The goal of this study was to investigate the career counselling needs at a school in a deprived community. High School learners form part of the future workforce that will influence this country's economy. Therefore it is necessary to focus on the development of a workforce that has the basic skills. Career counselling is therefore seen as the field of education by means of which these skills need to be addressed, but to present successful career counselling, the needs of the learners and teachers have to be taken into consideration. The staff and pupils of a Secondary School from a deprived community in Potchefstroom were used for the purposes of this study. The group consisted of 15 participants in total, of which 10 were pupils (6 girls and 4 boys) in grades 10 to 12, and 5 teachers (4 ladies and 1 gentleman). In order to determine the participants' experiences with regard to Career Counselling, qualitative research methodology was used by means of phenomenological principles in interviews. A specific effort was made to give an account of the extent and nature of this need, as well as to determine what the pupils' needs for Career Counselling are and what the limitations are for the teacher regarding career counselling. The results showed that pupils see career counselling as important and that they have a need for this field of education, that the current career education sessions at school do not fulfil their needs for career guidance, that learners indicate that they have specific needs regarding career guidance, that their peers show indifference towards receiving career guidance and also that their career choices are influenced by their home backgrounds. Furthermore the results showed that the teachers acknowledge the importance of career counselling at schools, the need for better career guidance, that certain factors exist that influence career guidance in a negative way and also that they have specific needs regarding career guidance. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The goal of this study was to investigate the career counselling needs at a school in a deprived community. High School learners form part of the future workforce that will influence this country's economy. Therefore it is necessary to focus on the development of a workforce that has the basic skills. Career counselling is therefore seen as the field of education by means of which these skills need to be addressed, but to present successful career counselling, the needs of the learners and teachers have to be taken into consideration. The staff and pupils of a Secondary School from a deprived community in Potchefstroom were used for the purposes of this study. The group consisted of 15 participants in total, of which 10 were pupils (6 girls and 4 boys) in grades 10 to 12, and 5 teachers (4 ladies and 1 gentleman). In order to determine the participants' experiences with regard to Career Counselling, qualitative research methodology was used by means of phenomenological principles in interviews. A specific effort was made to give an account of the extent and nature of this need, as well as to determine what the pupils' needs for Career Counselling are and what the limitations are for the teacher regarding career counselling. The results showed that pupils see career counselling as important and that they have a need for this field of education, that the current career education sessions at school do not fulfil their needs for career guidance, that learners indicate that they have specific needs regarding career guidance, that their peers show indifference towards receiving career guidance and also that their career choices are influenced by their home backgrounds. Furthermore the results showed that the teachers acknowledge the importance of career counselling at schools, the need for better career guidance, that certain factors exist that influence career guidance in a negative way and also that they have specific needs regarding career guidance. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The study was conducted to develop a process by which teachers and counselors could initiate implement and evaluate career guidance activities in regular junior high school classrooms. The problem. Junior high school teachers in Utah were not participating with counselors in providing career guidance activities for students. Purpose. To conduct a pilot program in career guidance in which teachers and counselors at the junior high school level could create student activities which are applicable in the classroom from a pre-designed career guidance model. Objectives. To develop career guidance behavioral objectives and learning activities applicable to teaching in the classroom at the junior high school level. To evaluate the activities in a pilot project to determine if they reach the criterion set by the behavioral objectives. To publish the developed bheavioral objectives and learning activities as a guide for further program development in junior high schools throughout the State of Utah. To develop a contractual process for the purpose of involving counselors and teachers in career guidance activity development. Sample. The sample involved approximately 800 boys and girls, ages 13-15, at T. H. Bell Junior High School. The staff involved included the principal, one supervisor, two counselors and 16 teachers, five ninth grade, five eighth grade, and six seventh grade teachers as determined by their homeroom assignment. Data. The data gathered were the written and evaluated activities developed by each teacher. Observational design. Contracts were written on each of the 56 pre-developed behavioral objectives. The contract stipulated the behavioral objective, time limitations for completion and the criterion level. The teacher, with the assistance of a supervisor or principal, developed activities which met the established criterion. Upon completion, these materials were compiled by a supervisor and final evaluation for correctness and completeness was determined. Upon completion, the teacher received a pre-arranged financial remuneration. The completed activities were placed in book form to correspond with the behavioral objectives. This placed the teacher developed activities within the total curriculum model at the junior high school level. Summary. Career guidance activities were written, and tested to determine if they reached criterion level specified by behavioral objectives, and these were then used in junior high school classes. The result of the process was to expand the career guidance offering at one junior high school from two counselors interacting with students to a large portion of the faculty interacting with students relative to their future career choices. It appears that the process developed in this study has merit as it pertains to career guidance activities integrated into regular classrooms. The career guidance model with the developed activities were distributed to junior high schools throughout the state for the purpose of serving as an example of expanding career guidance activities into the regular classroom.

Studie-och yrkesvägledning är något som enligt skollagen alla elever utom förskolebarnska erbjudas för att kunna göra väl underbyggda framtidsval. Skolans vägledningska även vara frivillig, vilket innebär att det ofta är elevernas eget ansvaratt söka upp vägledaren för att få prata om sina tankar och funderingar.Grundskolan är en plats där eleverna utökar sin kunskap, men även utvecklar sinidentitet samtidigt som de utsätts för stereotyper och könsmässiga fördomar. Dennaundersökning har fokuserat på pojkarna i grundskolan. Fyra kvinnliga och fyramanliga studie- och yrkesvägledare inom grundskolan har intervjuats för attsöka svar på deras upplevelser av vägledning av pojkar inom grundskolan. Resultatetvisar ambivalenta svar då den generella upplevelsen är att pojkar och flickorsjälvmant uppsöker vägledning i samma utstäckning, för att sedan visa attpojkar är överrepresenterade i att inte komma till de bokade samtalen och attflera vägledare känner sig tvingade att hämta in främst pojkar till samtal. Resultatetvisade också att vägledarna generellt har en tydlig bild av hur en pojke ”är”och hur en flicka ”är”, samtidigt som de har en oreflekterad inställning tillhur deras eget kön påverkar vägledningssituationen. Studien tillför enförståelse för studie- och yrkesvägledarnas upplevelser av att vägleda pojkarinom grundskolan samtidigt som den visar på brister i forskningen när detkommer till studie- och yrkesvägledares vägledningssituation med pojkar. / The availability of career guidance counselling to pupils in the Swedish grundskola (mandatory school years covering ages 7-16) is stated in law, with the aim of giving them the tools needed to make well-informed choices regarding their future. Career guidance in schools is also volontary, meaning the responsibility of seeking it out often falls on the pupil. School is a place where pupils expand their knowledge and form their identities, while at the same time being exposed to stereotypical expectations based on gender. This study focuses on boys in the mandatory school years. Four female and four male career guidance counsellors are interviewed in an attempt to describe their experiences of career guidance with boys in school.   The results are ambiguous. On the one hand, the career guidance counsellors experience that boys and girls seek career guidance to the same extent. On the other hand the results indicate that more boys than girls fail to show up to booked appointments and are more often coerced into sitting down to talk with the career guidance counsellor. The results also show that the career guidance counsellors generally have a clear picture of how boys and girls "are", while not reflecting to the same extent on how their own gender affect the counselling. The study improves knowledge on how career guidance counsellors experience counselling with boys in the mandatory school years, while at the same time showing the need for further research.

I läroplanen för grundskola, förskoleklass och fritidshem 2011 står det att skolan ansvarar för att varje elev efter genomgången grundskola kan göra väl underbyggda val av fortsatt utbildning och yrkesinriktning. Forskning inom studie- och yrkesvägledning visar på stora brister hur området integreras i skolan. Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att undersöka lärarnas perspektiv på studie- och yrkesvägledning i årskurs 1–6. För att få svar på våra frågeställningar har vi valt att använda oss av enkäter. Resultatet visar att lärarna saknar tillräckliga kunskaper för att integrera studie- och yrkesvägledning i undervisningen, men de anser att studie- och yrkesvägledning är viktigt. En lärare menar att “Det är ju det hela skolgången syftar till: att förbereda för ett kommande yrkesliv”. / The swedish curriculum for compulsory school, pre-school class and after-school center 2011 states that the school is responsible for each pupil after completing compulsory school can make well-founded choices of further education and vocational orientation. Research in study- and career guidance shows major shortcomings in how the area is integrated into the school. The purpose of our study is to investigate the teachers perspectives on study- and career guidance in grades 1–6. To get answers to our questions, we have chosen to use surveys. The results show that teachers lack sufficient knowledge to integrate study- and career guidance in teaching, but that they believe that study- and career guidance is important. One teacher says that “This is what the whole schooling is about: to prepare for a future professional life".

Denna studie undersöker studie- och yrkesvägledares uppfattningar om tidig vägledning. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta utbildade och verksamma studie- och yrkesvägledare har genomförts. Det insamlade materialet analyseras utifrån Linda S. Gottfredsons (2002) Theory of Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation. Studiens resultat visar att studie- och yrkesvägledare uppfattar att tidig vägledning kan motverka stereotypa föreställningar i arbetslivet, öka individers valkompetens och självkännedom samt göra att individer tar mer välgrundade beslut. Tidig vägledning kan enligt studie- och yrkesvägledare även bidra till stora samhällsekonomiska vinster. Enligt studie- och yrkesvägledare behöver studie- och yrkesvägledning i vid bemärkelse vara hela skolans ansvar och finnas med som en röd tråd genom hela skolgången. Centrala faktorer för att kunna bedriva tidig vägledning är enligt studie- och yrkesvägledare att vägledning behöver bli högre prioriterad och att det krävs en ökad kunskap hos huvudmän, skolledare och andra professioner kring vad studie- och yrkesvägledning innebär och vad den bidra med. / This study examines career guidance counsellors’ perceptions of early career guidance. Supporting this study are semi-structured interviews conducted with eight qualified and active career guidance counsellors. Collected material is analysed utilising Linda S. Gottfredson’s (2002) Theory of Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation. Results of this study show that career guidance counsellors perceive that early career guidance can prevent stereotypical conceptions of work life, help increase an individual's competence and self-awareness as well as help individuals make more informed decisions. According to career guidance counsellors, early career guidance can also contribute to broader socio-economic benefits. This study recognises that career guidance in a broad sense needs to be the responsibility of an entire school and be included as a common thread throughout schooling. To be able to conduct career guidance at an earlier stage, career guidance counsellors claim that career guidance needs to be given higher priority among school leaders and other professions within the school. Consequently, an increased knowledge of the benefits of career guidance is required among these professions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate guidance counsellors’ conceptions and experiences of information and communication technologies (ICT) in career guidance. The study has also investigated if counsellors, after graduation from the Bachelor of Arts in Study and Career Guidance program, consider themselves equipped to meet a digitized society. Qualitative interviews were made with eight professional guidance counsellors in primary and secondary schools. The collected data has been analyzed inspired by thematic analysis. The results of the study showed that ICT in guidance is perceived as a positive complement with a great potential. Based on our study we can conclude that ICT in guidance is seen as something positive with a great potential. Based on the results of our study, we conclude that the counsellors agree that the study program needs to be changed and expanded to reflect the needs of a changing society. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka studie- och yrkesvägledares uppfattningar och erfarenheter av informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) i vägledning samt undersöka om vägledare, efter examen från studie- och yrkesvägledarutbildningen, känner sig rustade att möta ett digitaliserat samhälle. Data samlades in med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer som metod. Totalt åtta yrkesverksamma studie- och yrkesvägledare i grund- och gymnasieskola intervjuades. Den insamlade empirin analyserades med inspiration utifrån en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet av studien visade på att IKT i vägledning uppfattas som ett positivt komplement med en stor potential. Utifrån resultatet av vår studie kan vi konstatera att IKT i vägledning upplevs som något positivt med en stor potential samt att studie- och yrkesvägledarna är eniga om att utbildningen behöver förändras och kompletteras utifrån samhällets förändrade behov.

The single most common decision that people between the ages of 16 years and 22 years need to make is that of their career choice. Research in the field of career guidance has shown that the world of work is changing. It is generally accepted that an individual will be presented with many opportunities in the world of work and these give rise to the notion of multiple careers. To predict accurately what these opportunities might be is impractical and naive, if not impossible. Career guidance counsellors are now expected to understand the interrelationships between occupations and occupational groups; an understanding that is vital when providing a comprehensive and realistic career guidance service. The career guidance processes or programs that counsellors use, need to allow for the identification of base or entry level careers that will provide opportunity for both horizontal and vertical career movement. While the schooling system has traditionally been the primary role player in preparing learners for the world of work, recent budgetary cuts have forced schools to focus on academic subjects, and, as a result, career guidance as a subject has become ancillary to the school syllabus. This situation is unlikely to be remedied unless career guidance becomes an examinable subject as are mathematics, physical science, biology and so on. A literature study surrounding career guidance practices in South Africa and career choice and development theories from around the world, suggest that existing career guidance programs in South Africa need to be restructured to allow for a more comprehensive solution for learners, that need to make a career choice. The "PACE" career guidance program was designed to enhance the career knowledge of learners, increase their self awareness in relation to careers, and ultimately to accelerate the career maturity process. Learners from schools in East London were exposed to the program, with the intention of determining the effect of the program on their career maturity levels. Whilst certain elements which constitute career maturity were not influenced by the program, results obtained from the research indicated a significant increase in the overall career maturity level of these learners. Resulting from this dissertation, recommendations have been made relating to the length of a career guidance program, the point of departure and the point of exit, the importance of balancing realism with circumstances, and the necessity for career guidance practitioners to possess a thorough understanding of careers and the various paths that careers may follow. Suggestions regarding further research in the area of career guidance are also provided. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

Syftet med det här arbetet har varit att studera, med hjälp av diskursanalys/sättet att tala om arbetslivets framtida förändringar, mer specifikt förutsägelser om arbetslivets automatisering. Metoden har varit kritisk diskursanalys och diskursanalytiska begrepp hämtade från Foucault. Fokus för vår analys har varit en etablerad rapport i vilken man beräknar att 53 procent av jobben på den svenska arbetsmarknaden kan komma att automatiseras inom 20 år. Resultatet visar att sättet att tala om framtidens automatiserade arbetsmarknad i termer av risk, som något som innebär konkurrens mellan länder och grupper och som en naturkraft skapar en diskursordning kring framtidens automatiserade arbetsmarknad. Några av slutsatserna för vårt arbete visar på ett sätt att se på arbetslivets automatisering som något riskfyllt, något som hotar jobben på den svenska arbetsmarknaden och något som sker utan någon aktiv aktör. / The aim of this work was to study, with the help of discourse analysis/way to talk about working life, future changes, more specific predictions about the working life of automation. The method has been critical discourse analysis and discourse analytical concepts taken from Foucault. The focus of our analysis has been an established report which estimates that 53 percent of the jobs on the Swedish labor market can be automated within 20 years. The result shows that the way to talk about the future of automated labor market in terms of risk, in terms of competition between countries and groups and as a force of nature creates an order of discourse of the future of automated labor. Some of the conclusions of our work demonstrates a way to look at working life automation as something associated with risk, something that threatens the jobs on the Swedish labor market and something that occur without having any active agent.

Processos de Orientação Profissional e de Carreira objetivam auxiliar pessoas a refletirem sobre seus projetos de vida e as decisões relacionadas à carreira. Em tais processos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica, utilizados em uma perspectiva dinâmica e integrativa, podem contribuir para a clarificação das inclinações e disposições para a escolha da carreira em pessoas que buscam auxílio para tal empreendimento. Entre as diversas variáveis psicológicas que influenciam as escolhas ocupacionais destacam-se, neste estudo, os interesses profissionais, mensurados por meio de dois instrumentos: a Avaliação de Interesses Profissionais (AIP) e o Teste de fotos de Profissões (Berufsbilder Test, BBT-Br). Assim, esta investigação objetiva descrever as estruturas de interesses profissionais em estudantes do ensino médio regular e técnico em função do sexo e da procedência escolar, avaliar índices de consistência interna (fidedignidade) dos instrumentos, e correlacionar os resultados da AIP com o BBT-Br. A amostra desta investigação foi composta por 231 participantes, com idade entre 16 e 55 anos; 75 (32,5%) do sexo masculino e 156 (67,5%) do sexo feminino; 121 (52,4%) provenientes do ensino médio técnico e 110 (47,6%) do ensino médio regular. Os alunos do curso técnico eram oriundos dos cursos de administração, secretariado, eletrônica, design, mecatrônica, edificações e eletrotécnica. Os resultados indicaram a existência de diferenças significativas de escolhas em função do sexo dos participantes, tal como em estudos similares da área, que já apontavam a existência de padrões de escolhas diferenciados entre homens e mulheres. Em relação à procedência escolar, foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os estudantes de ensino médio regular e técnico somente no grupo masculino da amostra. No que diz respeito aos índices de consistência interna da AIP (Alfa de Cronbach), foram obtidos valores que variaram de 0,529 a 0,746, que podem ser considerados índices razoáveis; para o BBT-Br foram encontrados valores de consistência interna entre 0,418 a 0,753, indicadores também classificados como índices razoáveis de fidedignidade. Quanto a análise dos índices de correlação (Correlação de Pearson) entre a AIP e o BBT, foram obtidas diversas correlações significativas ( 0,30), tanto no grupo feminino da amostra quanto no grupo masculino. Assim, aponta-se para a convergência dos resultados dos instrumentos avaliados. Sobre os índices de consistência interna da AIP, indica-se a necessidade de aprimoramento do instrumento. Por fim, assinala-se a importância de ampliação de estudos que avaliem as características de estudantes de ensino médio técnico / Career Guidance and Career Processes aim to assist people in reflecting on their own life plans and decisions related to career. Applied in a dynamic and integrative perspective, psychological assessment instruments can contribute to clarify inclinations and dispositions to career choice for those who seek help for such undertaking. Among several psychological variables that can influence occupational choices, the professional interests stand out in this study, measured by two instruments: the Assessment of Professional Interests (AIP) and the Test of pictures of Occupations (Berufsbilder Test, BBT-Br). This research aims to describe the structures of professional interests of students in regular secondary and technical education schools by gender and school of origin. To assess the internal consistency (reliability) of the chosen instrument, the results have been correlated to the AIP BBT-Br. The research sample consisted of 231 participants, aged from 16 to 55 years; 75 (32.5%) male and 156 (67.5%) female patients; 121 (52.4%) and 110 (47.6%) from technical schools and regular high schools, respectively. Students in technical schools were distributed in courses on administration, secretarial, machine design, mechatronics, electrical engineering, and buildings. The results indicated significant differences in career choices depending on the sex of the participants. This agrees with similar studies already reported in the area, indicating the existence of patterns of differentiated choices between men and women. Also, for the school of origin, it was found significant differences between students from technical and regular schools only in the male sample group. Regarding to internal consistency of the AIP (Cronbach\'s alpha), values ranged from 0.529 to 0.746 , which can be considered reasonable rates; for the BBT -Br were found internal consistency values between 0.418 to 0.753, indicators also classified as reasonable levels of reliability. With respect to the analysis of correlation coefficients (Pearson correlation) between the AIP and the BBT, several significant correlations ( 0.30) were obtained in both female and male sample groups. Therefore, it is noted for the convergence of the results of both instruments; on the internal consistency of the AIP, it indicates the need for improving the instrument. Finally, we point out the importance of expanding studies to evaluate the characteristics of students from technical high schools