Problem: Färg har en stor associativ inverkan hos individer och är därför en viktig faktor vid varumärkesbyggande. Inom olika produktkategorier finns starkt etablerade färgnormer som följs men nu ser vi en utveckling på den svenska marknaden där etablerade färgnormer börjar ifrågasättas. Vi frågar oss vilka fördelar denna normbrottsstrategi har och hur den inverkar på konsumenter. Kanske har färgteorierna spelat ut sin roll och att det är dags för varumärken att bryta mönstret för att nå framgång. Vår frågeställning är således: Hur associerar svenska konsumenter färg till olika känslor, produktkategorier och varumärken? Vad tjänar varumärken på att bryta mot etablerade färgnormer? Syfte: Vi vill studera det glapp som finns mellan rådande färgteorier och det normbrott vi upptäckt på den svenska marknaden. Vi vill skapa en tydligare förståelse för konsumentens färgassociationer samt deras inställning till normbrottet för att undersöka vad varumärken kan tjäna på att avvika från färgnormen. Teori: Vårt teoretiska ramverk består av färgteorier, kommunikationsprocessen samt köpbeslutprocessen. Metod: Mailintervjuer med yrkesverksamma sker i syfte att sätta färg i ett produktperspektiv och vi analyserar meningsinnehållet i denna information för att se hur väl tillämpade färgteorierna är i deras arbetsprocess. Huvudstudien är riktad till potentiella konsumenter bosatta i Sverige och har skett genom ett webbaserat frågeformulär som sker genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Deduktivt undersöker vi hur respondenterna förhåller sig till teorier om färg.  Del 1 i formuläret består av sluta svarsalternativ och testar vilken av elementarfärgerna respondenten kopplar till en given känsla enligt teorin. Del 2 består av bildfrågor som testar konsumentens förhållande till normbrottet ur ett produktperspektiv. Resultat: I mailintervjuerna med de yrkesverksamma åskådliggjordes en stor medvetenhet om färgteorier och färgens kommunikativa inverkan, färgvalet utgår från de emotionella reaktioner som färg väcker. Del 1 av undersökningen visade ett svagt associativt samband mellan färg och känsla enligt färgteorierna. Färgerna vit och gul hade högst respektive lägst associativt resultat. Det visades inga större skillnader mellan hur kvinnor och män svarat. Resultatet i del 2 visade en särskild benägenhet hos respondenter att välja en normbrytande färgsättning bland elektronikprodukterna. Slutsatser: Det visade sig att få respondenter är villiga att bryta mot färgnormer, vilket talar för tidigare forskning som säger att färgvalen ofta baseras utifrån vad de ska avbilda. Kvinnor och män tenderade att svara på samma sätt i båda delarna av frågeformuläret, vilket får tidigare diskussioner kring färgsättning och kön att kännas förlegad. Däremot valde en äldre åldersgrupp den röda TV:n. Arbete har betydelse då respondenter med heltidsarbete i större utsträckning valde att bryta mot normer. / Issue: Colour has great associative impact on individuals therefore colour plays an important role in brand building. We see a development on the Swedish marketplace where strongly established colour norms that are ruled in diverse product categories start to be called into question. We ask ourselves what benefits a break of norm has and how it affects consumers. Perhaps the theories of colour should be stepped away from and now it is time for brands to break the pattern for success. Our question is therefore: How do Swedish consumers associate colour to different emotions, product categories and brands? What can brands benefit from going against the established colour norms? Purpose: This study examines the existing gap between the current colour theories and the break of norm we have discovered on the Swedish market. We want to create a clearer picture of consumers associations of colour and their attitude to the break of norm in purpose to investigate what brands can benefit from deviating from the color norms. Theoretical framework: Our theoretical framework consists of colour theories, the communication process and the purchase decision process. Methodology: The mail interviews with professionals are done in order to bring suit in a product perspective, we analyze the meaning content of this information to see how well the applied colour theories are in their work process. The main study is aimed at potential consumers residing in Sweden and has been implemented with a web-based questionnaire that takes place through a convenience sample. Deductive, we examine how the respondents relate to theories of colour. Part 1 of the form consists of close-out response options, and test which of the elementary colours the respondent connects to a given emotion of the theory. Part 2 consists of picture questions that test the consumer's relationship to the break of norm from a product perspective. Results: The mail interviews with professionals showed a great awareness of colour theory and the communicative impact of colour. The color choice is based on the emotional responses that colour evokes. Part 1 of the survey showed a slight associative relationship between colour and emotion of the colour theory. The colour white showed the highest associative result and yellow showed the lowest. There were no major differences between how men and women responded. The results in Part 2 showed a particular tendency of respondents to choose a norm breaking colouration among electronic products. Conclusion: It turned out that few respondents were willing to break the colour norms, which points to previous research that says that the colour choices often are based on what they will portray. Women and men tended to respond similarly in both parts of the questionnaire, which make earlier discussions about colour and gender seem antiquated. However, an older age group tended to chose the norm breaking red TV. Employment is important, as respondents with full-time work increasingly chose to violate the norms.

<p>In the search for companies to distinguish themselves from the mass, so called non-traditional trade marks have become increasingly popular, and in particular colour marks. It is now clear that abstract colour marks can be registered as trade marks, and the number of registered colour marks has increased considerably in recent years. However, it remains a lot more uncertain, mainly due to lack of case law, what the extent of colour marks’ scope of protection is. Are colours actually worth protecting? The purpose of this thesis is to examine the scope of protection of registered abstract colour marks from an EU perspective. Through this examination it will also be established whether colours are worth protecting.</p><p>The essential function of trade marks is to indicate the origin of products. Signs that are capable of being represented graphically and capable of distinguishing goods and services from one undertaking from those of other undertakings can be registered as trade marks. Colours can fulfil these criteria in certain circumstances, however, colours can practically never have distinctive character per se. Instead, they must have acquired distinctive character through use. Since it is quite difficult to register colour marks, a colour mark proprietor should be prepared to have the validity of his trade mark challenged if he issues proceedings for infringement.</p><p>There are a few national cases from EU Member States that have concerned infringement of colour marks, and in all of these the plaintiff was successful in claiming infringement. Through the decisions in these cases, general legal principles and statements made in literature, the scope of protection of colour marks has been examined. Infringement of a colour mark occurs in three different situations: where there is likelihood of confusion, where there is double identity and where there is dilution of a trade mark with a reputation.</p><p>Some of the most important findings are that confusingly similar colours include adjacent shades, but in order to prove likelihood of confusion, the infringing colour must probably be perceived by the public as an indication of origin and other signs that appear together with the colour must probably be taken into account, which limits the scope of protection to some extent. However, since colour marks must almost always have acquired distinctive character through use, consumers are used to perceiving that colour as a trade mark in relation to those types of goods/services, and are therefore more likely to do so also when the colour is used by the third party. Furthermore, there have to be an individual assessment in each case in order to determine whether surrounding signs exclude a likelihood of confusion, where all factors should be considered, including the distinctiveness of the colour mark and how clear and prominent the other signs are.</p><p>In situations of double identity, the infringing sign does not have to be used as a trade mark, which is advantageous for colour mark owners. Furthermore, identical colours can possibly include other shades if they are so similar that the difference is barely perceptible in a direct comparison.</p><p>Colour marks can often qualify as trade marks with a reputation, since the assessment of whether trade marks have a reputation is similar to the assessment of whether trade marks have acquired distinctive character through use. Trade marks with a reputation has an extended protection meaning that if a third party uses a sign that is identical or similar to a trade mark with a reputation, and that use without due cause takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or repute of the trade mark, then that use constitutes infringement. This applies both in relation to identical, similar and dissimilar products, however, it will probably only apply in relation to identical or similar products when it comes to colour marks, due to the extensive use of colours in the market. The extended protection could be relevant in particular in situations where likelihood of confusion cannot be proven, because the public does not perceive the infringing sign as a trade mark or because of surrounding prominent signs.</p><p>This examination shows that the scope of protection of colour marks is not great, it has some weaknesses. However, it is definitely not worthless either, which clearly shows in the fact that the plaintiffs were successful in claiming infringement in all of the infringement cases. By registering a colour as a trade mark, a company can to some extent stop others from using the same or similar colour, and it will also most likely have a discouraging effect. However, some carefulness should still be applied in relation to colour marks, since this is still a very new phenomenon and additional case law can take another direction. But considering how the situation looks today, colours are worth protecting as trade marks.</p>

Mellan Delacroix´s och Turners verk finns ibland en släktskap trots de stora skillnaderna i stil. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att försöka fånga den känsla av likhet, som finns mellan några av deras verk, som uttrycker patos och kamp på liv och död mot naturens starka krafter eller människors ondska. Exempel på sådana verk är Delacroix´s Death of Sardanapalus, 1826 och Turners Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Thyphon Coming On), 1840 samt Delacroix´s The Lion Hunt, 1855 och Turners Whalers, 1845. Dessa verk ger uttryck för sublim storhet. Gemensamt för verken är också en högsta känsla för färgens måleriska möjligheter. Utvalda verk har analyserats med kontextuell metodik med avseende på sublimt innehåll utifrån estetiska teorier och litterära källor för det sublima enligt normerna för det akademiska måleriet i Frankrike och England under första hälften av 1800-talet. Uttryck för målerisk stil har studerats med formal metodik utifrån Ruskins och Wölfflins begrepp om det måleriska. I den formala analysen har även begrepp om komplementära färger ingått. Analysen visar att båda konstnärerna i flera avseenden inspirerats av såväl samma estetiska begrepp om det sublima, som av samma litterära klassiska och romantiska källor. Bådas stil blir alltmer expressiv med åren och deras senaste verk förebådar det moderna måleriet. Komplementära färger ingår i Delacroix´s senare stil. Släktskapet mellan Delacroix och Turner kan bäst sammanfattats utifrån Ruskins begrepp om det sublima. / Between Delacroix and Turner there is sometimes a kind of kinship as displayed in some of their works, although their great differences in style. The purpose of this thesis is an attempt to capture this feeling of similarity that can be found between some of their works expressing pathos including fights for life or death against the strong forces of Nature or the evil in Man. Examples of such works are Delacroix´s Death of Sardanapalus, 1826 and Turners Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Thyphon Coming On),1840 and Delacroix´s The Lion Hunt, 1855 and Turners Whalers, 1845. These work express sublime greatness. Common to the works are also the highest sense for the painterly possibilities of colour. Selected works have been analysed using a contextual method regarding contents of the sublime according to esthetical theories and literary sources of the sublime in agreement with the norms for the academic painting in France and England during the first half of the 19th century. Expressions of a painterly style have been studied using a formal method including the concepts of the painterly by John Ruskin and Heinrich Wölfflin. In the formal analysis also concepts of complementary colours have been studied. The analysis shows that both artists, in several ways, have been inspired by the same esthetical concepts of the sublime and the same literary classical and romantic sources. The painterly style of both artists becomes more expressive with age and their late works hint at the modern art to come. Complementary colours, are evident in the late style of Delacroix. The kinship between Delacroix and Turner can best be summarized by Ruskins words on the sublime.

This thesis aims to find out the usage of colour in the game called Journey (2012). It is a case study which focuses on three different scenes in the game and how their colour scheme affects the game both emotionally and the storyline progress. The question that will be answered is: How does the choice of colour affect the players perception on an emotional level? This thesis talks about how different colours affect us in different ways and why this plays a major part in gameplay situations and how the drastic change of colour portraits different emotions. The colour choice is of great importance since it affects humans on an emotional level that enhances the experience felt by players during different scenes.

Community composition of floricolous insects, beetles (Coleoptera) and bees and wasps (aculeate Hymenoptera) at six sites in Podyjí National Park was studied using four different colours of Moericke (pan) traps. Effects of different trap colours, forest habitats, and environmental variables in traps vicinity on the number of species and species composition were analysed. Influence of different conditions on trap catch is discussed.

Artetherapy with mentally handicapped persons is very extensive and diverse, just like various forms of mental retardation. The first objective of the present thesis was to ascertain which artetherapeutic procedures and art techniques can be applied when working with mentally handicapped clients. The second objective was to ascertain whether artetherapy helps to develop the overall personality in a positive way, whether it propitiously affects concentration, skilfulness and memory, or whether it supports creativity and socialization of the mentally handicapped. The third objective was to ascertain how mentally handicapped persons would react if they were given the opportunity to work creatively. To research the problems described, the author chose the quantitative technique. Methods applied were: observation, non-standard interview, content analysis of the data from medical and psychological documents and analysis of personal documents. The target group was 7 persons living in the ``Barevný svět{\crqq} Daily Centre. Having made use of previous knowledge, I made three hypotheses. H1: ``Mentally handicapped persons need a sufficient amount of time to acquire the technique that would help them express themselves more easily.{\crqq} H2: ``Artetherapy helps to develop the overall personality in a positive way, it propitiously affects concentration, skilfulness and positive thinking and last but not least, it supports creativity and socialization of the mentally handicapped.{\crqq} H3: ``Mentally handicapped persons positively react to the opportunity to work creatively, they are sincerely interested in this work, and they show great excitement about the results that they have achieved.{\crqq} The research has proved that the clients need to be given a lot of time to acquire painting and drawing techniques in order to express themselves in a better way. However, we must say that there is no single particular technique or procedure that we would be able to apply with each and every mentally handicapped person. The research results have confirmed that artetherapy helps to develop the overall personality, it propitiously affects concentration, skilfulness and positive thinking and last but not least, it supports creativity and socialization of the mentally handicapped. React to the opportunity to work creatively, they are sincerely interested in their work, and they show great excitement about the results that they have achieved.

L'oeuvre plastique et l'oeuvre écrit d'Otto Freundlich (1878-1943) sont traversés par une grande thématique : celle d'une volonté de renouvellement de l'esthétique dans une quête de vérité, au coeur de laquelle se situe le rapport perceptif de l'être humain à la nature. Pour Otto Freundlich, qui adopte dans le champ de l'art une position d'artiste plasticien et d'artiste philosophe, ce renouvellement s'opère non seulement par l'intervention de l'artiste mais aussi par la perception visuelle des oeuvres. L'apparente hétérogénéité de son parcours artistique est donc sous-Tendue par une grande cohérence que cette thèse examine à travers une analyse d'une part diachronique des oeuvres plastique et écrit dans leur ensemble, d'autre part en rendant compte dans un même temps et de manière synchronique des modifications qui les affectent et de leurs modalités. Pour ce faire, cette recherche s'appuie sur le travail fondamental lié à la monographie d'artiste : l'étude précise des sources originales écrites principalement en gothique allemand, l'apport de sources inédites, l'analyse des oeuvres et du contexte de leur genèse, au sein du réseau international qu'Otto Freundlich tisse avec les acteurs du champ culturel présents en Allemagne et en France. Cette approche permet non seulement de corriger certaines données historiques mais aussi d'apporter des éléments nouveaux dans l'étude iconographique, iconologique et conceptuelle des oeuvres, isolément comme globalement. / A main thematic pervades Otto Freundlich's works of plastic art and writings : the will to renew the aesthetic in a quest for truth, in the center of which is the perceptive relation of the human being to nature. Otto Freundlich positions himself in the art field as a visual and a philosopher artist. To his mind, this renewal occurs not only through the intervention of the artist, but also by visual perception of works. The apparent heterogeneity of his artistic journey is underpinned by a strong coherence. This thesis examines his works of art andwritings diachronically as a whole, on one hand, and the changes and causes of their emergence synchronically, on the other. This research is founded on the methodology used for artist's monograph: a detailed study of the original sources written mainly in Gothic German, the contribution of unpublished sources, the analysis of works and of the context of their genesis within the international network Otto Freundlich weaves with the art field actors living in Germany and in France. This approach not only enables to correct some historical data, but also provides fresh elements in the iconographical, iconological and conceptualinterpretations of his works, separately and taken as a whole as well.

Les perles, petites masses percées de part en part destinées à être enfilées pour servir en particulier d’ornement, sont une des catégories d’objets les plus fréquemment observées dans les fouilles archéologiques en Afrique. Elles sont aussi présentes dans nombre d’objets perlés actuels ou récents, tels que les colliers, les coiffes, les vêtements, les instruments de danse ou même le mobilier. Employées dans les arts de cour comme dans les formes plus populaires, montées par enfilage simple ou incluses dans des broderies et des tissages, les perles sont omniprésentes dans l’existence d’un Africain, au point d’être considérées comme un des marqueurs d’africanité. Durant la période du commerce triangulaire, elles étaient une des marchandises européennes les plus prisées et ont été une des contreparties les plus courantes dans l’achat d’esclaves. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les raisons qui ont abouti à un tel engouement pour ces éléments, à travers l’étude des usages et des symboliques des perles du Cameroun, pays surnommé « l’Afrique en miniature ». Au cours de cette recherche, seront évoquées les « pierres d’aigris » ou « accory », perles bleues produites localement et constituées d’une matière mystérieuse, particulièrement recherchées dans le Golfe de Guinée durant les temps modernes (XVe- XVIIIe siècles). / Beads, beautiful small and perforated items made to be strung, are very common in African archaeological excavations. They are also familiar in actual and modern articles, like collars, headdresses, clothes, dance stuff and furniture. Used in art of courts as well as popular forms, put together in simple assembly or included into embroidery or weaving, beads are everywhere in the life of an African, that’s why they are today a designer label of africanism. All along the triangular trade, Europeans often gave beads in exchange of slaves. This thesis aims to understand why the beads are so valuable in Africa for many centuries. To reach it, uses and symbolism of Cameroonian beads are studied because Cameroon is called “Africa in miniature”. During this research, we investigate the mystery of agree beads, also called acory, which were highly valued in early modern period.

Dans ce mémoire de maitrise, nous avons cherché à recenser les manifestations des couleurs des produits textiles achetés durant les soixante-deux années de la papauté d’Avignon (1316-1378) d’avant le Schisme. L’objectif de la présente recherche est d’élaborer une base de données systématique et synthétique qui répertorie les manifestations de couleur des tissus et des étoffes achetées par la papauté avignonnaise au XIVe siècle et répertoriées dans les registres de caisse Introitus et Exitus. Également, notre étude vise à expliquer les tendances d’occurrence de ces manifestations à l’aide des études sur les symboliques des couleurs au XIVe siècle. Pour être en mesure d’analyser les données recensées et systématisées, nous avons fait appel à des historiographies complémentaires concernant l’administration de la papauté, la symbolique des couleurs au XIVe siècle, la teinture et les vêtements. Au terme de cette étude, nous pouvons soutenir que la papauté avignonnaise accorde une place importante aux couleurs de tissus et étoffes, d’où la présence d’un grand nombre de mentions de couleurs dans les registres étudiés. Les manifestations de ces diverses couleurs sont, quant à elles, influencées par leur symbolique au XIVe siècle, les techniques de teinture et l’usage prévu des tissus et des étoffes de couleur. Ainsi, le rouge, le blanc, le vert et le brun sont les couleurs les plus mentionnées lors des achats de produits textiles, étant très en demande pour leur symbolique et pour leurs usages auprès de la Curie et de l’Aumônerie. Les manifestations de l’or, de l’orange, du violet, de l’argent, du pourpre, du gris, du noir et du bleu sont, quant à eux, plus rares, à cause du prix élevé et des difficultés d’obtention de tissus de ces couleurs. / In this master’s thesis, we sought to showcase the permutations of the colours of textile products bought during the sixty-two years under the Avignon papacy (1316-1378). The objective of this research is to develop a systematic and synthetic database that lists the permutations of coloured fabrics purchased by the Avignon papacy in the 14th century that are listed and compiled in the Introitus and Exitus. Our study also aims to explain the trends in the occurrence of these permutations using studies on the symbolism of colours in the 14th century. To be able to analyze the data that we collected and systematized, we called upon additional studies regarding the administration of the papacy, the symbolism of colours in the 14th century, the art of dyeing and the use of clothing. At the end of this study, we can maintain that the Avignon papacy allocates an important role to colours, hence the presence of many colours in the analyzed registers. The manifestations of these various colours are influenced by their symbolism in the 14th century, their dyeing techniques, and the intended use of coloured fabrics. Thus, red, white, green and brown are the most mentioned colours of textile products, these colours being in great demand because of their symbolism and their intended use with the Curia and Panhota. The appearances of gold, orange, violet, silver, purple, gray, black and blue are rarer, because of their price and the difficulties of obtaining fabrics of these colors.

Syftet med mitt konstnärliga examensarbete är att som klassisk gitarrist utveckla mitt musikskapande. Det har i studien implementerats genom att fördjupa mig i kompositören och gitarristen Roland Dyens (1955-2016) verk Libra Sonatine med särskilt fokus på första satsen I. India (1986). Därigenom har jag undersökt och utvärderat metoder för att tillämpa gitarren som kompositionsverktyg. Min egna komposition har jag baserat på berättelsen om Dr Jekyll och Mr Hyde (1886), en kortroman skriven av den brittiske författaren Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894). Stycket jag skrivit är för gitarr och violin och framförs på min examenskonsert den 1a juni 2023 i Nathan Milstein-salen på Kungl. Musikhögskolan i Stockholm. Roland Dyens är en stor inspirationskälla för gitarrister likaså kompositörer. Hans klangfilosofi och förmåga att med fria tyglar skapa ett musikaliskt verk där bara fantasin begränsar honom blir mycket tydlig i hans stycke Libra Sonatine där rytmik, harmonik och melodik delar lika stor betydelse. / The purpose of my artistic degree project is to develop my music making as a classical guitarist. It has been implemented in the study by immersing myself in composer and guitarist Roland Dyens’ (1955-2016) work Libra Sonatine with a particular focus on the first movement I. India (1986). In doing so, I have researched and evaluated methods for applying the guitar as a compositional tool. I have based my own composition on the story of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), a short novel written by the british author Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894). The piece I’ve written is for guitar and violin and is being performed at my graduation concert on the 1st of June 2023 in the Nathan Milstein-hall at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm. I consider Roland Dyens a great source of inspiration for guitarists as well composers. His sound-philosophy and ability to paint a musical piece with only his fantasy as a limit becomes clear in his piece Libra Sonatine, where rhythm, harmony and melody share equal importance. / <p>Due Canzoni Lidie, 1. Espressivo - Nuccio D'Angelo</p><p>Nocturne - Mathias Duplessy </p><p>Valseana - Sergio Assad </p><p>Dr. Jekyll &amp; Mr. Hyde (a strange case) - Loella Marcimain Klintberg </p><p>Libra Sonatine - Roland Dyens </p><p>God Only Knows - Beach Boys (arr. Loella Marcimain Klintberg) </p><p></p><p>Medverkande: </p><p>Loella Marcimain Klintberg - gitarr</p><p>Kevin Huang - violin</p>