells. Dairying is one of priorities in the development of agriculture. Milking capacity, the constitution of milk, also its quality depend on genetic and non-genetic factors. The biggest influence over milk indicators is made with fodder and feeding ( it makes 50-60 per cent), genetic factors ( it makes 25-27 per cent), the remaining part depends on cattle keeping and supervision technologies. There are 16 cow breeds in Lithuania. Mostly red and black and white breed cows are raised in Lithuania. Lithuanian black and white cows milking capacity is bigger than of red and red and white ones, however the quantity of fat and protein is higher in red and red and white group of cows. From the control of productivity and accounting research the most productive from black and white cows is Swedish black and white cattle breed, while from red ones is Estonian red breed cows. The biggest quantity of protein and fat is noticed in the milk of Angler breed cows. The highest level of protein is found in Dutch black and white cows’ milk, white the... [to full text]

Magistro darbo tikslas - įvertinti žalųjų ir žalmargių bulių eksterjero veislinės vertės požymius ir jų koreliaciją. Darbo uždaviniai : 1. Atlikti žalųjų ir žalmargių bulių eksterjero veislinės vertės rodiklių ir jų priklausomybės analizę. 2. Ištirti atskirų žalųjų ir žalmargių veislių bulių palyginamąją analizę pagal dukterų eksterjero veislinę vertę. Tyrimo metu buvo analizuojami 107 žalųjų ir žalmargių bulių, gimusių nuo 1995 m. iki 2008 m. eksterjero įvertinimai. Nustatyta, kad maksimalus eksterjero įvertinimas siekė 122, minimalus - 72, todėl eksterjero vertinimų rangas siekia net 50 indekso taškų. Vidurkis, 93,21, yra gana artimas modai ir medianai, vidurkio paklaida yra gana maža, todėl galima teigti, jog jis gana tiksliai atspindi eksterjero įvertinimų pasiskirstymą. Standartinis nuokrypis rodo, kad daugiausia reikšmių yra išsidėstę ± 8,74 indekso vienetų apie vidurkį. Atlikus koreliacinę analizę galima matyti, kad labiausiai su bendru karvės eksterjero įvertinimu koreliuoja tešmens vertinimas – net 0,87, kuris bendrame indekse sudaro 40 proc. Bendro kūno išsivystymo požymių indeksas turi stiprų tiesioginį ryšį su buliaus bendro eksterjero įvertinimo indeksu, r = 0,869. Galūnių indekso koreliacija su eksterjero bendru indeksu kiek atsilieka (r = 0,81), tačiau jų koreliacijos laipsnis taip pat vertinamas kaip labai stiprus. Pagal kūno bendro išsivystymo indeksą (104,0) ir tešmens indeksą (99,5) pirmauja žalmargiai holšteinai, kurie vidutiniškai surenka... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this research was to evaluate the breeding value of exterior traits of red-and-white bulls in Lithuania. The goals: 1. To perform exterior assessment analysis of Red and Red-and-White bulls. 2. To examine breeding values for exterior indexes of Red and Red-and-White bulls tested in Lithuania and to perform their comparative analysis. The study included the analysis of exterior ratings of 107 red and red-and-white bulls born since 1995 to 2008. It was determined that the maximum total exterior index was 122, the minimum - 72, and the range of exterior ranks were 50 points. Average of 93.21, is quite close to the mode and the median, the average error is quite small, so it can be said that it is a fairly accurate assessment of the exterior. Standard deviation indicates that most values are located ±8.74 points on average. After performing correlation analysis it can be said that biggest correlation coeficient is between udder index and total exterior index – 0.87. It is quite logical - calculating udder index takes 40% in the total exterior index. Body conformation index also has a strong direct relationship with the total exterior index of the bulls - correlation coefficient was 0.869. Coefficient of correlation between index of feet and legs and total exterior index was some lower, i.e. 0.81, but the degree of correlation is also relised as very strong. Red-and-White Holstein is the leading breed of bulls according to the body conformation index (104.0) and... [to full text]

The objectives of this research were firstly, to investigate if dairy cattle genotypes in NZ exhibit genetic variation in environmental sensitivity and to determine if this genetic variation is statistically significant from a genetic evaluation perspective, and secondly, to use genetic information including environmental sensitivity data to simulate dairy cattle responses to changes in nutritional regime and variation in climate. A comprehensive review identified that simulation models either overlook, or do not represent environmental sensitivity information where genotypes and breeds respond differently when exposed to variations in environment. A large dataset of daily and total lactation records (yields of milk, fat and protein) from herds participating in the progeny testing of sires from 1989 to 2002 was obtained to test for differences in the environmental sensitivity of dairy cattle in New Zealand. Production data was matched with environmental data relating to climate, herd size, altitude and herd average production levels (a proxy for feeding level). The statistical analyses applying univariate and bivariate multibreed models to environmental character states identified minimal sire re-ranking between environmental character states as measured by genetic and rank correlations. However, differences in yields of milk, fat and protein between New Zealand Jersey and overseas Holstein Friesian systematically diverged with production level, in herds expected to use different levels of supplements. These results suggest New Zealand Jersey cattle are best suited to a grassland-type environment, and overseas Holstein Friesian cattle are more suited to an intensive-type environment. A phenotypic analysis identified thermal environment (cold and hot conditions) significantly affected the expression of production traits in Holstein Friesian, New Zealand Jersey and Holstein Friesian x New Zealand Jersey cattle. Holstein Friesian dairy cattle were more susceptible to the effects of heat conditions than New Zealand Jersey cattle with yields of milk, and concentrations of fat and protein of the former compromised at a lower value for temperature humidity index. Dairy cattle performance is likely to be compromised by heat more frequently than cold conditions in New Zealand. A simulation model that considers how dairy cow genotypes respond to different environments, incorporating the results presented above, was then developed. An initial estimate of feed intake is used to define cow genetic potential based on estimated breeding values for total yields milk, fat and protein, and environmental sensitivity information. A mammary gland module then predicts daily yields of milk, fat and protein based on the cow's genetic potential after considering her age, stage of lactation, body condition score, nutritional status and thermal environment. Live weight change is also predicted via a body energy stores module, which considers the effect of age, stage of lactation, current body condition score, nutritional status, and an estimated breeding value for body condition score. Feed intake is predicted from the requirements for maintenance, growth and pregnancy, and the genetic drive for yields of milk, fat and protein and body fat change. The predictive ability of the model was tested using information from a prior study with two Holstein Friesian genotypes managed in a pasture-based system. The model simulated to a high degree of accuracy, mean values for yields of milk, fat and protein, and concentrations of fat and protein of each genotype. Various tests identified the major source of error between simulated and observed values were due to a lack of simulated variation. In conclusion, the extent of genetic variation in environmental sensitivity for total lactation yields of milk, fat and protein within the range of New Zealand environments are not sufficient to warrant the formation of separate breeding schemes for distinct environments. However, New Zealand Jersey cattle are best suited to a grassland-type environment, and overseas Holstein Friesian cattle are more suited to an intensive-type environment. Genetic variation in the suitability of different breeds for specific environments existed within breeds. A simulation model was developed that was able to simulate the effect of genotype, environment and genotypic differences in environmental sensitivity on daily cow performance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate carcass and meat characteristics of lambs from two genetic groups fed diets with different inclusions of soybean hulls in replacement of forage. Forty uncastrated male lambs were used, 20 from the Texel breed and 20 from Ideal breed, weaned approximately at 60 days and housed in individual pens were randomly divided into four groups according to the level of inclusion of soybean hulls in the diet: 0%, 33.5%, 66.5% and 100% of soybean hulls in replacement of sorghum silage. Lambs were slaughtered when they reached 60% of maturity body weight, 27 kg for Ideal breed animals and 32 kg for the Texel breed animals, being determined qualitative and quantitative carcass and meat. Texel lambs had higher average daily weight gain and carcass yield (P<0,05), being higher when it raises the level of soybean hulls. The genetic group did not affect the variables related to fat deposition as marbling, greasing state and subcutaneous fat thickness. The Texel breed, presented greater morphometric measurements of carcass (P<0,05) when compared with Ideal animals. The racial group did not alter the relative weight of the carcass cuts (P>0,05), however affects the tissue composition. Shoulder was the cut that best predicts the total carcass tissue composition of Texel and Ideal lambs. The genetic group affects the protein content of the meat, being superior to the animals of the Texel. The inclusion level of soybean hulls exerts influence on the moisture content of lamb meat. The race affected the pH, temperature, color, odor and cooking losses from lamb meat (P<0,05). The highest levels of soybean hulls result in changes in the texture profile, in lighter meat, with softer flavor and terderness. The race and the level of soybean hulls not affect the cholesterol content (P<0,05). Among the identified fatty acids, only conjugated linoleic acid had significant difference between the two breeds, being superior to the animals of the Texel breed. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características da carcaça e da carne de cordeiros de dois grupos genéticos submetidos a dietas com diferentes inclusões de casca de soja em substituição ao volumoso. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros machos não castrados, sendo 20 provenientes da raça Texel e 20 da raça Ideal, desmamados aproximadamente aos 60 dias e confinados em baias individuais, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos de acordo com o nível de inclusão de casca de soja na dieta: 0%, 33,5%, 66,5% e 100% de casca de soja em substituição a silagem de sorgo. Os cordeiros foram abatidos quando alcançaram 60% do peso vivo a maturidade, ou seja, 27 kg para os animais da raça Ideal e 32 kg de peso vivo para os da raça Texel, sendo determinadas as características qualitativas e quantitativas da carcaça e da carne. Cordeiros da raça Texel apresentaram maior ganho médio diário de peso e rendimentos de carcaças (P<0,05), sendo superior quando se eleva o nível de casca de soja. O grupo genético não afetou as variáveis relacionadas a deposição de gordura como marmoreio, estado de engorduramento e espessura de gordura subcutânea. A raça Texel, apresentou maiores medidas morfométricas da carcaça (P<0,05) quando comparadas com animais Ideal. O grupo racial não alterou o peso relativo dos cortes da carcaça (P>0,05), entretanto afetou a composição tecidual. A paleta é o corte que melhor prediz a composição tecidual total da carcaça de cordeiros Texel e Ideal. O grupo genético afetou o teor de proteína da carne, sendo superior para os animais da raça Texel. O nível de inclusão de casca de soja exerceu influencia no teor de umidade da carne dos cordeiros. A raça afetou os valores de pH, temperatura, cor, odor e perdas ao cozimento da carne dos cordeiros (P<0,05). Os maiores níveis de casca de soja resultaram em mudanças no perfil de textura, em carne mais clara, de sabor mais fraco e com maior maciez. A raça e o nível de casca de soja não afetaram o teor de colesterol (P<0,05). Dentre os ácidos graxos identificados, somente o ácido linoléico conjugado apresentou diferença entre as raças estudadas, sendo superior para os animais da raça Texel.