Destacaremos nessa pesquisa alguns aspectos da obra de Honoré Daumier na França no período da Monarquia de Julho (1830-1848) e da Segunda República (1848-1851). Mais especificamente: como o artista analisou e representou o período de 1830-35 e seus principais personagens e acontecimentos, momento de luta política aberta graças à liberdade de imprensa e caricatura; aspectos da \"estética antiburguesa\" de Daumier diante da forte censura, de 1835 a 1848, nos casos do personagem Robert Macaire e de cenas de contraposição trabalhador x burguês; e, o personagem Ratapoil, alegoria da ideologia bonapartista, durante o curto espaço da República, 1848-1851. Dado que esse período é marcado pelo processo de formação da consciência de classe dos trabalhadores franceses, bem como pela difusão da litografia como meio de reprodução imagens - a partir de então aptas a comentar o cotidiano como a imprensa escrita -, sugerimos que a caricatura, cuja função seria mostrar \"o outro lado\" do que retrata, tenha se tornado uma das armas políticas em condições de influenciar não apenas os debates, mas a mobilização política. Pois, durante tal processo, Daumier não apenas tomou parte ao lado dos movimentos trabalhadores e republicanos de maneira coerente. Mais que isso, desenvolveu uma estética caricatural realista ao extremo - sem fundar-se na representação mimética. Uma caricatura realista no sentido de calcada nos acontecimentos históricos e na introdução, nas imagens, de elementos reais que remetem a tais fatos ou personagens recentes, e apresenta-se em imagens alegóricas de fácil leitura. Tal desenvolvimento da caricatura ter-se-ia dado no intuito de comunicar ideias e análises políticas de modo claro e preciso e, assim, tentar inverter as versões e discursos \"oficiais\", ou ainda, \"contra-comunicar\". / This dissertation highlights aspect of the work of Honoré Daumier in France during the July Monarchy (1830-1848) and the Second Republic (1848-1851). Particular emphasis was placed on: how the artist analyzed and represented the period from 1830 to 1835, the main characters and events of these years, a time of open political struggle thanks to freedom of press and thanks to the use of caricature; aspects of the \"anti-bourgeois aesthetic\" of Daumier and its strong opposition to censorship from 1835 to 1848, with the character Robert Macaire and scenes of conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat; and aspects of the character Ratapoil, an allegory of the Bonapartist ideology, during the short period of the Republic, 1848-1851. Considering the fact that this period is marked by the formation of class consciousness of the French workers as well as by the spread of lithography as a means of image reproduction -- henceforth fit to comment on daily life as the written press was - it is suggested that caricature, which has the function of showing \"the other side\" of what it portrays, became one of the political weapons able to influence not only the political debates, but the political mobilizations. That is so because during such process Daumier not only took part alongside the workers movement and the Republicans, but he also developed a extremely realistic cartoon aesthetic -- not based in mimetic representational forms. His caricature was realistic in the sense that it was grounded in historical events and the use of real elements that made reference to events or characters of the time, and is presented in allegorical pictures of easy reading. This could be the result of the artist\'s intention to communicate ideas and political analyzes in a clear and precise manner, and thus invert \"official\" discourses and versions, or even \"counter-communicate\".

Robert Macaire apparaît en 1823 dans le mélodrame L’Auberge des Adrets sur la scène du Théâtre de l’Ambigu-Comique. Cette pièce marque l’histoire du mélodrame grâce à l’interprétation qu’en fait Frédérick Lemaître. Il crée un costume extravagant et improvise sur scène, transformant alors ce personnage secondaire en héros. Notre thèse met en lumière les modifications apportées dans l’oeuvre initiale grâce au jeu du comédien et recontextualise l’histoire des premières représentations. Le personnage apparaît de nouveau en 1834 dans Robert Macaire. Il devient un témoin emblématique des travers de la société de l’époque et héraut des contestations sociales et politiques de la monarchie de Juillet. Le succès est tel que le personnage réapparaît dans de nombreuses suites et avatars, donnant naissance au « macairisme ». Il s’attire ainsi les foudres de la censure. Au-delà du théâtre, il se transpose dans les caricatures et la littérature, devenant une figure archétypale et mythique. Il reste néanmoins fortement attaché à Frédérick Lemaître avec lequel il constitue un couple symbiotique justifiant l’analyse de l’impact du comédien dans la transfiguration du personnage de théâtre en un type social médiatisé. À travers cette étude, nous analysons le succès de Robert Macaire et les différentes utilisations du personnage et de ses implications politiques afin de comprendre comment et pourquoi ce personnage théâtral est devenu type social. Aborder la question de Robert Macaire à travers le couple qu’il forme avec Frédérick Lemaître permet d’interroger les véritables enjeux de l’esthétique macairienne dans l’affirmation du théâtre populaire. / Robert Macaire appears in 1823 in L’Auberge des Adrets melodrama on the stage of the L’Ambigu-Comique Theater. This play celebrates the melodrama’s history, thanks to the interpretation created by Frédérick Lemaître. He creates an extravagant costume and improvises on stage, transforming this secondary character in heroe. Our thesis highlights changes in the initial work through the actor’s play and re-contextualizes the history of the firsts performances. The character appears again in 1834 in Robert Macaire. He became an emblematic witness of the society of that time and herald for the social and political challenges of the “monarchie de Juillet”. Due to the success, the character reappears in many suites and avatars giving birth to the “Macairisme”. He thus, attracted the wrath of censorship. Beyond the theatre, he transfers in cartoons and literature, thus becoming an archetypal and mythic figure. Nevertheless, he remains strongly attached to Frédérick Lemaître with whom he creates a symbiotic couple justifying the study of the impact of the comedian in the transfiguration of the theatre in a publicized social type character. Through this study, we do analyze the success of Robert Macaire and the different uses of the character and its political implications in order to understand how and why this theatrical character has become a social type. Addressing the issue of Robert Macaire through the couple formed with Frédérick Lemaître, allows querying the real issues of “the macairienne esthetic” in the claim of the popular theatr

À travers une séries d'études de cas éclairées par l'apport de l'éthologie, l'histoire de l'art, la psychologie cognitive et les neurosciences, cette thèse tente de répondre au paradoxe apparent du cinéma d'animation qui rend les personnages stylisés et caricaturaux sont plus à même de faire oublier leurs artificialité que les personnages visant au plus grand réalisme. / Through a series of case studies, supported by reasearch in art history, ethology, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, this dissertation aims at explaining the strange animated film paradox that makes stylised and caricatural characters more efficient than characters tending towards strong realism at overcoming their artificialit / Doctorat en Information et communication / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A doctoral thesis “Czechoslovakian modernist illustration of the 1950s and 1960s and its influences in the contemporary Czech visual culture” is focused on how a modernist illustration of the 1950s and 1960s influences Czech contemporary authors, especially illustrators. We can witness a particularly strong influence of the above mentioned modernist illustration and visual culture of that period in general among producers employing digital tools and vector graphics served. The thesis contains a historical study which follows developments of the visual language of graphic arts (illustration in particular) in the 1950s and 1960s in relation to fine arts. There is a special focus on a position of the 1960s’ modernist illustration within the applied arts of the period. Biographical study dedicated to illustrator M. Šašek introduce key figure of the (late) modernist period.

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El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objeto de estudio a la caricatura y la comunicación de crítica social. Se plantea como objetivo general analizar los elementos de representación gráfica y las funciones de la narrativa visual en los personajes de las series animadas dirigidas al público adulto mayores de dieciocho (18) años, para comunicar contenidos de crítica social. La indagación parte de la hipótesis de que la caricatura es una herramienta de comunicación gráfica relacionada al diseño de personajes que contrarresta la compleja información de crítica que se emite en series animadas. En cuanto a la metodología de la investigación, es de carácter descriptivo y parte del análisis de dos series animadas que comparten el mismo target, pero con distinta temporalidad de realización como South Park (1997 en emisión televisiva) y Big Mouth (2017 en emisión streaming), con la finalidad de comparar atributos gráficos y narrativos, que permitan corroborar la existencia de similitud y tendencia de estructura comunicativa. Entre los principales resultados obtenidos en la ficha descriptiva de diseño se evidenció la repetición de arquetipos del personaje y la relación entre la representación visual, conformada por las características físicas, la representación narrativa, basada en el rol que desempeña. Ambos como producto construyen la personificación que busca tener similitudes con el espectador y la realidad que lo rodea. De esta manera, se concluye que la construcción de un personaje para realizar crítica social cuenta con un trasfondo previo a su realización gráfica. Los personajes tienen el propósito de ser el reflejo de la sociedad en sus distintos puntos de vista, para vincular la realidad con los temas desarrollados y satirizarlos para finalmente amenizar un mensaje conciso que lleve al espectador a la intriga, atención y reflexión. / The research work has as object of study the caricature and the communication of social criticism. The general objective is to analyze the elements of graphic representation and the functions of visual narrative in the characters of animated series aimed at adult audiences over eighteen (18) years of age, to communicate content of social criticism. The investigation starts from the hypothesis that the cartoon is a graphic communication tool related to character design that counteracts the complex critical information that is emitted in animated series. As for the research methodology, it is descriptive and part of the analysis of two animated series that share the same target, but with different timing, such as South Park (1997 on television broadcast) and Big Mouth (2017 on streaming broadcast ), in order to compare graphic and narrative attributes, which allow corroborating the existence of similarity and tendency of the communicative structure. Among the main results obtained in the descriptive design sheet, the repetition of archetypes of the character and the relationship between the visual representation, made up of physical characteristics, and the narrative representation, based on the role it plays, was evidenced. Both as a product build the personification that seeks to have similarities with the viewer and the reality that surrounds him. In this way, it is concluded that the construction of a character to perform social criticism has a background prior to its graphic realization. The characters have the purpose of being the reflection of society in its different points of view, to link reality with the developed themes and satirize them to finally liven up a concise message that leads the viewer to intrigue, attention and reflection / Trabajo de investigación

Quel est le sens et la portée des images et des textes diffusés dans les médias? Voici la première question de recherche suggérée sur la page d'accueil web du département de communication de l’Université de Montréal. Le présent mémoire vise justement à répondre en partie à ce questionnement. Plus particulièrement, nous avons tenté de comprendre comment font sens des caricatures éditoriales publiées dans la presse écrite américaine le 12 septembre 2001. En utilisant une méthode d'analyse qui jumelle la théorie sémiotique de Charles Sanders Peirce et la sémiologie de Roland Barthes, nous avons analysé un corpus constitué de dix caricatures publiées au lendemain des évènements du 11 septembre. Nous avons observé la pertinence d’une analyse sémiotique rigoureuse en tentant d’évacuer la latitude discrétionnaire observée dans certaines analyses de notre revue de littérature. Comme nous le montrons, au lendemain de cet événement catastrophique, la plupart des images analysées renforcent le sentiment de tristesse et de peine alors que d’autres images sont plus bellicistes et suggèrent un appel à la vengeance et donc à la guerre. / What is the meaning and scope of the images and texts that we find in the media? This is the first research question suggested on the web page of the Department of communication of the Université de Montréal. This master’s thesis aims to partly address this questioning. Specifically, we tried to understand how political cartoons published in the American press on September 12, 2001 make sense. Using an analytical method that combines Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic and Roland Barthes’s semiology, we examined a corpus made of ten cartoons published the day after the September 11 events. We observed the relevance of a rigorous semiotic analysis by trying to eliminate the discretionary latitude observed in certain analyses found in our literature review. In the aftermath of this catastrophic event, most of the images we analyzed reinforce the feeling of sadness and grief while other cartoons are more hawkish and suggest a call for revenge, and therefore for war.

Vicissitudes in the British-German relationship since the Second World War have been reflected in the social and political cartoons produced and published in Britain and Germany referring to the other and the European and international context of their relationship. This survey focuses primarily on press cartoons, analysing and interpreting their content along imagological lines. National stereotypes, symbols, and other imagery are identified and their origins, uses, and possible meanings investigated. The research shows that British cartoonists have often had easy recourse to imagery drawn from and connected with twentieth-century military conflicts and the experience of National Socialism, which they have been loathe to set aside even after fifty years of peace. Such imagery has come particularly to the fore during periods of tension between the two countries. On the other hand, German cartoonists have generally relied upon an older and less provocative palette of imagery. Towards the end of the twentieth century and after reunification, the German caricatural depiction of Britain and the British became less circumspect, with evidence of a sharper and more critical approach. Significant themes and topics in the depiction of the ´other´ are also identfied, such as each country´s position within the European Community, and their treatment is charted.

[pt] Este trabalho propõe uma análise da categoria da caricatura verbal no romance Mocidade Morta, de Gonzaga Duque, escritor simbolista e crítico de artes plásticas que atuou na imprensa periódica do Rio de Janeiro do fim do século XIX. Na obra, as personagens são em geral apresentadas como caricaturas verbais e aparecem como elemento de crítica ao mundo artístico da Belle Époque carioca, então regido pela Academia Imperial de Belas Artes, e povoado por artistas mais interessados nos prêmios de viagem ao exterior e na própria consagração, do que propriamente na criação de uma arte moderna brasileira e independente dos preceitos – e preconceitos – acadêmicos. / [en] This work intends to analyze the category of verbal caricature in the novel Mocidade Morta, by Gonzaga Duque, brazilian symbolist writer and art critic who also worked in the late 19th century press of Rio de Janeiro. In the novel, characters are in general presented as verbal caricatures and appear as a critical element of the artistic world of that time, also known as Belle Époque, when the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts reigned supreme, and peopled by artists who were rather interested in travel prizes to study in Europe and in their own acclaim, than in creating a Brazilian modern art, free of academic precepts and preconceptions.

Jean-Baptiste Isabey (1767-1855) connaît une carrière exceptionnellement longue qui s’étend de la Révolution au Second Empire. Après avoir exposé ses premières œuvres au Salon de 1791, cet élève de Jacques-Louis David s’impose sur la scène artistique du Directoire comme le premier dessinateur et miniaturiste de son temps. En s'inscrivant dans un contexte favorable à la diffusion de portraits de moindre coût et de moindre format, sa réussite peu commune rend compte de l'évolution des critères de la reconnaissance artistique à la fin du XVIIIe. Elle témoigne également de la promotion du statut social de l'artiste autour de 1800. Lié aux proches du clan Bonaparte sous la Consulat, Isabey est un des portraitistes de la période les mieux introduits auprès des élites. Son habileté à exploiter des sujets qui répondent aux goûts de ses contemporains permets de mesurer l'importance des relations mondaines dans la naissance et la diffusion des réputations artistiques au tournant du XIXe siècle. Entre 1800 et 1805, Isabey est l'auteur de plusieurs grands dessins de propagande qui scandent les principales étapes de la consolidation du nouveau pouvoir. Familier de la noblesse impériale, l'artiste accumule honneurs et commandes officielles au lendemain du Sacre. Sa réputation est associée aux portraits miniatures de l’Empereur destinés à la caisse des présents diplomatiques et à quelques-unes des plus célèbres représentations officielles de Marie-Louise et du roi de Rome. Ses responsabilités sont extrêmement variées et sa production considérable : il est à la fois peintre des relations extérieures, dessinateur du cabinet et des cérémonies et décorateur en chef de l'Opéra. L'étude de ce parcours pluridisciplinaire offre un champ d'étude remarquable, qui nous fournit bien des clefs pour comprendre la carrière et le statut des artistes de cour sous l'Empire. Après Waterloo, Isabey est mis à l’écart du pouvoir en raison de ses engagements bonapartistes. L'artiste exécute alors plusieurs caricatures et portraits qui le montrent prompt à critiquer la monarchie restaurée. L'analyse des effets de la résistance au régime royaliste dans le monde des arts entre 1815 et 1820 aide à saisir le sens de son engagement dans l'opposition. La période qui s’ouvre au lendemain des Cent-Jours est également fondamentale pour comprendre le parcours artistique d'Isabey et pour apprécier la place que lui assignèrent ses contemporains dans l’art de la première partie du XIXe siècle. Son abondante production, qui se décline en miniatures sur vélin, dessins, lithographies, aquarelles et peintures à l’huile le montre soucieux de l'évolution du goût. Elle met aussi en lumière la difficulté qu'il éprouve à conserver sa réputation de portraitiste après 1820. Cette thèse fournit pour la première fois un catalogue de l’œuvre d'Isabey / Jean-Baptiste Isabey (1767-1855) had an exceptionally long career that spanned from the French Revolution until the Second French Empire. After his early works' exhibition at the Salon of 1791, this student of Jacques-Louis David rapidly became, on the art scene of the French Directory, the finest artist and miniaturist of his time. In a context that made the dissemination of low-cost and small-sized portraits easier, his unusual success reflects the change of artistic recognition criteria in the late eighteenth century. It also reflects the improvement of the social status of artists around 1800. Linked to people that were close to Bonaparte under the French Consulate, Isabey is one of the period's best introduced portraitists. His cleverness in using themes that meet his contemporaries' tastes clearly shows how important social relationships can be in the making and spreading of artistic reputations at the turn of the nineteenth century. Between 1800 and 1805, Isabey is the author of several large propaganda drawings that punctuate the main steps of the new power's consolidation. Familiar with the imperial nobility, the artist collects honours and official commissions in the wake of the Coronation. His reputation is associated with miniature portraits of the Emperor made for the fund of diplomatic presents and with some of the most famous official representations of Marie-Louise and of the King of Rome. His responsibilities are manifold and he produces a lot: he is the official painter for external relations, designer of the Cabinet, designer of Ceremonies and chief decorator of the Opera. The study of this multidisciplinary career gives many keys to a better understanding of the career and status of court artists under the Empire. After Waterloo, Isabey is sidelined because of his bonapartist commitments. At this time the artist performs several caricatures and portraits where he clearly criticizes the freshly restored monarchy. Analysing the effects of this resistance to the royalist regime in the world of arts between 1815 and 1820 helps in understanding his commitment to the opposition. The period opening in the aftermath of the Hundred Days is also fundamental to understanding Isabey's artistic career and to appreciate the place he was assigned by his contemporaries in the art of the first part of the nineteenth century. His prolific output, which comes in miniature on vellum, drawings, lithographs, watercolours and oil paintings shows his constant concern about changing tastes. It also highlights the difficulty he has to maintain his reputation as a portraitist after 1820.This thesis provides for the first time a catalogue of Isabey's works